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{{testcases}}
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__TOC__
__TOC__
==baricentric (Jul 2022)==
:See [[Template_talk:Infobox_planet#edittemplateprotected]], 20:10, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
:New {{para|barycentric}}; (relates to {{para|orbit_ref}})
{{Testcase table
|name=both
|barycentric=yes
|orbit_ref=<ref>Some Ref</ref>
| eccentricity = 0.123
}}
{{Testcase table
|name=bc only
|barycentric=yes
|orbit_ref=
| eccentricity = 0.123
}}
{{Testcase table
|name=orbitref
|barycentric=
|orbit_ref=<ref>Some Ref</ref>
| eccentricity = 0.123
}}
{{Testcase table
|name=(no params used)
|barycentric=
|orbit_ref=
| eccentricity =
}}


== New parameters proposed by Bellezzasolo==
== 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko ==
{{Testcase table
| background = #FFC2E0
| discoverer = [[Roy A. Tucker]]<br />[[David J. Tholen]]<br />[[Fabrizio Bernardi]]
| discovery_site = [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak]]
| named_after = [[Apep]]
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 99942 Apophis
| image = 2004MN4 Sormano.gif
| image_size = 250
| caption = Animation of ''Apophis'' imaged at the [[Sormano Astronomical Observatory]]
| discovery_ref =
| discovered = 19 June 2004
| mpc_name = (99942) Apophis
| alt_names = {{mp|2004 MN|4}}
| mp_category = {{mpcat|Aten}}<br />[[Near-Earth object|NEO]], [[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]]
| orbit_ref =
| epoch = 7 December 2007 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2454441.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 3635 days (9.95 yr)
| aphelion = {{Convert|1.09851|AU|Gm|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| period = 0.89 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (323.5 [[Julian year (astronomy)|d]])
| abs_magnitude = 19.7 ± 0.4
| semimajor = {{Convert|0.92228|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| perihelion = {{Convert|0.74605|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| eccentricity = 0.19108
| inclination = 3.33129°
| asc_node = 204.45719°
| arg_peri = 126.39364°
| avg_speed = 30.728 km/[[second|s]]
| mean_anomaly = 215.53998[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| mean_motion = 1.11278°/day
| max_torino = 4
| torino_scale = 0
| closest_earth = 31,200 km
| neo_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news146.html|title=NASA Centre for Near Earth Object Studies}}</ref>
| jupiter_moid = {{Convert|4.12656|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| tisserand = 6.467
| moid = {{Convert|0.000659446|AU|km mi|abbr=on}}
| dimensions = {{Convert|0.370|km|abbr=on}}
| mean_radius = {{Convert|0.185|km|abbr=on}}
| density = ~3.2 g/cm{{sup|3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aero.org/conferences/planetarydefense/2007papers/S1-8--Binzel-Brief.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412135701/http://www.aero.org/conferences/planetarydefense/2007papers/S1-8--Binzel-Brief.pdf|archivedate=2012-04-12|title=Can NEAs be Grouped by Their Common Physical Characteristics?|last=Binzel|first=Richard P.|work=Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|publisher=aero.org|date=2007}}</ref>
| escape_velocity = ~0.52 km/h<ref name=estimate>assuming radius of 0.135 km and mass of 2.1e10 kg yields an escape velocity of 0.14 m/s or 0.52 km/h.</ref>
| mass = 6.1{{e|10}} kg (assumed)
| surface_grav = {{val|0.00027|u=m/s2}} (average)
| rotation = {{Convert|30.4|h|d|abbr=on|lk=on}}<br />tumbling:<br />precession period:<br />27.38±0.07 h<br />rotation period:<br />263±6 h<br />period of harmonic with strongest lightcurve amplitude:<br />30.56±0.01 h
| spectral_type = Sq
| albedo = 0.23
| single_temperature = 270 [[kelvin|K]]
}}


== 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko ==
{{Testcase table
{{Testcase table
| minorplanet = yes
| minorplanet = yes
Line 13: Line 91:
| discovered = 20 September 1969
| discovered = 20 September 1969
| discovery_site = [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]], [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] <br> [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian SSR]], Soviet Union
| discovery_site = [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]], [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] <br> [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian SSR]], Soviet Union
| alt_names = 1969&nbsp;R1, 1969&nbsp;IV, 1969h, 1975&nbsp;P1, 1976&nbsp;VII, 1975i, 1982&nbsp;VIII, 1982f, 1989&nbsp;VI, 1988i<ref name="jpldata"/>
| alt_names = 1969&nbsp;R1, 1969&nbsp;IV, 1969h, 1975&nbsp;P1, 1976&nbsp;VII, 1975i, 1982&nbsp;VIII, 1982f, 1989&nbsp;VI, 1988i
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata"/>
| orbit_ref =
| epoch = 10 August 2014 ([[Julian date|JD]] 2456879.5)
| epoch = 10 August 2014 ([[Julian date|JD]] 2456879.5)
| aphelion = {{convert|5.6829|AU|km|abbr=on}}
| aphelion = {{convert|5.6829|AU|km|abbr=on}}
Line 25: Line 103:
| mean_anomaly = 303.71°
| mean_anomaly = 303.71°
| arg_peri = 12.780°
| arg_peri = 12.780°
| time_peri = 13 August 2015<ref name="AP-20150813" />
| time_peri = 13 August 2015
| dimensions = Large lobe:<ref name="esa20150122"/> <br> {{convert|4.1|*|3.3|*|1.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} <br> Small lobe:<ref name="esa20150122"/> <br> {{convert|2.6|*|2.3|*|1.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}
| dimensions = Large lobe: <br> {{convert|4.1|*|3.3|*|1.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} <br> Small lobe: <br> {{convert|2.6|*|2.3|*|1.8|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}
| volume = {{convert|21.4|km3|abbr=on}}<ref name="esa20150122"/>
| volume = {{convert|21.4|km3|abbr=on}}
| mass = {{val|1.0|0.1|e=13|u=kg}}<ref name="esa20140821"/>
| mass = {{val|1.0|0.1|e=13|u=kg}}
| density = {{convert|0.533|±|0.006|g/cm3|abbr=on}}<ref name="Lakdawalla1118">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/dps15-1118-rosetta.html |title=DPS 2015: A little science from Rosetta, beyond perihelion |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |date=19 November 2015 |accessdate=8 December 2015}}</ref>
| density = {{convert|0.533|±|0.006|g/cm3|abbr=on}}<ref name="Lakdawalla1118">{{cite web |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/dps15-1118-rosetta.html |title=DPS 2015: A little science from Rosetta, beyond perihelion |publisher=The Planetary Society |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |date=19 November 2015 |accessdate=8 December 2015}}</ref>
| porosity = 0.72<ref name="Lakdawalla1118"/>
| porosity = 0.72<ref name="Lakdawalla1118"/>
| escape_velocity = ''est.'' {{convert|1|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="mpg20140121"/>
| escape_velocity = ''est.'' {{convert|1|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
| rotation = {{val|12.4043|0.0007|u=hours}}<ref name="Mottola2014"/>
| rotation = {{val|12.4043|0.0007|u=hours}}
| right_asc_north_pole= 69.3°<ref name="esa20150122"/>
| right_asc_north_pole= 69.3°
| declination = 64.1°<ref name="esa20150122"/>
| declination = 64.1°
| axial_tilt = 52°<ref name="esa20150122"/>
| axial_tilt = 52°
| albedo = 0.06<ref name="esa20150122"/>
| albedo = 0.06
| temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]]
| temp_name1 = [[Kelvin]]
| min_temp_1 = 180
| min_temp_1 = 180
Line 152: Line 230:
| name = Earth
| name = Earth
| symbol = [[File:Earth symbol.svg|25px|Astronomical symbol of Earth]]
| symbol = [[File:Earth symbol.svg|25px|Astronomical symbol of Earth]]
| image = [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|270px|A color image of Earth as seen from Apollo 17|alt=A planetary disk of white cloud formations, brown and green land masses, and dark blue oceans against a black background. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disk, while Antarctica is at the bottom.]]
| image = The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg
| image_upright = 1.25
| image_alt = A planetary disk of white cloud formations, brown and green land masses, and dark blue oceans against a black background. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disk, while Antarctica is at the bottom.
| caption = "[[The Blue Marble]]" photograph of Earth,<br>taken from ''[[Apollo 17]]''
| caption = "[[The Blue Marble]]" photograph of Earth,<br>taken from ''[[Apollo 17]]''
| alt_names = Terra, Gaia
| alt_names = Terra, Gaia
| flag = {{flagicon|world}}
| flag = {{flagicon|World Health Organization}}
| epoch = [[J2000.0]]
| epoch = [[J2000.0]]
| aphelion = 152,098,232&nbsp;km<br> 1.01671388&nbsp;[[astronomical unit|AU]]
| aphelion = 152,098,232&nbsp;km<br> 1.01671388&nbsp;[[astronomical unit|AU]]
Line 167: Line 247:
| arg_peri = 114.20783°
| arg_peri = 114.20783°
| mean_anomaly = 357.51716°
| mean_anomaly = 357.51716°
| period = 365.256363004&nbsp;days<br>1.000017421&nbsp;[[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]
| period = {{convert|365.256363004|d|yr|comma=gaps|abbr=on|lk=out|disp=x|<br /><small>(|[[julian year (astronomy)|<sub>j</sub>]])</small>}}
| synodic_period = {{convert|365.242190402|d|yr|comma=gaps|abbr=on|lk=out|disp=x|<br /><small>(|[[julian year (astronomy)|<sub>j</sub>]])</small>}}
| avg_speed = 29.78&nbsp;km/s<br>107,200&nbsp;km/h
| avg_speed = 29.78&nbsp;km/s<br>107,200&nbsp;km/h
| satellites = 1 natural&nbsp;(the [[Moon]])<br /> 8,300+ [[satellite|artificial]] ({{as of|2001|3|1|lc=on}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=4008|title=Reentry Assessment - US Space Command Fact Sheet|author=[[US Space Command]]|date=March 1, 2001|publisher=SpaceRef Interactive|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref>
| satellites = 1 natural&nbsp;(the [[Moon]])<br /> 8,300+ [[satellite|artificial]] ({{as of|2001|3|1|lc=on}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=4008|title=Reentry Assessment - US Space Command Fact Sheet|author=[[US Space Command]]|date=March 1, 2001|publisher=SpaceRef Interactive|accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref>
Line 184: Line 265:
| surface_grav = [[Earth's gravity|9.780327]] [[metre per second squared|m/s<sup>2</sup>]]<br>0.99732&nbsp;[[g-force|''g'']]
| surface_grav = [[Earth's gravity|9.780327]] [[metre per second squared|m/s<sup>2</sup>]]<br>0.99732&nbsp;[[g-force|''g'']]
| escape_velocity = 11.186&nbsp;km/s
| escape_velocity = 11.186&nbsp;km/s
| rotation = {{longitem|{{val|1.0|u=d}} <br /> <small>(24h&nbsp;00m&nbsp;00s) average [[solar day|synodic rotation period (solar day)]]</small>}}
| sidereal_day = 0.99726968&nbsp;d <br>23{{smallsup|h}}&nbsp;56{{smallsup|m}}&nbsp;4.100{{smallsup|s}}
| sidereal_day = {{longitem|{{val|0.99726968|u=d}} <br /> <small>(23h&nbsp;56m&nbsp;4.100s)</small>}}

| rot_velocity = {{convert|1674.4|km/h|m/s|abbr=on}}
| rot_velocity = {{convert|1674.4|km/h|m/s|abbr=on}}
| axial_tilt = 23°26'21".4119
| axial_tilt = 23°26'21".4119
Line 199: Line 282:
| mean_temp_2 = 14&nbsp;°C
| mean_temp_2 = 14&nbsp;°C
| max_temp_2 = 57.8&nbsp;°C
| max_temp_2 = 57.8&nbsp;°C
| surface_equivalent_dose_rate = {{convert |2.40 |mSv/yr |μSv/h |disp=out}}
| surface_pressure = [[Atmosphere (unit)|101.325]]&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] ([[Sea level|MSL]])
| surface_pressure = [[Atmosphere (unit)|101.325]]&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] ([[Sea level|MSL]])
| atmosphere_composition = 78.08%&nbsp;[[nitrogen]] (N<sub>2</sub>) (dry air)<br> 20.95%&nbsp;[[oxygen]] (O<sub>2</sub>)<br> 0.93%&nbsp;[[argon]]<br> 0.038%&nbsp;[[carbon dioxide]]<br>About 1% [[water vapor]] (varies with [[climate]])
| atmosphere_composition = 78.08%&nbsp;[[nitrogen]] (N<sub>2</sub>) (dry air)<br> 20.95%&nbsp;[[oxygen]] (O<sub>2</sub>)<br> 0.93%&nbsp;[[argon]]<br> 0.038%&nbsp;[[carbon dioxide]]<br>About 1% [[water vapor]] (varies with [[climate]])
Line 210: Line 294:
|background = #ffc0c0
|background = #ffc0c0
|discoverer = [[Seth Barnes Nicholson|S. B. Nicholson]]
|discoverer = [[Seth Barnes Nicholson|S. B. Nicholson]]
|discovered = July 6, 1938<ref name="Nicholson 1938"/>
|discovered = July 6, 1938<ref name="Nicholson 1938">{{cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S.B. |title=Two New Satellites of Jupiter |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |year=1938 |volume=50 |pages=292–293 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0050//0000292.000.html |doi=10.1086/124963 |bibcode=1938PASP...50..292N}}</ref>
|adjectives = Lysithean
|adjectives = Lysithean
|mean_orbit_radius = 11,720,000 km<ref name="Jacobson 2000">{{cite journal |last=Jacobson |first=R.A. |title=The orbits of outer Jovian satellites |journal=Astronomical Journal |year=2000 |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=2679–2686 |doi=10.1086/316817 |bibcode=2000AJ....120.2679J}}</ref>
|mean_orbit_radius = 11,720,000 km<ref name="Jacobson 2000"/>
|eccentricity = 0.11<ref name="Jacobson 2000"/>
|eccentricity = 0.11<ref name="Jacobson 2000"/>
|period = 259.20 d (0.69 [[Year|a]])<ref name="Jacobson 2000"/>
|period = 259.20 d (0.69 [[Year|a]])<ref name="Jacobson 2000"/>
Line 241: Line 325:
| name = The Moon
| name = The Moon
| apsis = gee
| apsis = gee
| symbol = [[File:Moon symbol decrescent.svg|19px|Moon symbol]]
| symbol = [[File:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|20px|☾]]
| image = FullMoon2010.jpg
| image = FullMoon2010.jpg
| image_upright = 1.25
| image_upright = 1.25
Line 284: Line 368:
| mean_temp_2 = 130 K
| mean_temp_2 = 130 K
| max_temp_2 = 230 K
| max_temp_2 = 230 K
| surface_absorbed_dose_rate = 13.2 μGy/h
| surface_equivalent_dose_rate = {{convert |1.369 |mSv/d |μSv/h |disp=out}}
| atmosphere_ref =
| atmosphere_ref =
| surface_pressure = 10<sup>−7</sup> [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] (day) <br /> 10<sup>−10</sup> Pa (night)
| surface_pressure = 10<sup>−7</sup> [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] (day) <br /> 10<sup>−10</sup> Pa (night)
Line 411: Line 497:
* Trace amounts of [[argon]], [[nitrogen]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[Water|water vapor]], [[xenon]], [[krypton]] and [[neon]]
* Trace amounts of [[argon]], [[nitrogen]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[Water|water vapor]], [[xenon]], [[krypton]] and [[neon]]
}}
}}
}}

== Uranus ==

{{Testcase table
| name = [[Uranus]]
| symbol = {{nowrap|[[File:Uranus symbol (bold).svg|24px|⛢]] ([[File:Uranus monogram (bold).svg|24px|♅]])}}
| image = Uranus as seen by NASA's Voyager 2 (remastered) - JPEG converted.jpg
| caption = Photograph of Uranus in [[False color#True color|true colour]]<br>(by ''[[Voyager&nbsp;2]]'' in 1986)
| background = #f8f9fa
| discoverer = [[William Herschel]]
| discovered = {{#time:j F Y|{{#property:P575}}}}
| orbit_ref =
{{efn | These are the mean elements from VSOP87, together with derived quantities.}}
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| aphelion = {{convert|3006.39|Gm|AU|lk=on|abbr=on|order=flip|comma=gaps}}
| perihelion = {{convert|2735.56|Gm|AU|lk=off|abbr=on|order=flip|comma=gaps}}
| time_periastron = 17–19 August 2050<ref >Jean Meeus, ''Astronomical Algorithms'' (Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, 1998) p271. Bretagnon's complete VSOP87 model. It gives the 17th @ 18.283075301au. http://vo.imcce.fr/webservices/miriade/?forms {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907050257/http://vo.imcce.fr/webservices/miriade/?forms |date=7 September 2021 }} IMCCE Observatoire de Paris / CNRS Calculated for a series of dates, five or ten days apart, in August 2050, using an interpolation formula from ''Astronomical Algorithms''. Perihelion came very early on the 17th. INPOP planetary theory</ref><ref name=horizons-perihelion>{{Cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27799%27&START_TIME=%272050-08-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272050-08-30%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27|title=HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for August 2050 Perihelion|website=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov|type=Perihelion for Uranus planet-center (799) occurs on 2050-Aug-19 at 18.28307512au during a rdot flip from negative to positive|publisher=NASA/JPL|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907215700/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27799%27&START_TIME=%272050-08-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272050-08-30%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27|url-status=live}}</ref>
| semimajor = {{convert|2870.972|Gm|AU|lk=off|abbr=on|order=flip|comma=gaps}}
| eccentricity = {{val|0.04717}}
| period =
{{plainlist |
* {{val|84.0205|u=[[julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}}
* {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|30688.5|u=days}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|42718}}}} Uranian [[solar day]]s
}}
| synodic_period = 369.66&nbsp;days
| avg_speed = 6.80&nbsp;km/s
| inclination = {{ubl|{{val|0.773|u=°}} to [[ecliptic]]|6.48° to [[Sun]]'s [[equator]]|0.99° to [[invariable plane]]}}
| asc_node = {{val|74.006|u=°}}
| arg_peri = {{val|96.998857|u=°}}
| mean_anomaly = {{val|142.238600|u=°}}
| satellites = [[Moons of Uranus|27]]
| flattening = {{val|0.0229|0.0008}}{{efn | Calculated using data from Seidelmann, 2007. }}
| equatorial_radius = {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|25559|4|u=km}}}}<br />4.007&nbsp;Earths
| polar_radius = {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|24973|20|u=km}}}}<br />3.929&nbsp;Earths
| mean_radius = {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|25362|7|u=km}}}}
| circumference = {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|159354.1|u=km}}}}
| surface_area = {{val|8.1156|e=9|u=km2}} <br /> 15.91&nbsp;Earths
| volume = {{val|6.833|e=13|u=km3}} <br /> 63.086&nbsp;Earths
| mass = {{val|8.6810|0.0013|e=25|u=kg}} <br /> 14.536&nbsp;Earths <br />
[[standard gravitational parameter|GM]]={{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|5793939|13|u=km<sup>3</sup>/s<sup>2</sup>}}}}
| density = {{val|1.27|u=g/cm3}}
| surface_grav = {{val|8.69|ul=m/s2}}<br />0.886&nbsp;[[g-force|g]]
| moment_of_inertia_factor = {{val|0.23|}}<ref name="PS15">{{cite book |last2=Lissauer |first2=Jack J. |last1=de Pater |first1=Imke |author-link1=Imke de Pater |title=Planetary Sciences |date=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stFpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |page=250 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0521853712 |edition=2nd updated |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126120848/https://books.google.com/books?id=stFpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |url-status=live }}</ref> (estimate)
| escape_velocity = 21.3&nbsp;km/s
| rotation = {{val|−0.71832|u=days}}<br/>−17 h 14 m 23 s<br/>([[retrograde motion|retrograde]])
| sidereal_day = {{val|-0.71833|u=day}}<br /> {{nowrap|−17 h 14 min 24 s}}<br/>(retrograde)
| rot_velocity = 2.59&nbsp;km/s <br /> 9,320&nbsp;km/h
| axial_tilt = 97.77° (to orbit)
| right_asc_north_pole = {{RA|17|9|15}}<br />257.311°
| declination = −15.175°
| albedo = 0.300 ([[Bond albedo|Bond]])<br />0.488 ([[Geometric albedo|geom.]])| magnitude =5.38 to 6.03
| angular_size = 3.3″ to 4.1″
| temp_name1 = 1&nbsp;[[bar (unit)|bar]] level
| min_temp_1 =
| mean_temp_1 = {{convert|76|K|C}}
| max_temp_1 =
| temp_name2 = 0.1&nbsp;bar<br />([[tropopause]])
| min_temp_2 = 47&nbsp;K
| mean_temp_2 = 53&nbsp;K
| max_temp_2 = 57&nbsp;K
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|audio=uranus.ogg|ˈ|jʊər|ə|n|ə|s}} or {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Uranus.ogg|j|ʊ|ˈ|r|eɪ|n|ə|s}}
| adjectives = Uranian ({{IPAc-en|j|ʊ|ˈ|r|eɪ|n|i|ə|n}})<ref>{{OED|Uranian}}</ref>
| named_after = the Latin form ''Ūranus'' of the Greek god [[Uranus (mythology)|Οὐρανός]] ''Ouranos''
| atmosphere = yes
| atmosphere_ref =
{{efn | Calculation of He, H<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> molar fractions is based on a 2.3% mixing ratio of methane to hydrogen and the 15/85 He/H<sub>2</sub> proportions measured at the tropopause. }}
| scale_height = 27.7&nbsp;km
| atmosphere_composition = ''(Below 1.3 bar)''<br />
'''Gases''':
* 83&nbsp;±&nbsp;3% [[hydrogen]] ({{chem2|H2}})
* 15&nbsp;±&nbsp;3% [[helium]] (He)
* 2.3% [[methane]] ({{chem2|CH4}})
* 0.009%&nbsp;(0.007–0.015%) [[hydrogen deuteride]] (HD)
* [[hydrogen sulfide|hydrogen sulphide]] ({{chem2|H2S}})<ref>{{cite journal |title=Detection of hydrogen sulfide above the clouds in Uranus's atmosphere |journal=Nature Astronomy |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=420–427 |first1=Patrick G. J. |last1=Irwin |first2=Daniel |last2=Toledo |first3=Ryan |last3=Garland |first4=Nicholas A. |last4=Teanby |first5=Leigh N. |last5=Fletcher |first6=Glenn A. |last6=Orton |first7=Bruno |last7=Bézard |display-authors=1 |date=23 April 2018 |doi=10.1038/s41550-018-0432-1 |bibcode=2018NatAs...2..420I |hdl=2381/42547 |s2cid=102775371 |url=https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/42547/2/uranus_nature9.pdf |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428143940/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/42547/2/uranus_nature9.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
'''Ices''':
* [[ammonia]] ({{chem2|NH3}})
* [[water (molecule)|water]] ({{chem2|H2O}})
* [[ammonium hydrosulfide]] ({{chem2|NH4SH}})
* [[methane hydrate]]
}}
}}


Line 419: Line 586:
| alt_names = Uranus V
| alt_names = Uranus V
| adjectives = Mirandan, Mirandian
| adjectives = Mirandan, Mirandian
| image = [[File:Miranda.jpg|200px|Miranda]]
| image = [[File:PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg|200px|Miranda]]
| discovery = yes
| discovery = yes
| discoverer = [[Gerard P. Kuiper]]
| discoverer = [[Gerard P. Kuiper]]

Latest revision as of 11:04, 30 August 2024

baricentric (Jul 2022)

[edit]
See Template_talk:Infobox_planet#edittemplateprotected, 20:10, 4 July 2022 (UTC)
New |barycentric=; (relates to |orbit_ref=)
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
both
Orbital characteristics (barycentric)[1]
Eccentricity0.123
both
Orbital characteristics (barycentric)[1]
Eccentricity0.123
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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
bc only
Orbital characteristics (barycentric)
Eccentricity0.123
bc only
Orbital characteristics (barycentric)
Eccentricity0.123
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
orbitref
Orbital characteristics[2]
Eccentricity0.123
orbitref
Orbital characteristics[2]
Eccentricity0.123
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
(no params used)
(no params used)

New parameters proposed by Bellezzasolo

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
99942 Apophis
Animation of Apophis imaged at the Sormano Astronomical Observatory
Discovery
Discovered byRoy A. Tucker
David J. Tholen
Fabrizio Bernardi
Discovery siteKitt Peak
Discovery date19 June 2004
Designations
(99942) Apophis
Named after
Apep
2004 MN4
Aten Aten
NEO, PHA
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 7 December 2007 (JD 2454441.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc3635 days (9.95 yr)
Aphelion1.09851 AU (164.335 Gm)
Perihelion0.74605 AU (111.607 Gm)
0.92228 AU (137.971 Gm)
Eccentricity0.19108
0.89 yr (323.5 d)
30.728 km/s
215.53998°
1.11278°/day
Inclination3.33129°
204.45719°
126.39364°
Earth MOID0.000659446 AU (98,651.7 km; 61,299.3 mi)
Jupiter MOID4.12656 AU (617.325 Gm)
TJupiter6.467
Physical characteristics
Dimensions0.370 km (0.230 mi)
0.185 km (0.115 mi)
Mass6.1×1010 kg (assumed)
Mean density
~3.2 g/cm3[4]
Equatorial surface gravity
0.00027 m/s2 (average)
Equatorial escape velocity
~0.52 km/h[5]
30.4 h (1.27 d)
tumbling:
precession period:
27.38±0.07 h
rotation period:
263±6 h
period of harmonic with strongest lightcurve amplitude:
30.56±0.01 h
0.23
Temperature270 K
Sq
19.7 ± 0.4
99942 Apophis
Animation of Apophis imaged at the Sormano Astronomical Observatory
Discovery
Discovered byRoy A. Tucker
David J. Tholen
Fabrizio Bernardi
Discovery siteKitt Peak
Discovery date19 June 2004
Designations
(99942) Apophis
Named after
Apep
2004 MN4
Aten Aten
NEO, PHA
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 7 December 2007 (JD 2454441.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc3635 days (9.95 yr)
Aphelion1.09851 AU (164.335 Gm)
Perihelion0.74605 AU (111.607 Gm)
0.92228 AU (137.971 Gm)
Eccentricity0.19108
0.89 yr (323.5 d)
30.728 km/s
215.53998°
1.11278°/day
Inclination3.33129°
204.45719°
126.39364°
Earth MOID0.000659446 AU (98,651.7 km; 61,299.3 mi)
Jupiter MOID4.12656 AU (617.325 Gm)
TJupiter6.467
Physical characteristics
Dimensions0.370 km (0.230 mi)
0.185 km (0.115 mi)
Mass6.1×1010 kg (assumed)
Mean density
~3.2 g/cm3[4]
Equatorial surface gravity
0.00027 m/s2 (average)
Equatorial escape velocity
~0.52 km/h[5]
30.4 h (1.27 d)
tumbling:
precession period:
27.38±0.07 h
rotation period:
263±6 h
period of harmonic with strongest lightcurve amplitude:
30.56±0.01 h
0.23
Temperature270 K
Sq
19.7 ± 0.4

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

[edit]
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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Greyscale photograph of Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft
Discovery
Discovered byKlim Ivanovych Churyumov
Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko
Discovery siteAlma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Discovery date20 September 1969
Designations
1969 R1, 1969 IV, 1969h, 1975 P1, 1976 VII, 1975i, 1982 VIII, 1982f, 1989 VI, 1988i
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 10 August 2014 (JD 2456879.5)
Aphelion5.6829 AU (850,150,000 km)
Perihelion1.2432 AU (185,980,000 km)
3.4630 AU (518,060,000 km)
Eccentricity0.64102
6.44 yr
303.71°
Inclination7.0405°
50.147°
12.780°
Physical characteristics
DimensionsLarge lobe:
4.1×3.3×1.8 km (2.5×2.1×1.1 mi)
Small lobe:
2.6×2.3×1.8 km (1.6×1.4×1.1 mi)
Volume21.4 km3 (5.1 cu mi)
Mass(1.0±0.1)×1013 kg
Mean density
0.533 ± 0.006 g/cm3 (0.01926 ± 0.00022 lb/cu in)[6]
Equatorial escape velocity
est. 1 m/s (3 ft/s)
12.4043±0.0007 h
52°
North pole right ascension
69.3°
North pole declination
64.1°
0.06
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 180 230
Celsius −93 −43
Fahrenheit −135 −45
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Greyscale photograph of Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft
Discovery
Discovered byKlim Ivanovych Churyumov
Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko
Discovery siteAlma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Discovery date20 September 1969
Designations
1969 R1, 1969 IV, 1969h, 1975 P1, 1976 VII, 1975i, 1982 VIII, 1982f, 1989 VI, 1988i
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 10 August 2014 (JD 2456879.5)
Aphelion5.6829 AU (850,150,000 km)
Perihelion1.2432 AU (185,980,000 km)
3.4630 AU (518,060,000 km)
Eccentricity0.64102
6.44 yr
303.71°
Inclination7.0405°
50.147°
12.780°
Physical characteristics
DimensionsLarge lobe:
4.1×3.3×1.8 km (2.5×2.1×1.1 mi)
Small lobe:
2.6×2.3×1.8 km (1.6×1.4×1.1 mi)
Volume21.4 km3 (5.1 cu mi)
Mass(1.0±0.1)×1013 kg
Mean density
0.533 ± 0.006 g/cm3 (0.01926 ± 0.00022 lb/cu in)[6]
Equatorial escape velocity
est. 1 m/s (3 ft/s)
12.4043±0.0007 h
52°
North pole right ascension
69.3°
North pole declination
64.1°
0.06
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 180 230
Celsius −93 −43
Fahrenheit −135 −45

(7474) 1992 TC

[edit]
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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
(7474) 1992 TC
Discovery
Discovered byMcNaught, R. H.
Discovery siteSiding Spring
Discovery dateOctober 1, 1992
Designations
7474
1992 TC
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 2457000.0
Uncertainty parameter 0
Aphelion2.023111642510545
Perihelion1.107915050542907
1.565513346526726
Eccentricity.2922991982144734
715.4570847231395
33.48891836193705
Inclination7.087940650181295
88.68004129425852
275.4947151224215
Physical characteristics
X
none
18
(7474) 1992 TC
Discovery
Discovered byMcNaught, R. H.
Discovery siteSiding Spring
Discovery dateOctober 1, 1992
Designations
7474
1992 TC
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 2457000.0
Uncertainty parameter 0
Aphelion2.023111642510545
Perihelion1.107915050542907
1.565513346526726
Eccentricity.2922991982144734
715.4570847231395
33.48891836193705
Inclination7.087940650181295
88.68004129425852
275.4947151224215
Physical characteristics
X
none
18

Adrastea

[edit]
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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Adrastea
Image of Adrastea taken by Galileo spacecraft between November 1996 and June 1997
Discovery
Discovered by
Discovery dateJuly 8, 1979
Designations
AdjectivesAdrastean
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
129,000 km[7][8]
Eccentricity0.0015[7][8]
0.29826 d
(7 h 9.5 min)[7][8]
31.378 km/s
Inclination0.03°
(to Jupiter's equator)[7][8]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
Dimensions20×16×14 km[9]
8.2 ± 2.0 km[9]
Volume~2,345 km³
Mass~2 × 1015 kg
Mean density
0.86 g/cm³ (assumed)
~0.002 m/s²
(0.0004 g)
~0.008 km/s
synchronous
zero[9]
Albedo0.1 ± 0.045[9]
Temperature~122 K
Adrastea
Image of Adrastea taken by Galileo spacecraft between November 1996 and June 1997
Discovery
Discovered by
Discovery dateJuly 8, 1979
Designations
AdjectivesAdrastean
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
129,000 km[7][8]
Eccentricity0.0015[7][8]
0.29826 d
(7 h 9.5 min)[7][8]
31.378 km/s
Inclination0.03°
(to Jupiter's equator)[7][8]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
Dimensions20×16×14 km[9]
8.2 ± 2.0 km[9]
Volume~2,345 km³
Mass~2 × 1015 kg
Mean density
0.86 g/cm³ (assumed)
~0.002 m/s²
(0.0004 g)
~0.008 km/s
synchronous
zero[9]
Albedo0.1 ± 0.045[9]
Temperature~122 K

Carme

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Carme
Discovery
Discovered byS. B. Nicholson
Discovery dateJuly 30, 1938[10]
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
23.4 million km[11]
Eccentricity0.25[11]
702.28 d (2.045 a)[11]
2.253 km/s
Inclination164.91° (to the ecliptic)
167.53° (to Jupiter's equator)[11]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
~23 km[12]
~6600 km²
Volume~51,000 km³
Mass1.3×1017 kg
Mean density
2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)[12]
~0.017 m/s2 (0.0017 g)
~0.028 km/s
Albedo0.04 (assumed)[12]
Temperature~124 K
Carme
Discovery
Discovered byS. B. Nicholson
Discovery dateJuly 30, 1938[10]
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
23.4 million km[11]
Eccentricity0.25[11]
702.28 d (2.045 a)[11]
2.253 km/s
Inclination164.91° (to the ecliptic)
167.53° (to Jupiter's equator)[11]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
~23 km[12]
~6600 km²
Volume~51,000 km³
Mass1.3×1017 kg
Mean density
2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)[12]
~0.017 m/s2 (0.0017 g)
~0.028 km/s
Albedo0.04 (assumed)[12]
Temperature~124 K

Earth

[edit]
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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Earth
A planetary disk of white cloud formations, brown and green land masses, and dark blue oceans against a black background. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disk, while Antarctica is at the bottom.
"The Blue Marble" photograph of Earth,
taken from Apollo 17
Designations
Terra, Gaia
SymbolAstronomical symbol of Earth
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000.0
Aphelion152,098,232 km
1.01671388 AU
Perihelion147,098,290 km
0.98329134 AU
149,598,261 km
1.00000261 AU
Eccentricity0.01671123
365.256363004 d
(1.00001742096 aj)
365.242190402 d
(0.99997861849 aj)
29.78 km/s
107,200 km/h
357.51716°
Inclination7.155° to Sun's equator
1.57869° to invariable plane
348.73936°
114.20783°
Known satellites1 natural (the Moon)
8,300+ artificial (as of 1 March 2001)[13]
Physical characteristics
6,371.0 km
Equatorial radius
6,378.1 km[14]
Polar radius
6,356.8 km
Flattening0.0033528
Circumference40,075.017 km (equatorial)[14]
40,007.86 km (meridional)
510,072,000 km2

148,940,000 km2 land (29.2 %)

361,132,000 km2 water (70.8 %)
Volume1.08321×1012 km3
Mass5.9736×1024 kg
Mean density
5.515 g/cm3
9.780327 m/s2
0.99732 g
11.186 km/s
1.0 d
(24h 00m 00s) average synodic rotation period (solar day)
0.99726968 d
(23h 56m 4.100s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)
23°26'21".4119
Albedo0.367 (geometric)
0.306 (Bond)
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 184 K 287.2 K 331 K
Celsius −89.2 °C 14 °C 57.8 °C
Surface equivalent dose rate0.274 μSv/h
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
101.325 kPa (MSL)
Composition by volume78.08% nitrogen (N2) (dry air)
20.95% oxygen (O2)
0.93% argon
0.038% carbon dioxide
About 1% water vapor (varies with climate)
Earth
A planetary disk of white cloud formations, brown and green land masses, and dark blue oceans against a black background. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disk, while Antarctica is at the bottom.
"The Blue Marble" photograph of Earth,
taken from Apollo 17
Designations
Terra, Gaia
SymbolAstronomical symbol of Earth
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000.0
Aphelion152,098,232 km
1.01671388 AU
Perihelion147,098,290 km
0.98329134 AU
149,598,261 km
1.00000261 AU
Eccentricity0.01671123
365.256363004 d
(1.00001742096 aj)
365.242190402 d
(0.99997861849 aj)
29.78 km/s
107,200 km/h
357.51716°
Inclination7.155° to Sun's equator
1.57869° to invariable plane
348.73936°
114.20783°
Known satellites1 natural (the Moon)
8,300+ artificial (as of 1 March 2001)[13]
Physical characteristics
6,371.0 km
Equatorial radius
6,378.1 km[14]
Polar radius
6,356.8 km
Flattening0.0033528
Circumference40,075.017 km (equatorial)[14]
40,007.86 km (meridional)
510,072,000 km2

148,940,000 km2 land (29.2 %)

361,132,000 km2 water (70.8 %)
Volume1.08321×1012 km3
Mass5.9736×1024 kg
Mean density
5.515 g/cm3
9.780327 m/s2
0.99732 g
11.186 km/s
1.0 d
(24h 00m 00s) average synodic rotation period (solar day)
0.99726968 d
(23h 56m 4.100s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)
23°26'21".4119
Albedo0.367 (geometric)
0.306 (Bond)
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 184 K 287.2 K 331 K
Celsius −89.2 °C 14 °C 57.8 °C
Surface equivalent dose rate0.274 μSv/h
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
101.325 kPa (MSL)
Composition by volume78.08% nitrogen (N2) (dry air)
20.95% oxygen (O2)
0.93% argon
0.038% carbon dioxide
About 1% water vapor (varies with climate)

Lysithea

[edit]
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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Lysithea
Discovery
Discovered byS. B. Nicholson
Discovery dateJuly 6, 1938[10]
Designations
AdjectivesLysithean
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
11,720,000 km[11]
Eccentricity0.11[11]
259.20 d (0.69 a)[11]
3.29 km/s
Inclination28.30° (to the ecliptic)
25.77° (to Jupiter's equator)[11]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
18 km[12]
~4100 km²
Volume~24,400 km³
Mass6.3×1016 kg
Mean density
2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)[12]
~0.013 m/s2 (0.001 g)
~0.022 km/s
Albedo0.04 (assumed)[12]
Temperature~124 K
Lysithea
Discovery
Discovered byS. B. Nicholson
Discovery dateJuly 6, 1938[10]
Designations
AdjectivesLysithean
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
11,720,000 km[11]
Eccentricity0.11[11]
259.20 d (0.69 a)[11]
3.29 km/s
Inclination28.30° (to the ecliptic)
25.77° (to Jupiter's equator)[11]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
18 km[12]
~4100 km²
Volume~24,400 km³
Mass6.3×1016 kg
Mean density
2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)[12]
~0.013 m/s2 (0.001 g)
~0.022 km/s
Albedo0.04 (assumed)[12]
Temperature~124 K

The Moon

[edit]
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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
The Moon
Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.
Full moon as seen from Earth's northern hemisphere
Designations
Adjectiveslunar, selenic
Symbol☾
Orbital characteristics
Perigee362,570 km (0.0024 AU)
(356,400–370,400 km)
Apogee405,410 km (0.0027 AU)
(404,000–406,700 km)
384,399 km (0.00257 AU)
Eccentricity0.0549
27.321582 d (27 d 7 h 43.1 min)
29.530589 d (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)
1.022 km/s
Inclination5.145° to the ecliptic (between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's equator)
regressing by one revolution in 18.6 years
progressing by one revolution in 8.85 years
Satellite ofEarth
Physical characteristics
1,737.10 km  (0.273 Earths)
Equatorial radius
1,738.14 km (0.273 Earths)
Polar radius
1,735.97 km  (0.273 Earths)
Flattening0.00125
Circumference10,921 km (equatorial)
3.793 × 107 km2  (0.074 Earths)
Volume2.1958 × 1010 km3  (0.020 Earths)
Mass7.3477 × 1022 kg  (0.0123 Earths)
Mean density
3.3464 g/cm3
1.622 m/s2 (0.165 4 g)
2.38 km/s
27.321582 d (synchronous)
Equatorial rotation velocity
4.627 m/s
1.5424° (to ecliptic)
6.687° (to orbit plane)
Albedo0.136
Surface temp. min mean max
equator 100 K 220 K 390 K
85°N 70 K 130 K 230 K
Surface absorbed dose rate13.2 μGy/h
Surface equivalent dose rate57.0 μSv/h
−2.5 to −12.9
−12.74 (mean full moon)
29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
10−7 Pa (day)
10−10 Pa (night)
Composition by volumeAr, He, Na, K, H, Rn
The Moon
Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.
Full moon as seen from Earth's northern hemisphere
Designations
Adjectiveslunar, selenic
Symbol☾
Orbital characteristics
Perigee362,570 km (0.0024 AU)
(356,400–370,400 km)
Apogee405,410 km (0.0027 AU)
(404,000–406,700 km)
384,399 km (0.00257 AU)
Eccentricity0.0549
27.321582 d (27 d 7 h 43.1 min)
29.530589 d (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)
1.022 km/s
Inclination5.145° to the ecliptic (between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's equator)
regressing by one revolution in 18.6 years
progressing by one revolution in 8.85 years
Satellite ofEarth
Physical characteristics
1,737.10 km  (0.273 Earths)
Equatorial radius
1,738.14 km (0.273 Earths)
Polar radius
1,735.97 km  (0.273 Earths)
Flattening0.00125
Circumference10,921 km (equatorial)
3.793 × 107 km2  (0.074 Earths)
Volume2.1958 × 1010 km3  (0.020 Earths)
Mass7.3477 × 1022 kg  (0.0123 Earths)
Mean density
3.3464 g/cm3
1.622 m/s2 (0.165 4 g)
2.38 km/s
27.321582 d (synchronous)
Equatorial rotation velocity
4.627 m/s
1.5424° (to ecliptic)
6.687° (to orbit plane)
Albedo0.136
Surface temp. min mean max
equator 100 K 220 K 390 K
85°N 70 K 130 K 230 K
Surface absorbed dose rate13.2 μGy/h
Surface equivalent dose rate57.0 μSv/h
−2.5 to −12.9
−12.74 (mean full moon)
29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
10−7 Pa (day)
10−10 Pa (night)
Composition by volumeAr, He, Na, K, H, Rn

Mercury

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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Mercury
Mercury
MESSENGER image of Mercury with three visible colors mapped to 1000 nm, 700 nm, and 430 nm wavelengths
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈmɜːrkjəri/ ⓘ
AdjectivesMercurian, Mercurial
Symbol☿
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion
  • 69,816,900 km
  • 0.466 697 AU
Perihelion
  • 46,001,200 km
  • 0.307 499 AU
  • 57,909,100 km
  • 0.387 098 AU
Eccentricity0.205 630
115.88 d
47.87 km/s
174.796°
Inclination
48.331°
29.124°
Known satellitesNone
Physical characteristics
  • 2,439.7 ± 1.0 km
  • 0.3829 Earths
Flattening0
  • 7.48×107 km2
  • 0.147 Earths
Volume
  • 6.083×1010 km3
  • 0.056 Earths
Mass
  • 3.3022×1023 kg
  • 0.055 Earths
Mean density
5.427 g/cm3
4.25 km/s
  • 58.646 day
  • 1407.5 h
Equatorial rotation velocity
10.892 km/h (3.026 m/s)
2.11′ ± 0.1′
North pole right ascension
  • 18 h 44 min 2 s
  • 281.01°
North pole declination
61.45°
Albedo
Surface temp. min mean max
0°N, 0°W [15] 100 K 340 K 700 K
85°N, 0°W[15] 80 K 200 K 380 K
−2.6 to 5.7
4.5" – 13"
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
trace
Composition by volume
Mercury
Mercury
MESSENGER image of Mercury with three visible colors mapped to 1000 nm, 700 nm, and 430 nm wavelengths
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈmɜːrkjəri/ ⓘ
AdjectivesMercurian, Mercurial
Symbol☿
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion
  • 69,816,900 km
  • 0.466 697 AU
Perihelion
  • 46,001,200 km
  • 0.307 499 AU
  • 57,909,100 km
  • 0.387 098 AU
Eccentricity0.205 630
115.88 d
47.87 km/s
174.796°
Inclination
48.331°
29.124°
Known satellitesNone
Physical characteristics
  • 2,439.7 ± 1.0 km
  • 0.3829 Earths
Flattening0
  • 7.48×107 km2
  • 0.147 Earths
Volume
  • 6.083×1010 km3
  • 0.056 Earths
Mass
  • 3.3022×1023 kg
  • 0.055 Earths
Mean density
5.427 g/cm3
4.25 km/s
  • 58.646 day
  • 1407.5 h
Equatorial rotation velocity
10.892 km/h (3.026 m/s)
2.11′ ± 0.1′
North pole right ascension
  • 18 h 44 min 2 s
  • 281.01°
North pole declination
61.45°
Albedo
Surface temp. min mean max
0°N, 0°W [15] 100 K 340 K 700 K
85°N, 0°W[15] 80 K 200 K 380 K
−2.6 to 5.7
4.5" – 13"
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
trace
Composition by volume

Uranus

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Uranus
Photograph of Uranus in true colour
(by Voyager 2 in 1986)
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam Herschel
Discovery date13 November 2024
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈjʊərənəs/ ⓘ or /jʊˈreɪnəs/ ⓘ
Named after
the Latin form Ūranus of the Greek god Οὐρανός Ouranos
AdjectivesUranian (/jʊˈreɪniən/)[19]
Symbol⛢ (♅)
Orbital characteristics[a]
Epoch J2000
Aphelion20.0965 AU (3006.39 Gm)
Perihelion18.2861 AU (2735.56 Gm)
19.19126 AU (2870.972 Gm)
Eccentricity0.04717
369.66 days
6.80 km/s
142.238600°
Inclination
74.006°
17–19 August 2050[16][17]
96.998857°
Known satellites27
Physical characteristics
25,362±7 km
Equatorial radius
25,559±4 km
4.007 Earths
Polar radius
24,973±20 km
3.929 Earths
Flattening0.0229±0.0008[b]
Circumference159,354.1 km
8.1156×109 km2
15.91 Earths
Volume6.833×1013 km3
63.086 Earths
Mass(8.6810±0.0013)×1025 kg
14.536 Earths
GM=5,793,939±13 km3/s2
Mean density
1.27 g/cm3
8.69 m/s2
0.886 g
0.23[18] (estimate)
21.3 km/s
−0.71832 d
−17 h 14 m 23 s
(retrograde)
−0.71833 d
−17 h 14 min 24 s
(retrograde)
Equatorial rotation velocity
2.59 km/s
9,320 km/h
97.77° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
17h 9m 15s
257.311°
North pole declination
−15.175°
Albedo0.300 (Bond)
0.488 (geom.)
Surface temp. min mean max
1 bar level 76 K (−197.2 °C)
0.1 bar
(tropopause)		 47 K 53 K 57 K
5.38 to 6.03
3.3″ to 4.1″
Atmosphere[c]
27.7 km
Composition by volume(Below 1.3 bar)

Gases:

  • 83 ± 3% hydrogen (H2)
  • 15 ± 3% helium (He)
  • 2.3% methane (CH4)
  • 0.009% (0.007–0.015%) hydrogen deuteride (HD)
  • hydrogen sulphide (H2S)[20]

Ices:

Uranus
Photograph of Uranus in true colour
(by Voyager 2 in 1986)
Discovery
Discovered byWilliam Herschel
Discovery date13 November 2024
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈjʊərənəs/ ⓘ or /jʊˈreɪnəs/ ⓘ
Named after
the Latin form Ūranus of the Greek god Οὐρανός Ouranos
AdjectivesUranian (/jʊˈreɪniən/)[19]
Symbol⛢ (♅)
Orbital characteristics[a]
Epoch J2000
Aphelion20.0965 AU (3006.39 Gm)
Perihelion18.2861 AU (2735.56 Gm)
19.19126 AU (2870.972 Gm)
Eccentricity0.04717
369.66 days
6.80 km/s
142.238600°
Inclination
74.006°
17–19 August 2050[16][17]
96.998857°
Known satellites27
Physical characteristics
25,362±7 km
Equatorial radius
25,559±4 km
4.007 Earths
Polar radius
24,973±20 km
3.929 Earths
Flattening0.0229±0.0008[b]
Circumference159,354.1 km
8.1156×109 km2
15.91 Earths
Volume6.833×1013 km3
63.086 Earths
Mass(8.6810±0.0013)×1025 kg
14.536 Earths
GM=5,793,939±13 km3/s2
Mean density
1.27 g/cm3
8.69 m/s2
0.886 g
0.23[18] (estimate)
21.3 km/s
−0.71832 d
−17 h 14 m 23 s
(retrograde)
−0.71833 d
−17 h 14 min 24 s
(retrograde)
Equatorial rotation velocity
2.59 km/s
9,320 km/h
97.77° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension
17h 9m 15s
257.311°
North pole declination
−15.175°
Albedo0.300 (Bond)
0.488 (geom.)
Surface temp. min mean max
1 bar level 76 K (−197.2 °C)
0.1 bar
(tropopause)		 47 K 53 K 57 K
5.38 to 6.03
3.3″ to 4.1″
Atmosphere[c]
27.7 km
Composition by volume(Below 1.3 bar)

Gases:

Ices:

Miranda

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Miranda
Miranda
Discovery
Discovered byGerard P. Kuiper
Discovery dateFebruary 16, 1948
Designations
Uranus V
AdjectivesMirandan, Mirandian
Orbital characteristics
129 390 km
Eccentricity0.0013
1.413 479 d
Inclination4.232° (to Uranus's equator)
Satellite ofUranus
Physical characteristics
Dimensions480×468.4×465.8 km
235.8 ± 0.7 km (0.03697 Earths)
700 000 km2
Volume54 835 000 km3
Mass6.59 ± 0.75 × 1019 kg (1.103 × 10–5 Earths)
Mean density
1.20 ± 0.15 g/cm3
0.079 m/s2
0.193 km/s
synchronous
0°
Albedo0.32
Surface temp. min mean max
solstice ? ~60 K 84 ± 1 K
15.8[12]
Miranda
Miranda
Discovery
Discovered byGerard P. Kuiper
Discovery dateFebruary 16, 1948
Designations
Uranus V
AdjectivesMirandan, Mirandian
Orbital characteristics
129 390 km
Eccentricity0.0013
1.413 479 d
Inclination4.232° (to Uranus's equator)
Satellite ofUranus
Physical characteristics
Dimensions480×468.4×465.8 km
235.8 ± 0.7 km (0.03697 Earths)
700 000 km2
Volume54 835 000 km3
Mass6.59 ± 0.75 × 1019 kg (1.103 × 10–5 Earths)
Mean density
1.20 ± 0.15 g/cm3
0.079 m/s2
0.193 km/s
synchronous
0°
Albedo0.32
Surface temp. min mean max
solstice ? ~60 K 84 ± 1 K
15.8[12]

Nereid

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Nereid
Image of Nereid by Voyager 2
Image of Nereid by Voyager 2
Discovery
Discovered byGerard P. Kuiper
Discovery dateMay 1, 1949
Designations
AdjectivesNereidian, Nereidean
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Periapsis1,372,000 km (0.00917 AU)
Apoapsis9,655,000 km (0.06454 AU)
5,513,787 km (0.03685 AU)
Eccentricity0.7507
360.1362 d
934 m/s
Inclination
Satellite ofNeptune
Physical characteristics
170 ± 25 km
Mass3.1×1019 kg (assumed)
Mean density
1.5 g/cm³ (assumed)
~0.072 m/s²
~0.156 km/s
0.48 d (11 h 31 min)
Albedo0.155
Temperature~50 K mean (estimate)
Nereid
Image of Nereid by Voyager 2
Image of Nereid by Voyager 2
Discovery
Discovered byGerard P. Kuiper
Discovery dateMay 1, 1949
Designations
AdjectivesNereidian, Nereidean
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Periapsis1,372,000 km (0.00917 AU)
Apoapsis9,655,000 km (0.06454 AU)
5,513,787 km (0.03685 AU)
Eccentricity0.7507
360.1362 d
934 m/s
Inclination
Satellite ofNeptune
Physical characteristics
170 ± 25 km
Mass3.1×1019 kg (assumed)
Mean density
1.5 g/cm³ (assumed)
~0.072 m/s²
~0.156 km/s
0.48 d (11 h 31 min)
Albedo0.155
Temperature~50 K mean (estimate)

Test conditional designations param

[edit]
Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
7225 Huntress
Discovery [12]
Discovered byE. Bowell
Discovery siteAnderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory
Discovery date22 January 1983
Orbital characteristics [12]
Epoch 27 June 2015 (JD 2457200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc54.41 yr (19,872 days)
Aphelion2.8176 AU
Perihelion1.8646 AU
2.3411 AU
Eccentricity0.2035
3.58 yr (1,308.4 days)
22.044°
Inclination6.8705°
275.75°
203.60°
Earth MOID0.8837 AU
Physical characteristics
2.43995 h
S (SMASSII)
13.1 mag
7225 Huntress
Discovery [12]
Discovered byE. Bowell
Discovery siteAnderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory
Discovery date22 January 1983
Orbital characteristics [12]
Epoch 27 June 2015 (JD 2457200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc54.41 yr (19,872 days)
Aphelion2.8176 AU
Perihelion1.8646 AU
2.3411 AU
Eccentricity0.2035
3.58 yr (1,308.4 days)
22.044°
Inclination6.8705°
275.75°
203.60°
Earth MOID0.8837 AU
Physical characteristics
2.43995 h
S (SMASSII)
13.1 mag


References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
  1. ^ Some Ref
  2. ^ Some Ref
  3. ^ "NASA Centre for Near Earth Object Studies".
  4. ^ Binzel, Richard P. (2007). "Can NEAs be Grouped by Their Common Physical Characteristics?" (PDF). Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. aero.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-12.
  5. ^ assuming radius of 0.135 km and mass of 2.1e10 kg yields an escape velocity of 0.14 m/s or 0.52 km/h.
  6. ^ a b Lakdawalla, Emily (19 November 2015). "DPS 2015: A little science from Rosetta, beyond perihelion". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d Evans Porco et al. 2002.
  8. ^ a b c d Burns Simonelli et al. 2004.
  9. ^ a b c d Thomas Burns et al. 1998.
  10. ^ a b Nicholson, S. B. (1938). "Two New Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 50: pp.292–293. Bibcode:1938PASP...50..292N. doi:10.1086/124963. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Jacobson, R. A. (2000). "The Orbits of Outer Jovian Satellites". Astronomical Journal. 120 (5): pp.2679–2686. Bibcode:2000AJ....120.2679J. doi:10.1086/316817. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  13. ^ US Space Command (March 1, 2001). "Reentry Assessment - US Space Command Fact Sheet". SpaceRef Interactive. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
  14. ^ a b World Geodetic System (WGS-84). Available online from National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
  15. ^ a b Vasavada, Ashwin R.; Paige, David A.; Wood, Stephen E. (19 February 1999). "Near-Surface Temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the Stability of Polar Ice Deposits" (PDF). Icarus. 141: 179–193. Bibcode:1999Icar..141..179V. doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6175. Figure 3 with the "TWO model"; Figure 5 for pole.
  16. ^ Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms (Richmond, Virginia: Willmann-Bell, 1998) p271. Bretagnon's complete VSOP87 model. It gives the 17th @ 18.283075301au. http://vo.imcce.fr/webservices/miriade/?forms Archived 7 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine IMCCE Observatoire de Paris / CNRS Calculated for a series of dates, five or ten days apart, in August 2050, using an interpolation formula from Astronomical Algorithms. Perihelion came very early on the 17th. INPOP planetary theory
  17. ^ "HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for August 2050 Perihelion". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov (Perihelion for Uranus planet-center (799) occurs on 2050-Aug-19 at 18.28307512au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
  18. ^ de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. (2015). Planetary Sciences (2nd updated ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0521853712. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  19. ^ "Uranian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  20. ^ Irwin, Patrick G. J.; et al. (23 April 2018). "Detection of hydrogen sulfide above the clouds in Uranus's atmosphere" (PDF). Nature Astronomy. 2 (5): 420–427. Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..420I. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0432-1. hdl:2381/42547. S2CID 102775371. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
The references of group "lower-alpha":
  1. ^ These are the mean elements from VSOP87, together with derived quantities.
  2. ^ Calculated using data from Seidelmann, 2007.
  3. ^ Calculation of He, H2 and CH4 molar fractions is based on a 2.3% mixing ratio of methane to hydrogen and the 15/85 He/H2 proportions measured at the tropopause.
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