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The 4th century BC traveller, [[Pytheas]], as reported by [[Pliny the Elder]] (died AD 79), described the Teutones as neighbours of the northern island of Abalus where amber washes up in the spring, which was traded with these Teutones. Abalus is one day's sail from a tidal marsh (''aestuarium'') facing the ocean called ''Metuonis'' where the Germanic "Guiones" (probably either the [[Inguaeones]] or [[Gutones]]) lived.<ref>Pliny the Elder [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=37:chapter=11&highlight=teutones 37.11]. Modern analysis: {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=Arne Søby |author-link1=Arne Søby Christensen |year=2002 |title=Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |isbn=9788772897103 |page=27-31}}</ref>
The 4th century BC traveller, [[Pytheas]], as reported by [[Pliny the Elder]] (died AD 79), described the Teutones as neighbours of the northern island of Abalus where amber washes up in the spring, which was traded with these Teutones. Abalus is one day's sail from a tidal marsh (''aestuarium'') facing the ocean called ''Metuonis'' where the Germanic "Guiones" (probably either the [[Inguaeones]] or [[Gutones]]) lived.<ref>Pliny the Elder [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=37:chapter=11&highlight=teutones 37.11]. Modern analysis: {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=Arne Søby |author-link1=Arne Søby Christensen |year=2002 |title=Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |isbn=9788772897103 |page=27-31}}</ref>


[[Pomponius Mela]] (died about AD 45) placed them on the largest island, Scadinavia, which was one of a group of islands in a large bay called Codanus, open to the ocean. Traditionally, scholars interpret this bay as the [[Baltic sea]].<ref>{{citation|title=Pomponius Mela's description of the world |translator-first=F.E. |translator-last=Romer|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042048507?urlappend=%3Bseq=121|author=Pomponius Mela|pages=109-117}}</ref>
[[Pomponius Mela]] (died about AD 45) placed them on the largest island, Codannovia, presumed to be Scandinavia, which was one of a group of islands in a large bay called Codanus, open to the ocean. Traditionally, scholars interpret this bay as the [[Baltic sea]].<ref>{{citation|title=Pomponius Mela's description of the world |translator-first=F.E. |translator-last=Romer|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015042048507?urlappend=%3Bseq=121|author=Pomponius Mela|pages=109-117}}. Comments: {{harvnb|Christensen|2002|p=256}}</ref>
:31. On the other side of the Albis [Elbe], the huge Codanus Bay [Baltic Sea] is filled with big and small islands. For this reason, where the sea is received within the fold of the bay, it never lies wide open and never really looks like a sea but is sprinkled around, rambling and scattered like rivers, with water flowing in every direction and crossing many times. Where the sea comes into contact with the mainland, the sea is contained by the banks of islands, banks that are not far offshore and that are virtually equidistant everywhere. There the sea runs a narrow course like a strait, then, curving, it promptly adapts to a long brow of land. 32. On the bay are the Cimbri and the Teutoni; farther on, the farthest people of Germany, the [[Hermiones]].
:31. On the other side of the Albis [Elbe], the huge Codanus Bay [Baltic Sea] is filled with big and small islands. For this reason, where the sea is received within the fold of the bay, it never lies wide open and never really looks like a sea but is sprinkled around, rambling and scattered like rivers, with water flowing in every direction and crossing many times. Where the sea comes into contact with the mainland, the sea is contained by the banks of islands, banks that are not far offshore and that are virtually equidistant everywhere. There the sea runs a narrow course like a strait, then, curving, it promptly adapts to a long brow of land. 32. On the bay are the Cimbri and the Teutoni; farther on, the farthest people of Germany, the [[Hermiones]].
:[...]
:[...]
:54. The thirty Orcades [Orkney Islands] are separated by narrow spaces between them; the seven Haemodae [Denmark] extend opposite Germany in what we have called Codanus Bay; of the islands there, Scadinavia [sic], which the Teutoni still hold, stands out as much for its size as for its fertility besides.
:54. The thirty Orcades [Orkney Islands] are separated by narrow spaces between them; the seven Haemodae [Denmark] extend opposite Germany in what we have called Codanus Bay; of the islands there, Scadinavia [sic: the manuscript has ''Codannavia''{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=256}}], which the Teutoni still hold, stands out as much for its size as for its fertility besides.


[[Plutarch]] in his biography of Marius, who fought the Teutones, wrote that they and Cimbri "had not had intercourse with other peoples, and had traversed a great stretch of country, so that it could not be ascertained what people it was nor whence they had set out". He reported that there were different conjectures: that they were "they were some of the German peoples which extended as far as the northern ocean"; that they were "Galloscythians", a mixture of [[Scythians]] and Celts who had lived as far east as the Black Sea, or that the Cimbri were actually [[Cimmerians]], from even further east.<ref>Plutarch, Marius, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0049:chapter=11&highlight=teutones ch. 11]</ref>
[[Plutarch]] in his biography of Marius, who fought the Teutones, wrote that they and Cimbri "had not had intercourse with other peoples, and had traversed a great stretch of country, so that it could not be ascertained what people it was nor whence they had set out". He reported that there were different conjectures: that they were "they were some of the German peoples which extended as far as the northern ocean"; that they were "Galloscythians", a mixture of [[Scythians]] and Celts who had lived as far east as the Black Sea, or that the Cimbri were actually [[Cimmerians]], from even further east.<ref>Plutarch, Marius, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0049:chapter=11&highlight=teutones ch. 11]</ref>

Revision as of 06:30, 5 July 2021

This article is about the tribe known in Latin as the Teutones. The term "Teutons" also may refer to the Germanic peoples collectively or the Germans in particular. For other uses, see Teutonic.
"The Women of the Teutones Defend the Wagon Fort" (1882) by Heinrich Leutemann

The Teutons (Template:Lang-la, Teutoni, Template:Lang-grc) were an ancient northern European tribe mentioned by Roman authors. The Teutons are best known for their participation, together with the Cimbri and other groups, in the Cimbrian War with the Roman Republic in the late 2nd century BC.[1]

Julius Caesar described them as a Germanic people, a term he applied to all northern peoples from east of the Rhine, and later Roman authors followed him. On the other hand, there is no direct evidence that they spoke a Germanic language, and evidence such as their name, and the names of their rulers, indicates at least a strong influence from Celtic languages. On the other hand the indications which classical authors gave about the homeland of the Teutones is considered by many scholars to show that they lived in an area associated with early Germanic languages, and not Celtic languages.

Name

The ethnonym is attested in Latin as Teutonēs or Teutoni (plural) or, more rarely, as Teuton or Teutonus (singular).[2] It transparently derives from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stem *teuteh₂- ('people, tribe, crowd') attached to the suffix -o-no-. The stem apparently had a lower-class connotation, as opposed to an elite group or a ruling class, and its original meaning in PIE times may have been 'the people under arms', as suggested by the Hittite tuzzi- and the Luwian tuta ('army').[3]

The name Teutones can thus be interpreted as deriving from Proto-Celtic *towtā ('people, tribe'), or it may have been from a stage of Germanic prior to the first consonantal shift ("pre-Germanic") (compare the later form *þeudō- 'nation, people, folk'; cf. Gothic þiuda, German Deutsch). A possible corruption of the original name by Greek and Latin writers makes the attribution less secure.[3]

The much later use of Teuton as a synonym for German in an extended ethnic or linguistic sense, that is to refer to speakers of West Germanic languages, was being used in the Latin of monastic writers by the 9th century, and has continued into modern times. It originally served as a learned classical Latin word to be used instead of the similar sounding "theodiscus", an older term which was a Latinization of the then-current pronunciations of the West Germanic word for "of the people".[4] In modern English it has often been used in a still broader way to mean the same as "Germanic".

Linguistic affiliations

The Teutons are commonly classified as a Germanic tribe, and thought to have probably spoken a Germanic language, although the evidence is fragmentary. However, because of the non-Germanic, possibly Celtic, form of the names of both the Teutones and their associates the Cimbri, as well as the personal names known from these tribes, some historians have suggested a Celtic origin for the Teutones.[5][6]

The earliest classical writers classified the Teutones as Celts, but more generally they did not distinguish between Celtic and Germanic peoples. This distinction was apparently first made by Julius Caesar, whose main concern was to argue that raids into southern Gaul and Italy by northern peoples who are less softened by Mediterranean civilization, should be seen in Rome as a systematic problem which can repeat in the future, and demands pre-emptive military action. This was his justification for invading northern Gaul.[7]

After Caesar, Strabo (died about AD 24)[8] and Marcus Velleius Paterculus (died about AD 31),[9] classify them as Germanic peoples.[10] Pliny also classified them this way and specified that they were among the Ingaevones, related to the Cimbri and Chauci.[11]

Homeland

The 4th century BC traveller, Pytheas, as reported by Pliny the Elder (died AD 79), described the Teutones as neighbours of the northern island of Abalus where amber washes up in the spring, which was traded with these Teutones. Abalus is one day's sail from a tidal marsh (aestuarium) facing the ocean called Metuonis where the Germanic "Guiones" (probably either the Inguaeones or Gutones) lived.[12]

Pomponius Mela (died about AD 45) placed them on the largest island, Codannovia, presumed to be Scandinavia, which was one of a group of islands in a large bay called Codanus, open to the ocean. Traditionally, scholars interpret this bay as the Baltic sea.[13]

31. On the other side of the Albis [Elbe], the huge Codanus Bay [Baltic Sea] is filled with big and small islands. For this reason, where the sea is received within the fold of the bay, it never lies wide open and never really looks like a sea but is sprinkled around, rambling and scattered like rivers, with water flowing in every direction and crossing many times. Where the sea comes into contact with the mainland, the sea is contained by the banks of islands, banks that are not far offshore and that are virtually equidistant everywhere. There the sea runs a narrow course like a strait, then, curving, it promptly adapts to a long brow of land. 32. On the bay are the Cimbri and the Teutoni; farther on, the farthest people of Germany, the Hermiones.
[...]
54. The thirty Orcades [Orkney Islands] are separated by narrow spaces between them; the seven Haemodae [Denmark] extend opposite Germany in what we have called Codanus Bay; of the islands there, Scadinavia [sic: the manuscript has Codannavia[14]], which the Teutoni still hold, stands out as much for its size as for its fertility besides.

Plutarch in his biography of Marius, who fought the Teutones, wrote that they and Cimbri "had not had intercourse with other peoples, and had traversed a great stretch of country, so that it could not be ascertained what people it was nor whence they had set out". He reported that there were different conjectures: that they were "they were some of the German peoples which extended as far as the northern ocean"; that they were "Galloscythians", a mixture of Scythians and Celts who had lived as far east as the Black Sea, or that the Cimbri were actually Cimmerians, from even further east.[15]

Surviving texts based on the work of the geographer Ptolemy mentioned both Teutones and "Teutonoaroi" in Germania, but this is in a part of his text which has become garbled in surviving copies. Gudmund Schütte proposed that the two peoples should be understood as one, but that different versions of works based on Ptolemy's used literary sources like Pliny and Mela to place them in different positions somewhere near the Cimbri, in a part of the landscape they did not have good information for - either in Zealand or Scandinavia, or else somewhere on the southern Baltic coast.[16]

The name of the district of Thy in Jutland has been connected to the name of the Teutons, a proposal in line with ancient reports that they came from that area.[3]

Cimbrian War

Main article: Cimbrian War

After achieving decisive victories over the Romans at Noreia and Arausio in 105 BC, the Cimbri and Teutones divided their forces. Gaius Marius then defeated them separately in 102 BC and 101 BC respectively, ending the Cimbrian War. The defeat of the Teutones occurred at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (near present-day Aix-en-Provence).

According to the writings of Valerius Maximus and Florus, the king of the Teutones, Teutobod, was taken in irons after the Teutones were defeated by the Romans. Under the conditions of the surrender, three hundred married women were to be handed over to the victorious Romans as concubines and slaves. When the matrons of the Teutones heard of this stipulation, they begged the consul that they might instead be allowed to minister in the temples of Ceres and Venus. When their request was denied, the Teutonic women slew their own children. The next morning, all the women were found dead in each other's arms, having strangled each other during the night. Their joint martyrdom passed into Roman legends of Teutonic fury.[17]

Some surviving captives reportedly participated as the rebelling gladiators in the Third Servile War of 73-71 BC.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Thompson, Edward Arthur; Dobson, John Frederick (2012). "Teutones". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191735257. Retrieved January 25, 2020. Teutones, a Germanic tribe, known chiefly from their migration with the Cimbri...
  2. ^ "Teuton, n." Oxford English Dictionary. 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Zimmer, Stefan (2005). "Teutonen". Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 30. De Gruyter. ISBN 3-406-33733-3.
  4. ^ Haubrichs, Wolfgang; Wolfram, Herwig (2005), "Theodiscus", Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, vol. 30, De Gruyter, ISBN 3-406-33733-3
  5. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. pp. 797–798. ISBN 1438129181. The Cimbri are generally believed to have been a tribe of GERMANICS
  6. ^ Hussey, Joan Mervyn (1957). The Cambridge Medieval History. CUP Archive. pp. 191–193. It was the Cimbri, along with their allies the Teutones and Ambrones, who for half a score of years kept the world in suspense. All three peoples were doubtless of Germanic stock. We may take it as established that the original home of the Cimbri was on the Jutish peninsula, that of the Teutones somewhere between the Ems and the Weser, and that of the Ambrones in the same neighborhood, also on the North Sea coast.
  7. ^ See for example Pohl, Walter (2004), Die Germanen p.11: "Erst Caesar ordnete Kimbern und Teutonen den Germanen zu. Die Zeitgenossen hatten in den gefährlichen Nordbarbaren eher die direkten Nachfolger der Gallischen Invasoruen um 400 v. Chr. gesehen." p. 51: ""Vor Caesar hatten auch die Römer keinen umfassenden Germanenbegriff. In den älteren Quellen werden Kimbern und Teutonen nicht als Germanen bezeichnet, sondern als Kelten, Keltoskythen oder gar Kimmerier.
  8. ^ Strabo IV.4
  9. ^ Velleius Paterculus 2.12
  10. ^ Beck 1911, p. 673.
  11. ^ Pliny 4.28
  12. ^ Pliny the Elder 37.11. Modern analysis: Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 27-31. ISBN 9788772897103.
  13. ^ Pomponius Mela, Pomponius Mela's description of the world, translated by Romer, F.E., pp. 109–117. Comments: Christensen 2002, p. 256
  14. ^ Christensen 2002, p. 256.
  15. ^ Plutarch, Marius, ch. 11
  16. ^ Schütte, Gudmund (1917), Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototypes, p. 60
  17. ^ Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome 1.38.16–17 and Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium 6.1.ext.3
  18. ^ Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7.
  • Fick, August, Alf Torp and Hjalmar Falk: Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Part 3, Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit. 4. Aufl. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht), 1909.

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