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===Dam problems===
===Dam problems===
{{Main|Environmental concerns with electricity generation|Environmental impacts of reservoirs}}
{{Main|Environmental concerns with electricity generation|Environmental impacts of reservoirs}}
The benefits brought by dams have often come at a great environmental and social cost, however.<ref name="Hydroelectric power's dirty secret revealed">{{cite web|title=Hydroelectric power's dirty secret revealed |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7046 |publisher=New Scientist - Environment |access-date=18 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="Our ">{{cite web|title=Our view of the Hydroelectrical Power Station System "''Upper Neretva''"|url=http://zeleni-neretva.ba/pdf/naspogled.pdf |publisher=ZELENI-NERETVA Konjic NGO |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="science">{{cite web| title=Dams–Impact of dams| url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/1942/Dams-Impact-dams.html| publisher=Science Encyclopedia, vol.2}}</ref>
The benefits brought by dams have often come at a great environmental and social cost, however.<ref name="Hydroelectric power's dirty secret revealed">{{cite web|title=Hydroelectric power's dirty secret revealed |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7046 |publisher=New Scientist - Environment |access-date=18 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="Our ">{{cite web|title=Our view of the Hydroelectrical Power Station System "''Upper Neretva''"|url=http://zeleni-neretva.ba/pdf/naspogled.pdf |publisher=ZELENI-NERETVA Konjic NGO |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref>


The [[Neretva]] and two main tributaries are already harnessed, by four [[Hydroelectricity|HE power-plants]] with [[Dam|large dams]] on Neretva, one [[Hydroelectricity|HE power-plants]] with major dam on the Neretva tributary [[Rama]], and two [[Hydroelectricity|HE power-plants]] with one major dam on the [[Trebišnjica]] river, which is considered as part of the Neretva watershed.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
The [[Neretva]] and two main tributaries are already harnessed, by four [[Hydroelectricity|HE power-plants]] with [[Dam|large dams]] on Neretva, one [[Hydroelectricity|HE power-plants]] with major dam on the Neretva tributary [[Rama]], and two [[Hydroelectricity|HE power-plants]] with one major dam on the [[Trebišnjica]] river, which is considered as part of the Neretva watershed.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Revision as of 01:16, 18 August 2022

Konjic
Коњиц
City
Grad Konjic
Град Коњиц
City of Konjic
Coat of arms of Konjic
Coat of arms
Location of Konjic within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Location of Konjic within Bosnia and Herzegovina
Konjic is located in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Konjic
Konjic
Coordinates: 43°39′15.9″N 17°57′38.8″E / 43.654417°N 17.960778°E / 43.654417; 17.960778
Country Bosnia and Herzegovina
EntityFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Canton Herzegovina-Neretva
Geographical regionHerzegovina
Government
 • MayorOsman Ćatić (SDA)
Area
 • City
1,169 km2 (451 sq mi)
Population
 (2013 census)
 • City
25,148
 • Density22/km2 (56/sq mi)
 • Urban
10,732
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code+387 36
Websitewww.konjic.ba

Konjic (Serbian Cyrillic: Коњиц) is a city and municipality located in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in northern Herzegovina, around 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Sarajevo. It is a mountainous, heavily wooded area, and is 268 m (879 ft) above sea level. The municipality extends on both sides of the Neretva River. According to the 2013 census, city has a population of 10,732 inhabitants, with 25,148 inhabitants in the municipality.[1]

The town is one of the oldest permanent settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina, dating back almost 4000 years; the town in its current incarnation arising as an important town in the late 14th century.

History

The area near the town is believed to be settled up to 4000 years ago, and settlements around 2000 years ago by Illyrian tribes travelling upstream along the Neretva river have been found.[2] Konjic was earliest recorded by name in the records of the Republic of Ragusa on 16 June 1382.[3]

The town, part of the Bosnian kingdom, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, of which the lasting feature for the town (apart from the many mosques and bringing of Islamic faith) is the Ottoman-inspired bridge which features in the town's coat of arms, and later into the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[citation needed]

Konjic bridge

After World War I, the town, along with the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes later renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. During World War II, the town became part of the Independent State of Croatia, and following the war joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Between 1953 and 1979, a 611 square-metre atomic bunker, dug 300 metres into a mountain, known as ARK, was built secretly by the government in the Konjic municipality.[4]

The town grew significantly and prospered as a vibrant, multi-ethnic town with good transportation links (the town is on the railway between Sarajevo and the Adriatic Sea), the large Igman ammunition factory and Yugoslav Army barracks. These factors became one of the main reasons for the town’s conflict in the 1990s.[citation needed]

During the Bosnian War

During conflict in Yugoslavia, Konjic municipality was of strategic importance as it contained important communication links from Sarajevo to southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Several important military facilities were contained in Konjic, including the Igman arms and ammunition factory, the JNA Ljuta barracks, the Reserve Command Site of the JNA, the Zlatar communications and telecommunications centre, and the Celebici barracks and warehouses.[5]

Although the Konjic municipality did not have a majority Serb population and was not part of the declared "Serb autonomous regions", in March 1992, the self-styled "Serb Konjic Municipality" adopted a decision on the Serbian territories. The SDS, in co-operation with the JNA, had also been active in arming the Serb population of the municipality and in training paramilitary units and militias.[5] Konjic was included in those areas claimed by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the "Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia", despite the fact that the Croats did not constitute a majority of the population there either (just a quarter of population in 1991, as the municipality was mixed). Croatian units (known as the HVO) were established and armed in the municipality by April 1992.[5]

Following the international recognition of the independent Bosnia and Herzegovina and the walk-out of SDS representatives from the Municipal Assembly a War Assembly was formed to take charge of the defence of the municipality. Between 20 April and early May 1992 Bosnian government forces seized control over most of the strategic assets of the Municipality and some armaments. However, Serb forces controlled the main access points to the municipality, effectively cutting it off from outside supply.[5] Bosniaks and Croats began to arrive in the city of Konjic from surrounding villages, while Serb inhabitants moved to Serb-controlled villages.[6]

On 4 May 1992, the first shells landed in Konjic town, fired by the JNA and other Serb forces from the slopes of Borasnica and Kisera.[5] This shelling, which continued daily for over three years, until the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement, inflicted substantial damage and resulted in the loss of many lives as well as rendering conditions for the surviving population even more unbearable. With the town swollen from the influx of refugees, there was a great shortage of accommodation as well as food and other basic necessities.[5]

Charitable organisations attempted to supply the local people with enough food but all systems of production foundered or were destroyed. It was not until August or September of that year that convoys from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) managed to reach the town, and all communications links were cut off with the rest of the State.[5] A clear priority for the Konjic authorities was the de-blocking of the routes to Sarajevo and Mostar. This objective required that the Serbian forces holding Bradina and Donje Selo, as well as those at Borci and other strategic points, be disarmed. Initially, an attempt was made at negotiation with the SDS and other representatives of the Serb people in Bradina and Donje Selo. This did not, however, achieve success for the Konjic authorities and plans were made for the launching of military operations by the Joint Command.[5]

The first area to be targeted was the village of Donje Selo. On 20 May 1992 forces of the TO and HVO entered the village. Bosnian government soldiers moved through Viniste towards the villages of Cerići and Bjelovčina. Cerići, which was the first shelled, was attacked around 22 May and some of its inhabitants surrendered. The village of Bjelovčina was also attacked around that time. According to witnesses heard by the ICTY, the Serb-populated village of Bradina was shelled in the late afternoon and evening of 25 May and then soldiers in both camouflage and black uniforms appeared, firing their weapons and setting fire to buildings. Many of the population sought to flee and some withdrew to the centre of the village. These people were, nonetheless, arrested at various times around 27 and 28 May, by TO, HVO and MUP soldiers and police.[5] The village of Bradina was burned to the ground and at least 43 or 48 Serb civilians were killed.[7][8]

These military operations resulted in the arrest of many members of the Serb population and it was thus necessary to create a facility where they could be imprisoned and questioned about their role in the siege of Konjic. The former JNA Čelebići compound was chosen out of necessity as the appropriate facilities for the detention of prisoners in Konjic. The majority of the prisoners who were detained between April and December 1992 were men, captured during and after the military operations at Bradina and Donje Selo and their surrounding areas. At the end of May, several groups were transferred to the Čelebići prison camp from various locations.[5] Most of them were civilians.[9] Many were elderly or infirm.[10] From the camp's establishment to its closure, detainees were subjected to murder, beatings, torture, sexual assaults and otherwise cruel and inhumane treatment.[6] Two women who were kept in the camp were also raped.[5]

In its judgement in the Delalić case the ICTY sentenced camp deputy commander Hazim Delić, guard Esad Landžo, and commander Zdravko Mucić 20 years, 15 years and 7 years respectively for their roles in the crimes committed at the camp while Zejnil Delalić was acquitted.[5] In 2017, Bosnian prosecutors charged former members of the Bosnian Army with crimes against humanity against Serbs, with the aim of expelling them from Konjic and surrounding villages in May 1992.[11][12]

Cultural heritage

Stara Ćuprija bridge

Main article: Stara Ćuprija
Konjic bridge 1682-1683

The Stara Ćuprija bridge was built between 1682 and 1683 by Ali-aga Hasečić (as shown by a stone plaque at the centre of the bridge). It was built over six slightly pointed stone arches. It is one of the best preserved Ottoman bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The arches were destroyed by the retreating German army in March 1945. The bridge was rebuilt in its original state between 2003 and 2009. The bridge is now proclaimed a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

D-0 ARK Underground Biennal of Contemporary Art

Konjic hosts a Biennial of Contemporary Art since 2011, called "D-0 ARK Underground" which is located in ARK.[13] The project, which the Council of Europe called the best cultural event in 2011, was curated by Petar Cuković, Branislav Dimitrijević in 2011 and Branko Franceschi and Bashak Shenove in 2013.[14]

Natural heritage

Neretva river

Main article: Neretva
Neretva river at Konjic

The Neretva is the largest karst river in the Dinaric Alps in the entire eastern part of the Adriatic basin, which belongs to the Adriatic river watershed. The total length is 230 km (140 mi), of which 208 km (129 mi) are in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the final 22 km (14 mi) are in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia.[15][16]

The municipality of Konjic includes at least half of the area of the Upper Neretva (Template:Lang-bs), which is the upper course of the Neretva river. Geographically and hydrologically the Neretva is divided into three sections.[16]

The upper course of the Neretva river is simply called the Upper Neretva (Template:Lang-bs), and includes a vast area around the Neretva, numerous streams and well-springs, three major glacial lakes near the river (and even more lakes, outside the municipality of Konjic, scattered across the mountains of Treskavica and Zelengora in the wider area of the Upper Neretva), one artificial lake (Jablaničko), mountains and forests, and native flora and fauna. All this natural heritage together with the cultural heritage of the Upper Neretva, represent rich and valuable resources of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as Europe.

The Upper Neretva has water of Class I purity[17] and is almost certainly the coldest river water in the world, often as low as 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) in the summer months.[citation needed]

Rakitnica river

Main article: Rakitnica

The Rakitnica river is the main tributary of the Upper Neretva. The Rakitnica forms a 26 km (16 mi)-long canyon (of its 32 km (20 mi) length), that stretches between Bjelašnica and Visočica to the southeast of Sarajevo.[18] There is a hiking trail along the ridge of the canyon, at a level of 800 m (2,600 ft) above the river, all the way to the village of Lukomir. Lukomir is the only remaining traditional semi-nomadic Bosniak mountain village in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[citation needed]

At almost 1,500 m (4,900 ft), the village of Lukomir, with its unique stone homes with cherry-wood roof tiles, is the highest and most isolated mountain village in the country. Indeed, access to the village is impossible from the first snows in December until late April and sometimes even later, except by skis or on foot. A newly constructed lodge is now complete to receive guests and hikers.

Boračko lake

Main article: Boračko lake

Jablaničko lake

Main article: Jablaničko Lake

Jablaničko Lake (Template:Lang-bs) is a large artificially-formed lake on the Neretva river, right below Konjic where the Neretva briefly expands into a wide valley. The river provided much fertile, agricultural land before the lake flooded most of the valley.

The lake was created in 1953 after construction of a high gravitational hydroelectric dam near Jablanica in central Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The lake has an irregular elongated shape. Its width varies along its length. The lake is a popular vacation destination in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Swimming, boating and especially fishing are popular activities on the lake. There are 13 types of fish in the lake's ecosystem. Many weekend cottages have been built along the shores of the lake.

Prenj mountain

Main article: Prenj

Endemic and endangered species

Trout

The river Neretva and its tributaries represent the main drainage system in the east Adriatic watershed and the foremost ichthyofaunal habitat of the region. Salmonidae fish from the Neretva basin show considerable variation in morphology, ecology and behaviour. Neretva also has many other endemic and fragile animals that are near extinction. Among the most endangered are three endemic species of Neretva trout: Neretvanska Mekousna (Salmo obtusirostris oxyrhynchus),[19] Zubatak (Salmo dentex)[20] and Glavatica (Salmo marmoratus).[21]

All three endemic trout species of Neretva are endangered mostly due to destruction of the habitat and hybridisation with introduced trouts and illegal fishing as well as poor management of water and fisheries (dams, overfishing, mismanagement).[22][23]

Ecology and protection

Protected area

Dam problems

Main articles: Environmental concerns with electricity generation and Environmental impacts of reservoirs

The benefits brought by dams have often come at a great environmental and social cost, however.[24][25]

The Neretva and two main tributaries are already harnessed, by four HE power-plants with large dams on Neretva, one HE power-plants with major dam on the Neretva tributary Rama, and two HE power-plants with one major dam on the Trebišnjica river, which is considered as part of the Neretva watershed.[citation needed]

The government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity unveiled plans to build three more hydroelectric power plants with major dams (as over 150.5 meters in height)[26] upstream from the existing plants, beginning with Glavaticevo Hydro Power Plant in the nearby Glavatičevo village, then going even more upstream Bjelimići Hydro Power Plant and Ljubuča Hydro Power Plant located near the villages with the same names; and in addition one more at the Neretva headwaters gorge, near the very source of the river in entity of Republic of Srpska and is strongly opposed and protested by numerous environmentalist organizations and NGOs.[27][28][29][30] who wish for the canyon, considered at least beautiful as the Tara canyon in Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby Montenegro, to remain untouched and unspoiled, hopefully protected too.[31][32] The Government Of FBiH was reportedly preparing [when?] a parallel plan to form a huge National Park which would include the entire Gornja Neretva (Template:Lang-en).[33]

Settlements

Demographics

1971

40,879 total

1991

According to the 1991 census, the municipality of Konjic had 43,878 residents: 23,815 ethnic Muslims (54.3%), 11,513 Croats (26.2%), 6,620 Serbs (15.1%), and 1,930 others (4.4%).[6][34]

2013 Census

Municipality Nationality Total
Bosniaks % Croats % Serbs %
Konjic 22,486 89.41 1,553 6.17 355 1.41 25,148

[35]

Sports

Local football club FK Igman Konjic play in Bosnia and Herzegovina's second tier-First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Konjic is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Popis 2013 u BiH". Retrieved November 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ "Slot-online-indonesia.fun". www.bih-x.com. Archived from the original on 2009-02-19.
  3. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2013-03-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ "Exploring Tito's Cold War bunker". gulfnews.com.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Prosecutor v. Delalic, Mucic, Delic and Landzo (Celebici case), Case no. IT-96-21, Judgement of 16 November 1998" (PDF). ICTY.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 16 November 1998.
  6. ^ a b c "Crimes against Serbs in the Čelebići Camp" (PDF). ICTY.org. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
  7. ^ Grebo, Lamija (5 June 2018). "Bosnia Charges Ex-Fighter with Crimes Against Konjic Serbs". Balkan Insight. BIRN.
  8. ^ "18 years since murder of Serbs in Bosnian village". B92. 25 May 2010.
  9. ^ Rowland, Robin (6 May 2004). "The privatization of war crimes". CBC.ca. CBC News.
  10. ^ Hedges, Chris (3 May 1996). "Balkan War Crimes: Bosnia Is First to Turn In Its Own". The New York Times.
  11. ^ Grebo, Lamija (4 December 2017). "Bosnia Arrests 13 Suspected of Crimes in Konjic". BalkanInsight.
  12. ^ Muslimovic, Admir (8 May 2019). "Bosnia Tries Ex-Fighters for Crimes Against Humanity in Konjic". BalkanInsight.
  13. ^ "Project Biennial - Official Site". Project Biennial - Official Site.
  14. ^ "Contemporary Arts Biennale kicks off in Kojic". Balkan Insight. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  15. ^ "Neretva River Sub-basin". INWEB Internationally Shared Surface Water Bodies in the Balkan Region (inweb.gr). Archived from the original on 2009-02-26. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  16. ^ a b "Hydrological characteristics of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Adriatic watershed". Hydro-meteorological institute of Federation of B&H (fhmzbih.gov.ba). Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  17. ^ "Water Quality Protection Project – Environmental Assessment". World Bank (www-wds.worldbank.org). Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  18. ^ "BH Tourism - Rakitnica Canyon". www.bhtourism.ba.
  19. ^ "Salmo obtusirostris". Balkan Trout Restoration Group. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  20. ^ "Salmo dentex". Balkan Trout Restoration Group. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  21. ^ "Salmo marmoratus". Balkan Trout Restoration Group. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  22. ^ Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Salmo dentex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
  23. ^ Crivelli, A.J. (2006). "Salmo marmoratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T19859A9043279. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T19859A9043279.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  24. ^ "Hydroelectric power's dirty secret revealed". New Scientist - Environment. Retrieved 18 June 2009.
  25. ^ "Our view of the Hydroelectrical Power Station System "Upper Neretva"" (PDF). ZELENI-NERETVA Konjic NGO. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  26. ^ "Methodology and Technical Notes". Watersheds of the World. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2007. A large dam is defined by the industry as one higher than 15 meters high and a major dam as higher than 150.5 meters.
  27. ^ "ZELENI-NERETVA Konjic NGO For Preservation Of The Neretva River And Environment Protection". Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  28. ^ "Water power: the upper Neretva River, Bosnia-Herzegovina". WWF - World Wide Fund. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  29. ^ "Fondacija Heinrich Böll". Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  30. ^ "REC – The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe". Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  31. ^ "Living Neretva". WWF - World Wide Fund. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
  32. ^ "Declaration For The Protection Of The Neretva River". ZELENI-NERETVA Konjic NGO. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  33. ^ Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams, by Patrick McCully, Zed Books, London, 1996
  34. ^ Ethnic composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina population, by municipalities and settlements, 1991. census, Zavod za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine - Bilten no.234, Sarajevo 1991.
  35. ^ Link text, additional text.
  36. ^ "Mensur Cakić novi selektor Karate reprezentacije Kuvajta". 8 January 2021.
  37. ^ http://www.durmitara.com/
  38. ^ ""Preporod" – temeljna i najstarija kulturna ustanova Bošnjaka – Preporod". 12 June 2015.
  39. ^ "Prohić, Kasim | Hrvatska enciklopedija".
  40. ^ Woolford, Anthony (February 8, 2017). "How wresting matches with a prisoner of war made Justin Tipuric". walesonline.
  41. ^ "Başkanımız Bosna'da açılışa katıldı". altinova.bel.tr (in Turkish). Altınova. 2015-06-22. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  42. ^ "Kardeş Şehirler". karacabey.bel.tr (in Turkish). Karacabey. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  43. ^ "Međunarodna Saradnja". opstinativat.me (in Montenegrin). Tivat. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
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