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{{Short description|Massacre in October 1987 during the Sri Lankan Civil War}}{{Infobox civilian attack
bro simply one fight happened
| title = Jaffna hospital massacre
ok so one day
| image = LocationSriLanka.png
CBSE Mathematics Class 12
| caption = Location of Sri Lanka
Sample Paper 1
| location = [[Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]]
Page 1
| coordinates =
Sample Paper 1 Mathematics (Code-041) Class XII Session 2022-23
| target = [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] patients, nurses, doctors and staff of the hospital<ref name=SL/><ref name = Krishna>{{cite book | last = Krishna | first=Sankaran | title= Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood | date= 2005 | publisher= [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn= 0-8166-3330-4 | pages = 190–2}}</ref>
Time Allowed: 3 Hours General Instructions :
| date = October 21–22, 1987
1. This Question Paper contains - five sections A, B, C, D and E. Each section is compulsory. However, there are
| time =
internal choices in some questions.
| timezone = +6 GMT
2. Section A has 18 MCQs and 02 Assertion-Reason based questions of 1 mark each.
| type = Shooting, grenade explosion<ref name=Krishna/><ref name=UTHR/>
3. Section B has 5 Very Short Answer (VSA)-type questions of 2 marks each.
| fatalities = 60<ref name=Somasundaram/>–70<ref name=Krishna/>
4. Section C has 6 Short Answer (SA)-type questions of 3 marks each.
| injuries = 50+ (estimated)
5. Section D has 4 Long Answer (LA)-type questions of 5 marks each.
| perps = [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] soldiers deployed in Sri Lanka<ref name=Krishna/><ref name=Dejong/><ref name=Richardson/>
6. Section E has 3 source based/case based/passage based/integrated units of assessment (4 marks each) with sub-
| susperps =
parts.
| weapons = Firearms, grenades}}
Section - A
The '''Jaffna hospital massacre''' occurred on October 21 and 22, 1987, during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], when troops of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] entered the premises of the [[Jaffna Teaching Hospital]] in [[Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]], an island nation in [[South Asia]], and killed between 60–70 patients and staff.<ref name = Somasundaram>{{cite book | last1 = Somasundaram | first1 = Daya| title = Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio-Cultural Context | year = 2002 | publisher = Springer| isbn= 978-0-30646709-7| first2 = CS | last2 = Jamunanantha| editor-first =Joop | editor-last = de Jong| page= 213}}</ref> The rebel [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]],<ref name= LTTE>{{cite web | title = Jaffna Hospital massacre | publisher = LTTE peace secretariat | date = 2006-11-22 | url = http://www.ltteps.org/?view=1736&folder=25| access-date = 2008-12-19}}</ref> the government of Sri Lanka,<ref name=SL>{{cite web | last = Dayasri | first = Gomin | title = Eminent Persons' displayed lack of independence | publisher = Ministry of Defense, Sri Lanka | date = 2008-04-26 | url =http://www.defence.lk/PrintPage.asp?fname=20080426_03 | access-date = 2008-12-19 | quote = These crimes against humanity include the Mass Murders committed by the IPKF at the Jaffna Hospital on the 20th October 1987 when they entered the hospital and indiscriminately murdered patients, doctors, nurses and attendants by shooting and exploding grenades indiscriminately}}</ref> and independent observers such as the [[University Teachers for Human Rights]]<ref name= UTHR/> and others<ref name= Krishna/><ref name= Dejong/><ref name= Richardson /><ref>International Committee of the Fourth International
Multiple Choice Questions each question carries 1 mark.
Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html</ref> have called it a [[massacre]] of civilians.
R1 2 4V
1. The symmetric part of the matrix A = S6 8 2W is equal to
RVS2−27W RV 0-2-1 TX 143
SW SW (a) S-2 0 -2W (b)S280W
S-1-20W S3 0 7W
TX TX
RV RV
Maximum Marks : 80
2. If y = tan−1 (a) -12
1+sinx
dx 6
(c) 2 ab
0 -2 1 1 4 3 SW SW
(c) S202W (d) S4 8 0W
S-120W S3 0 7W TX TX
1 − sin x , then the value of dy at x = π is
(c) 1
3. If f(x) = loge(sinx), then f'(e) is equal to
(a) e-1 (c) 1
4. The least, value of the function f(x) = ax + b/x , a 2 0, b 2 0, x 2 0 is (a) ab
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(b)12 (d) -1
(b) e (d) 0
(b) 2
(d) 2 ab
a b


However, the Indian Army maintains that the soldiers were fired upon<ref name=PP/> and the Indian army officer in charge of the military operations, Lt. Gen. Depinder Singh, claimed that these civilians were killed in a crossfire between soldiers and rebels.<ref name = Ghosh /> Soldiers responsible for this massacre were not prosecuted by the Indian government.<ref name=UTHR/>
Page 2 Sample Paper 1 CBSE Mathematics Class 12
5. If y=2x3−2x2+3x−5, then for x=2 andTx=0.1, value ofTy is (a) 2.002
(c) 0
6. The value of #1 dx is
(b) 1.9 (d) 0.9
0 ex+e
(a) 1logb1+el (b) logb1+el
e22 (c) 1log(1+e) (d) logb 2 l
e 1+e
7. The area of the region bounded by the lines y=mx, x=1, x=2 and X-axis is 6 sq units, then m is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
8. Find the area of a curve xy=4, bounded by the lines x=1 and x=3 and X-axis.
(a) log12 (c) log81
9. The area of enclosed by y=3x−5, y=0, x=3 and x=5 is (a) 12 sq units
(c) 1312 sq units
10. The degree of the differential equation
dy 1 dy 2 1 dy 3 x=1+bdxl+2!bdxl +3!bdxl +..., is
(a) 3 (c) 1
11. The solution of dy = ax + g represents a circle, when dx by+f
(a) a=b (c) a =− 2b
12. The general solution of the differential equation dy = ey (ex + e−x + 2x) is dx
(a) e−y = ex − e−x + x2 + C (c) e−y =− e−x − ex − x2 + C
(b) log64 (d) log27
(b) 13 sq units (d) 14 sq units
(b) 2
(d) not defined
(b) a=−b (d) a=2b
(b) e−y = e−x − ex − x2 + C (d) ey = e−x + ex + x2 + C
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==Background information==
CBSE Mathematics Class 12 Sample Paper 1
{{See also|Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war}}
Page 3
During the 1950s, around 50% of civil service jobs in Ceylon were held by the Tamil minority, who comprised approximately 23% of the population. This was enabled partly because of the availability of western-style education provided by [[American Ceylon Mission|American missionaries]] and others in the Tamil-dominant [[Jaffna peninsula]]. The preponderance of Tamils over their proportionate share of the population was an issue for populist majority Sinhalese politicians, who came to political power by promising to elevate the [[Sinhalese people]]. The resultant [[Sinhala Only Act|discriminative measures]] such as the [[Sinhala Only Act]] and the [[policy of standardisation]], as well as [[Riots and pogroms in Sri Lanka|riots and pogroms]] that targeted the minority Sri Lankan Tamils, led to the formation of a number of [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|rebel groups]] advocating [[Tamil Eelam|independence for Sri Lankan Tamils]]. Following the 1983 [[Black July]] [[pogrom]] full-scale [[Sri Lankan civil war|civil war]] began between the government and rebel groups.
(a) 7
(c) -10 11
(b)7
(d) 10 11
ttt
13. If λ(3i +2j −6k) is a unit vector, then the value of λ is (a) !71
(b)!7 (d)!1
(c) !43 vtttvvvv2vvv
14. If a = i − 2j + 3k and b is a vector such that a $ b = b (a) 7
and
a − b
=
7 , then b is equal to (b) 3
(c) 7
15. The direction cosines of the line joining the points (4, 3, - 5) and (- 2, 1, - 8) are
(a) b6,2,3l (b) b2,3,-6l 777 777
(c) b6,3,2l (d) None of these 777
16. If the lines 1−x = y−2 = z−3 and x−1 = y−1 = 6−z are perpendicular, then the value of α is -1032α23α5 10
17. A bag A contains 4 green and 3 red balls and bog B contains 4 red and 3 green balls. One bag is taken at random and a ball is drawn and noted to be green. The probability that it comes from bag B is
2 7
2 3
3 7
1 3
18. A random variable X has the probability distribution given below
X12345
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(d) 3
43
P^X=xh K Its variance is
16 3
4 3
5 3
10 3
2K 3K
2K K
(a) (b) (c) (d)
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In 1987 the governments of Sri Lanka and India entered into an agreement and invited the Indian Army to be used as peacekeepers. Eventually the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF) came into conflict with one of the rebel groups, namely the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE). By October 1987 Indian forces were trying to wrest control of the [[Jaffna peninsula]] from the LTTE.<ref name=UTHR/>
Page 4 Sample Paper 1 CBSE Mathematics Class 12
19. Assertion : # xex dx = ex + C (x+1)2 x+1
Reason : #ex{f(x)+f'(x)}dx =exf(x)+C
(a) Assertion is true, reason is true, reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is true,reason is true, reason is not a correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, reason is true.
20. Assertion : # dx = 1 + C ex +e−x +2 ex +1
Reason : #d{f(x)} =− 1 +C {f (x)} 2 f (x)
(a) Assertion is true, reason is true, reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is true,reason is true, reason is not a correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Section - B
This section comprises of very short answer type-questions (VSA) of 2 marks each. 21. Given A=> 2 −3H, compute A-1 and show that 2A−1 =9I−A.
−4 7
22. Differentiate tan−1b1+cosxl with respect to x.
sin x
23. Form the differential equation representing the family of curves y = e2x (a + bx), where 'a' and 'b' are arbitrary
constants.
24. Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors av and bv, having the same magnitude such that the angle between
them is 60c and their scalar product is 92 .
25. Suppose a girls throws a die. If she gets 1 or 2, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of tails. If she gets 3, 4, 5 or 6, she tosses a coin once gets notes whether a ‘head’ or ‘tail’ is obtained. If she obtained exactly one ‘tail’, what is the probability that she threw 3, 4 ,5 or 6 with the die?
Section - C
This section comprises of short answer type questions (SA) of 3 marks each. 26. Let R be a relation defined on the set of natural numbers N as follow:
R = $^x,yh:x d N,y d N and 2x + y = 24.
Find the domain and range of the relation R . Also, find if R is an equivalence relation or not.
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==Attack==
CBSE Mathematics Class 12 Sample Paper 1
{{See also|Operation Pawan}}
Page 5
The Jaffna hospital, also known as the Jaffna Teaching Hospital and Jaffna General Hospital, is the premier healthcare providing institution within the densely populated [[Jaffna peninsula]], situated in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It had functioned throughout the period of civil war as a sanctuary that was out of bounds for combatants. After the deterioration of the relationship between the rebel LTTE and the IPKF, an attempt by the IPKF to capture [[Jaffna| Jaffna town]] was expected. Because of fears of a military operation by the Indian Army, some staff of the hospital had kept away from duty, but others had reported to work assuming that the Indian Army would be considerate because of assurances provided by the Indian Embassy in [[Colombo]] to a group of prominent Jaffna citizens that a major military action was not imminent. By October 21, 1987, which was [[Diwali]], a high [[Hindu]] holiday, over 70 dead bodies had accumulated in the [[mortuary]] as a result of shelling and other military activities.<ref name=UTHR>{{Cite document | last1 = Hoole | first1 = Ranjan | author1-link = Ranjan Hoole | last2 = Thiranagama | first2 = Ranjani | author2-link = Ranjani Thiranagama | title = The Broken Palmyra, the Tamil Crisis in Sri Lanka, An Inside Account | publisher = The Sri Lanka Studies Institute | year = 1992 | id = ASIN: B000OGS3MW | pages = 265–71}}</ref>
R1 −23V
27. If A = S 0 −1 4W, then find (A')-1.
S−2 2 1W TX
Find the adjoint of the matrix A = S 2 1 −2W and hence show that A(adj A) = A I3. S2 −2 1W
TX
28. Find the values of a and b such that the function defined as follows is continuous.
29. Find#2 2x2
(x +1)(x +2)
* x + 2, x # 2 f(x) = ax+b, 21x15
Integrate w.r.t. x , x2 − 3x + 1 . 1−x2
3x − 2, 2dx.
x $ 5
RV
�R
−1 −2 −2 SW
�R
30. Solve the following differential equation xdy =y−xtanayk
dx x
31. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of a = 2i + 3j − k and b = i − 2j + k .
Section - D
This section comprises of long answer-type questions (LA) of 5 marks each.
32. Find the value of the following tan−1^1h+cos−1b−1l+sin−1b−1l
�R
Find the value of the following cos−1b1l+2sin−1b1l 22
33. Find the points on the curve y = x3 at which the slope of the tangent is equal to y -coordinate of the point. �R
Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = 2 x − 7 at the point, where it cuts the X -axis. x −5x+6
34. Find the value of λ, so that the lines 1−x = 7y−14 = z−3 and 7−7x = y−5 = 6−z are at right angles. 3 λ 2 3λ 1 5
Also, find whether the lines are intersecting or not.
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22
v
tttvttt
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==Eyewitness accounts==
Page 6 Sample Paper 1 CBSE Mathematics Class 12
�R
35. A decorative item dealer deals in two items A and B . He has Rs. 15000 to invest and a space to store at the most 80 pieces. Item A costs him Rs. 300 and item B costs him Rs. 150. He can sell items A and B at respective, profit of Rs. 50 and Rs. 28. Assuming he can sell all he buys, formulate the linear programming problem in order to maximise his profit and solve it graphically.
�R
Minimise Z = x + 2y subject to 2x + y $ 3 , x + 2y $ 6 , x , y $ 0 . Show that the minimum of Z occurs at more than two points.
Section - E
36. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in
Mumbai, Maharashtra, that manufactures and sells pharmaceutical formulations and active pharmaceutical
ingredients in more than 100 countries across the globe.
Sun Pharmaceutical produces three final chemical products P,P and P requiring mixup of three raw material 123
chemicals M1,M2 and M3. The per unit requirement of each product for each material (in litres) is as follows: M1 M2 M3
RV P1 S2 3 1W
A = P2S4 2 5W P3S2 4 2W
TX
(i) Find the total requirement of each material if the firm produces 100 litres of each product,
(ii) Find the per unit cost of production of each product if the per unit of materials M1, M2 and M3 are ` 5, ` 10
and ` 5 respectively, and
(iii) Find the total cost of production if the firm produces 200 litres of each product.
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Find the shortest distance between the lines
vttttt
r = (4i −j)+λ(i +2j −3k) vtttttt
and r = (i −j +2k)+μ(2i +4j −5k).
Case study based questions are compulsory.
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One eyewitness recalled the following:
CBSE Mathematics Class 12 Sample Paper 1 Page 7
37. Commodity prices are primarily determined by the forces of supply and demand in the market. For example, if the supply of oil increases, the price of one barrel decreases. Conversely, if demand for oil increases (which often happens during the summer), the price rises. Gasoline and natural gas fall into the energy commodities category.
The price p (dollars) of each unit of a particular commodity is estimated to be changing at the rate
dp = −135x
dx 9+x2
where x (hundred) units is the consumer demand (the number of units purchased at that price). Suppose 400 units ^x = 4h are demanded when the price is $30 per unit.
(i) Find the demand function p^xh.
(ii) At what price will 300 units be demanded? At what price will no units be demanded?
(iii) How many units are demanded at a price of $20 per unit?
38. Quality assurance (QA) testing is the process of ensuring that manufactured product is of the highest possible quality for customers. QA is simply the techniques used to prevent issues with product and to ensure great user experience for customers.
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{{Quote
Page 8 Sample Paper 1 CBSE Mathematics Class 12
|text="The Indian Army came firing into the Radiology Block and fired indiscriminately at this whole mass of people huddled together. We saw patients dying. We lay there without moving a finger pretending to be dead. We were wondering all the time whether we would be burnt or shot when the bodies of the dead were collected."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2014/02/02/indian-war-crimes-in-sri-lanka-ipkf-massacre-of-tamil-doctors-and-nurses-inside-jaffna-hospital/|title=LankaWeb – Indian War Crimes in Sri Lanka: IPKF Massacre of Tamil Doctors and Nurses inside Jaffna Hospital|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>}}
A manufactured component has its quality graded on its performance, appearance, and cost. Each of these three characteristics is graded as either pass or fail. There is a probability of 0.40 that a component passes on both appearance and cost. There is a probability of 0.35 that a component passes on both performance and appearance. There is a probability of 0.31 that a component passes on all three characteristics. There is a probability of 0.64 that a component passes on performance. There is a probability of 0.19 that a component fails on all three characteristics. There is a probability of 0.06 that a component passes on appearance but fails on both performance and cost.

(i) What is the probability that a component passes on cost but fails on both performance and appearance?
Another eyewitness, Mr Sivagurunathan, recounted the following:
(ii) If a component passes on both appearance and cost, what is the probability that it passes on all three

characteristics?
{{Quote
(iii) If a component passes on both performance and appearance, what is the probability that it passes on all
|text="I was in Ward 8, where my wife was, when they came in shooting at random into the hospital from behind.
three characteristics?

�������
Some employees ran in the direction of the X-ray room, and I followed them there with my wife. I was one of the first to reach it and went in with the rest. Soon the others ran into the room and the room got filled and we were pressed against the wall.
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Then, the attackers, driving a group of people before them, arrived in front of the room. They pushed everybody inside. They threw grenades inside and started shooting. People were screaming and falling on each other."<ref>International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html</ref>}}

==Timeline of events==

===October 21, 1987===
{{refimprove|section|date=October 2017}}
<!--most bullet points are not cited-->
*11h – The hospital environment came under cannon fire from the vicinity of [[Jaffna Dutch Fort]] and from overhead helicopters.
*11h30 – A shell fell on the Outpatients Department (O.P.D) building.
*13h – The chief consultant on duty was informed that Indian troops had been sighted at nearby Shanti Theatre Lane.
*13h30 – A shell fell on Ward 8, killing seven persons. The chief consultant who went out with another doctor to survey the situation spotted some empty cartridges, suggesting that persons had been firing from inside the hospital premises.
*14h – The chief consultant's attention was drawn to the presence of some armed LTTE fighters inside the hospital. The chief consultant went with Dr. Ganesharatnam and asked the group to leave the premises. The leader of the group agreed and they left.
*14h5 – The chief consultant was informed that another group of LTTE men had come inside. Dr. Ganesharatnam requested that the chief consultant go with another doctor to speak to the LTTE group and ask them to leave. It is not clear if the LTTE men ever left the hospital.
*14h, 16h – A few staff members left the hospital for lunch through the back door.
*16h – Staff heard shooting for 15–20 minutes from the vicinity of the gasoline station on Hospital Road. No retaliatory fire from the hospital was heard.
*16h20 and onward – According to an [[Witness|eyewitness]], the IPKF entered the hospital grounds through the front gate, came up along the corridor and warned everybody inside the hospital. The IPKF fired into the Overseer's office and other offices. The eyewitness saw many of his fellow workers killed, including the overseer and an ambulance driver. The eyewitness also saw a soldier throw a grenade at a man, killing several people.<ref name = Krishna>{{cite book | last = Krishna | first=Sankaran | title= Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood | date= 2005 | publisher= [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn= 0-8166-3330-4 | pages = 190–2}}</ref><ref name= UTHR /> According to another eyewitness, the IPKF came into the Radiology room, which was filled with people including the patients evacuated from Ward 8, and fired indiscriminately. Those who pretended to be dead by lying on the floor escaped the attack.<ref name =Krishna/><ref name=UTHR/><ref>International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html</ref>
*Throughout the night a few bursts of fire and grenade explosions were heard.<ref name=UTHR/>

===October 22, 1987===
*8h30 – Dr. Sivapathasundaram was seen walking out of the hospital with three nurses. They were walking with their hands up shouting, "We surrender, we are innocent doctors and nurses."<ref name= UTHR/> Shots were fired; Dr. Sivapathasundaram was killed and the nurses injured.<ref>International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html</ref>
*11h – An Indian Army officer turned up at one of the wards and was confronted by a doctor. The doctor explained the situation to the officer and later, with help of the officer, she called out to her colleagues and those who were injured to come out with their hands up. About 10 staff members who were alive were escorted out. They found their colleague Dr. Ganesharatnam dead. Later in the day all the dead bodies in the hospital were collected and burned.<ref name = UTHR />

==Reactions==
The Indian Army had maintained that it was fired upon from inside the hospital and people were caught in a crossfire.<ref name=PP>{{cite book | last=Pathak | first=Saroj | title= War or Peace in Sri Lanka | date=2005 | publisher= Popular Prakashan | location = India |isbn=81-7991-199-3 | page = 122}}</ref> This was reiterated by Lt. Gen. Depinder Singh.<ref name=Ghosh>{{cite book | last=Ghosh | first=PA | title= Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka and Role of Indian Peace Keeping Force | date=1998 | publisher= APH Publishing |isbn=81-7648-107-6}} p.125</ref> The rebel LTTE and the government of Sri Lanka have maintained that it was an unprovoked massacre of civilians. The government of Sri Lanka in 2008 termed it a [[crime against humanity]].<ref name = SL /> A number of independent observers such as [[University Teachers for Human Rights]], a Human Rights organization from Sri Lanka, and western observers such Mr. John Richardson<ref name = Richardson>{{cite book | last= Richardson | first= John | title= Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Terrorism and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars | date = 2005 | publisher = [[International Centre for Ethnic Studies]] | isbn = 955-580-094-4 | page = 546}}</ref> and others<ref name= Krishna /><ref name= Dejong>{{cite book | editor-last= De Jong | editor-first= Joop | title= Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio-Cultural Context | date=2002 | publisher = Springer |isbn=0-306-46709-7 | page = 213}}</ref><ref name= Somasundaram1997>{{cite journal| last = Somasundaram | first = D | year = 1997| title = Abandoning jaffna hospital: Ethical and moral dilemmas | journal = Medicine, Conflict and Survival|volume = 13 | issue = 4|pages = 333–47|doi = 10.1080/13623699708409357}}</ref><ref>International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html</ref> maintain that it was a massacre of civilians.

==In popular culture==
The massacre and other alleged atrocities of the war are covered in the award-winning 2002 film ''[[In the Name of Buddha]]'' directed by [[Rajesh Touchriver]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=23568 20th anniversary of hospital massacre remembered in Jaffna]
*[http://www.tamilnet.com/pic.html?path=/img/publish/2005/10/JH1021_01.jpg&width=640&height=480&caption= Pictures of the murdered staff members]

{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}

{{coord missing|Sri Lanka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaffna Hospital Massacre}}
[[Category:Massacres in 1987]]
[[Category:Attacks on civilians attributed to the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Attacks on hospitals]]
[[Category:History of Jaffna|Hospital massacre]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force attacks in the Sri Lankan Civil War]]
[[Category:Mass murder of Sri Lankan Tamils]]
[[Category:Massacres in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1987 murders in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]

Revision as of 15:59, 2 February 2023

Jaffna hospital massacre
Location of Sri Lanka
LocationJaffna, Sri Lanka
DateOctober 21–22, 1987 (+6 GMT)
TargetSri Lankan Tamil patients, nurses, doctors and staff of the hospital[1][2]
Attack type
Shooting, grenade explosion[2][3]
WeaponsFirearms, grenades
Deaths60[4]–70[2]
Injured50+ (estimated)
PerpetratorsIndian Peace Keeping Force soldiers deployed in Sri Lanka[2][5][6]

The Jaffna hospital massacre occurred on October 21 and 22, 1987, during the Sri Lankan Civil War, when troops of the Indian Peace Keeping Force entered the premises of the Jaffna Teaching Hospital in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, an island nation in South Asia, and killed between 60–70 patients and staff.[4] The rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam,[7] the government of Sri Lanka,[1] and independent observers such as the University Teachers for Human Rights[3] and others[2][5][6][8] have called it a massacre of civilians.

However, the Indian Army maintains that the soldiers were fired upon[9] and the Indian army officer in charge of the military operations, Lt. Gen. Depinder Singh, claimed that these civilians were killed in a crossfire between soldiers and rebels.[10] Soldiers responsible for this massacre were not prosecuted by the Indian government.[3]

Background information

See also: Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war

During the 1950s, around 50% of civil service jobs in Ceylon were held by the Tamil minority, who comprised approximately 23% of the population. This was enabled partly because of the availability of western-style education provided by American missionaries and others in the Tamil-dominant Jaffna peninsula. The preponderance of Tamils over their proportionate share of the population was an issue for populist majority Sinhalese politicians, who came to political power by promising to elevate the Sinhalese people. The resultant discriminative measures such as the Sinhala Only Act and the policy of standardisation, as well as riots and pogroms that targeted the minority Sri Lankan Tamils, led to the formation of a number of rebel groups advocating independence for Sri Lankan Tamils. Following the 1983 Black July pogrom full-scale civil war began between the government and rebel groups.

In 1987 the governments of Sri Lanka and India entered into an agreement and invited the Indian Army to be used as peacekeepers. Eventually the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) came into conflict with one of the rebel groups, namely the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). By October 1987 Indian forces were trying to wrest control of the Jaffna peninsula from the LTTE.[3]

Attack

See also: Operation Pawan

The Jaffna hospital, also known as the Jaffna Teaching Hospital and Jaffna General Hospital, is the premier healthcare providing institution within the densely populated Jaffna peninsula, situated in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It had functioned throughout the period of civil war as a sanctuary that was out of bounds for combatants. After the deterioration of the relationship between the rebel LTTE and the IPKF, an attempt by the IPKF to capture Jaffna town was expected. Because of fears of a military operation by the Indian Army, some staff of the hospital had kept away from duty, but others had reported to work assuming that the Indian Army would be considerate because of assurances provided by the Indian Embassy in Colombo to a group of prominent Jaffna citizens that a major military action was not imminent. By October 21, 1987, which was Diwali, a high Hindu holiday, over 70 dead bodies had accumulated in the mortuary as a result of shelling and other military activities.[3]

Eyewitness accounts

One eyewitness recalled the following:

"The Indian Army came firing into the Radiology Block and fired indiscriminately at this whole mass of people huddled together. We saw patients dying. We lay there without moving a finger pretending to be dead. We were wondering all the time whether we would be burnt or shot when the bodies of the dead were collected."[11]

Another eyewitness, Mr Sivagurunathan, recounted the following:

"I was in Ward 8, where my wife was, when they came in shooting at random into the hospital from behind.

Some employees ran in the direction of the X-ray room, and I followed them there with my wife. I was one of the first to reach it and went in with the rest. Soon the others ran into the room and the room got filled and we were pressed against the wall.

Then, the attackers, driving a group of people before them, arrived in front of the room. They pushed everybody inside. They threw grenades inside and started shooting. People were screaming and falling on each other."[12]

Timeline of events

October 21, 1987

  • 11h – The hospital environment came under cannon fire from the vicinity of Jaffna Dutch Fort and from overhead helicopters.
  • 11h30 – A shell fell on the Outpatients Department (O.P.D) building.
  • 13h – The chief consultant on duty was informed that Indian troops had been sighted at nearby Shanti Theatre Lane.
  • 13h30 – A shell fell on Ward 8, killing seven persons. The chief consultant who went out with another doctor to survey the situation spotted some empty cartridges, suggesting that persons had been firing from inside the hospital premises.
  • 14h – The chief consultant's attention was drawn to the presence of some armed LTTE fighters inside the hospital. The chief consultant went with Dr. Ganesharatnam and asked the group to leave the premises. The leader of the group agreed and they left.
  • 14h5 – The chief consultant was informed that another group of LTTE men had come inside. Dr. Ganesharatnam requested that the chief consultant go with another doctor to speak to the LTTE group and ask them to leave. It is not clear if the LTTE men ever left the hospital.
  • 14h, 16h – A few staff members left the hospital for lunch through the back door.
  • 16h – Staff heard shooting for 15–20 minutes from the vicinity of the gasoline station on Hospital Road. No retaliatory fire from the hospital was heard.
  • 16h20 and onward – According to an eyewitness, the IPKF entered the hospital grounds through the front gate, came up along the corridor and warned everybody inside the hospital. The IPKF fired into the Overseer's office and other offices. The eyewitness saw many of his fellow workers killed, including the overseer and an ambulance driver. The eyewitness also saw a soldier throw a grenade at a man, killing several people.[2][3] According to another eyewitness, the IPKF came into the Radiology room, which was filled with people including the patients evacuated from Ward 8, and fired indiscriminately. Those who pretended to be dead by lying on the floor escaped the attack.[2][3][13]
  • Throughout the night a few bursts of fire and grenade explosions were heard.[3]

October 22, 1987

  • 8h30 – Dr. Sivapathasundaram was seen walking out of the hospital with three nurses. They were walking with their hands up shouting, "We surrender, we are innocent doctors and nurses."[3] Shots were fired; Dr. Sivapathasundaram was killed and the nurses injured.[14]
  • 11h – An Indian Army officer turned up at one of the wards and was confronted by a doctor. The doctor explained the situation to the officer and later, with help of the officer, she called out to her colleagues and those who were injured to come out with their hands up. About 10 staff members who were alive were escorted out. They found their colleague Dr. Ganesharatnam dead. Later in the day all the dead bodies in the hospital were collected and burned.[3]

Reactions

The Indian Army had maintained that it was fired upon from inside the hospital and people were caught in a crossfire.[9] This was reiterated by Lt. Gen. Depinder Singh.[10] The rebel LTTE and the government of Sri Lanka have maintained that it was an unprovoked massacre of civilians. The government of Sri Lanka in 2008 termed it a crime against humanity.[1] A number of independent observers such as University Teachers for Human Rights, a Human Rights organization from Sri Lanka, and western observers such Mr. John Richardson[6] and others[2][5][15][16] maintain that it was a massacre of civilians.

The massacre and other alleged atrocities of the war are covered in the award-winning 2002 film In the Name of Buddha directed by Rajesh Touchriver.

References

  1. ^ a b c Dayasri, Gomin (2008-04-26). "Eminent Persons' displayed lack of independence". Ministry of Defense, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2008-12-19. These crimes against humanity include the Mass Murders committed by the IPKF at the Jaffna Hospital on the 20th October 1987 when they entered the hospital and indiscriminately murdered patients, doctors, nurses and attendants by shooting and exploding grenades indiscriminately
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Krishna, Sankaran (2005). Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 190–2. ISBN 0-8166-3330-4.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hoole, Ranjan; Thiranagama, Ranjani (1992). "The Broken Palmyra, the Tamil Crisis in Sri Lanka, An Inside Account" (Document). The Sri Lanka Studies Institute. pp. 265–71. ASIN: B000OGS3MW.
  4. ^ a b Somasundaram, Daya; Jamunanantha, CS (2002). de Jong, Joop (ed.). Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio-Cultural Context. Springer. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-30646709-7.
  5. ^ a b c De Jong, Joop, ed. (2002). Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio-Cultural Context. Springer. p. 213. ISBN 0-306-46709-7.
  6. ^ a b c Richardson, John (2005). Paradise Poisoned: Learning About Conflict, Terrorism and Development from Sri Lanka's Civil Wars. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. p. 546. ISBN 955-580-094-4.
  7. ^ "Jaffna Hospital massacre". LTTE peace secretariat. 2006-11-22. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
  8. ^ International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html
  9. ^ a b Pathak, Saroj (2005). War or Peace in Sri Lanka. India: Popular Prakashan. p. 122. ISBN 81-7991-199-3.
  10. ^ a b Ghosh, PA (1998). Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka and Role of Indian Peace Keeping Force. APH Publishing. ISBN 81-7648-107-6. p.125
  11. ^ "LankaWeb – Indian War Crimes in Sri Lanka: IPKF Massacre of Tamil Doctors and Nurses inside Jaffna Hospital". Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  12. ^ International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html
  13. ^ International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html
  14. ^ International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html
  15. ^ Somasundaram, D (1997). "Abandoning jaffna hospital: Ethical and moral dilemmas". Medicine, Conflict and Survival. 13 (4): 333–47. doi:10.1080/13623699708409357.
  16. ^ International Committee of the Fourth International Fourth International Vol. 15 No. 1 (March 1988), Mass Murder in Jaffna, Rajiv Gandhi’s Dirty War Against Tamil Eelam https://www.wsws.org/en/special/library/fi-15-1/09.html

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