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{{short description|Inhabitant of the Maghreb region in northwestern Africa}}
{{short description|Ethnolinguistic group of the Maghreb region in northwestern Africa}}
[[File:Berber Population.png|thumb|Berber Population. ]]


'''Arabized Berbers''' are [[Berbers]] whose language is a local [[Maghrebi Arabic|dialect of Arabic]] and whose culture is [[Arab culture]], as a result of [[Arabization]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cabré|first=Yolanda Aixelà|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hca8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|title=In the Footsteps of Spanish Colonialism in Morocco and Equatorial Guinea: The Handling of Cultural Diversity and the Socio-Political Influence of Transnational Migration|date=July 2018|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-91010-3|language=en}}</ref>
'''Arabized Berbers''', also known as '''Arab-Berbers''' ({{lang-ar|العرب والبربر}} ''al-ʿarab wa-l-barbar''), are [[Berbers]] or people of mixed [[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Berbers|Berber]] origin whose language is a local [[Maghrebi Arabic|dialect of Arabic]] and whose culture is [[Arab culture]], as a result of [[Arabization]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cabré|first=Yolanda Aixelà|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hca8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|title=In the Footsteps of Spanish Colonialism in Morocco and Equatorial Guinea: The Handling of Cultural Diversity and the Socio-Political Influence of Transnational Migration|date=July 2018|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-91010-3|language=en}}</ref>


The widespread [[language shift]] from [[Berber languages|Berber]] to Arabic happened, at least partially, due to the privileged status that the Arabic language has generally been given in the states of North Africa, from the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Arab conquest]] in 652 up until the [[French colonial empire|French colonialism]] in the twentieth century, as well as the migration of the [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]] tribes from [[Arabia]] to North Africa. The centuries-long [[Arab migration to the Maghreb]] from the 7th to the 17th century played a significant role in Arabizing the native Berber population in addition to changing the population's demographic breakdown.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Duri |first=A. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32sBxqIgcZMC&pg=PA71 |title=The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation) |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-62286-8 |pages=70–74 |language=en}}</ref>
The widespread [[language shift]] from [[Berber languages|Berber]] to Arabic happened, at least partially, due to the privileged status that the Arabic language has generally been given in the states of North Africa, from the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Arab conquest]] in 652 up until the [[French colonial empire|French colonialism]] in the twentieth century, as well as the migration of the [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]] tribes from [[Arabia]] to North Africa. The centuries-long [[Arab migration to the Maghreb]] from the 7th to the 17th century played a significant role in Arabizing the native Berber population in addition to changing the population's demographic breakdown.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Duri |first=A. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32sBxqIgcZMC&pg=PA71 |title=The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation) |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-62286-8 |pages=70–74 |language=en}}</ref> This all contributes to why many Arabized Berbers [[ethnic identity|identify]] primarily as Arab and secondarily as Berber.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|author=Skutsch, C.|date=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135193881|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119|page=119|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|author1=Juergensmeyer, M.|author2=Roof, W.C.|date=2011|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781452266565|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA935|page=935|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins|author=Suwaed, M.|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9781442254510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8yhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA145|page=145|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref><ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=Tunisia|author1=Brown, R.V.|author2=Spilling, M.|date=2008|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Benchmark|isbn=9780761430377|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QYLUNEWkYcC&pg=PA74|page=74|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref><ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=Libya: From Repression to Revolution: A Record of Armed Conflict and International Law Violations, 2011-2013|author=Bassiouni, M.C.|date=2013|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004257351|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DyOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|page=18|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref><ref name="google6">{{cite book|title=The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times|author1=Simon, R.S.|author2=Laskier, M.M.|author3=Reguer, S.|date=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231507592|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxEJrEY22egC&pg=PA444|page=444|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref>


== Arabization of the Berbers ==
== Arabization of the Berbers ==
The [[Arabization]] of the native [[Berbers|Berber]] population was a result of the centuries-long [[Arab migration to the Maghreb]] which began since the 7th century, in addition to changing the population's demographics. The early wave of migration prior to the 11th century contributed to the Berber adoption of [[Arab culture]]. Furthermore, the [[Arabic|Arabic language]] spread during this period and drove [[Latin]] into extinction in the cities. The Arabization took place around Arab centres through the influence of Arabs in the cities and rural areas surrounding them.<ref name=":6" />
The [[Arabization]] of the native [[Berbers|Berber]] population was a result of the centuries-long [[Arab migration to the Maghreb]] which began since the 7th century, in addition to changing the population's demographics. The early wave of migration prior to the 11th century contributed to the Berber adoption of [[Arab culture]]. Furthermore, the [[Arabic|Arabic language]] spread during this period and drove [[Latin]] into extinction in the cities. The Arabization took place around Arab centers through the influence of Arabs in the cities and rural areas surrounding them.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="Weiss">Weiss, Bernard G. and Green, Arnold H.(1987) ''A Survey of Arab History'' American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, p. 129, {{ISBN|977-424-180-0}}</ref><ref>Ballais, Jean-Louis (2000) "Chapter 7: Conquests and land degradation in the eastern Maghreb" [https://books.google.com/books?id=zbA2P0BXeI4C&pg=PA133 p. 133]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bekada |first1=Asmahan |last2=Fregel |first2=Rosa |last3=Cabrera |first3=Vicente M. |last4=Larruga |first4=José M. |last5=Pestano |first5=José |last6=Benhamamouch |first6=Soraya |last7=González |first7=Ana M. |date=2013-02-19 |title=Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e56775 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056775 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3576335 |pmid=23431392|bibcode=2013PLoSO...856775B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hajjej, A. |display-authors=et al |date=2006 |title=The contribution of HLA class I and II alleles and haplotypes to the investigation of the evolutionary history of Tunisians |journal=HLA |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=153–162 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00622.x |issn=0001-2815 |pmid=16866885}}</ref>


The migration of [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]] in the 11th century had a much greater influence on the process of Arabization of the population. It played a major role in spreading [[Bedouin Arabic]] to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the [[Sahara]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Duri |first=A. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32sBxqIgcZMC&pg=PA71 |title=The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation) |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-62286-8 |pages=70–74 |language=en}}</ref> It also heavily transformed the culture in the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread [[Bedouin]] nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=el-Hasan |first=Hasan Afif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Killing the Arab Spring |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-1-62894-349-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref> These Bedouin tribes accelerated and deepened the Arabization process, since the Berber population was gradually [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] by the newcomers and had to share with them pastures and seasonal migration paths. By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holes |first=Clive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzRtDwAAQBAJ |title=Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches |date=2018-08-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100506-0 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The [[Zenata]] were pushed to the west and the [[Kabyle people|Kabyles]] were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Farida |first1=Benouis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmaWEAAAQBAJ |title=An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria. |last2=Houria |first2=Chérid |last3=Lakhdar |first3=Drias |last4=Amine |first4=Semar |publisher=Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen) |isbn=978-3-902966-14-8 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref>
The migration of [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]] in the 11th century had a much greater influence on the process of Arabization of the population. It played a major role in spreading [[Bedouin Arabic]] to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the [[Sahara]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Duri |first=A. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32sBxqIgcZMC&pg=PA71 |title=The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation) |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-62286-8 |pages=70–74 |language=en}}</ref> It also heavily transformed the culture in the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread [[Bedouin]] nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=el-Hasan |first=Hasan Afif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Killing the Arab Spring |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-1-62894-349-8 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref> These Bedouin tribes accelerated and deepened the Arabization process, since the Berber population was gradually [[Cultural assimilation|assimilated]] by the newcomers and had to share with them pastures and seasonal migration paths. By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holes |first=Clive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzRtDwAAQBAJ |title=Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches |date=2018-08-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100506-0 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref> As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The [[Zenata]] were pushed to the west and the [[Kabyle people|Kabyles]] were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Farida |first1=Benouis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmaWEAAAQBAJ |title=An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria. |last2=Houria |first2=Chérid |last3=Lakhdar |first3=Drias |last4=Amine |first4=Semar |publisher=Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen) |isbn=978-3-902966-14-8 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref>

Arabized Berbers primarily speak variants of [[Maghrebi Arabic]] which form a [[dialect continuum]] of more-or-less [[mutually intelligible]] varieties known as (Darija or Derja ({{lang-ar|دارجة}}). which means "everyday/colloquial language".<ref>Wehr, Hans: ''Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'' (2011); Harrell, Richard S.: ''Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic'' (1966)</ref> Maghrebi Arabic preserves a significant [[Berber languages|Berber]], [[Latin]]<ref name="mohand">{{cite journal |last1=Tilmatine |first1=Mohand |date=1999 |title=Substrat et convergences: Le berbére et l'arabe nord-africain |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262485793 |journal=Estudios de Dialectologia Norteafricana y Andalusi |language=fr |volume=4 |pages=99–119 |issn= |via=ResearchGate}}</ref><ref name="corrient">{{in lang|es}} Corriente, F. (1992). Árabe andalusí y lenguas romances. Fundación MAPFRE.</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} Baccouche, T. (1994). L'emprunt en arabe moderne. Académie tunisienne des sciences, des lettres, et des arts, Beït al-Hikma.</ref> and possibly [[Punic language|Neo-Punic]]<ref name="maghribi">{{Cite journal |last=Elimam |first=Abdou |date=1998 |title=' 'Le maghribi, langue trois fois millénaire'' |url=http://insaniyat.revues.org/12102 |journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue Algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Sociales |issue=6 |pages=129–130 |issn=1111-2050}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Leddy-Cecere |first=Thomas A. |url=https://www.ldc.upenn.edu/sites/www.ldc.upenn.edu/files/leddy-cecere-thesis.pdf |title=Contact, Restructuring, and Decreolization: The Case of Tunisian Arabic |date=2010 |publisher=Linguistic Data Consortium, Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Literatures |pages=10–12–50–77 |type=Senior Honors Thesis}}</ref> [[Stratum (linguistics)#Substratum|substratum]] which makes them both quite distinct and largely [[mutually unintelligible]] to other [[varieties of Arabic]] spoken outside Maghreb. Moreover, they also have many loanwords from [[French language|French]],<ref name="cota">{{Cite conference |last1=Zribi |first1=Inès |last2=Boujelbane |first2=Rahma |last3=Masmoudi |first3=Abir |last4=Ellouze |first4=M. |last5=Belguith |first5=L. |last6=Habash |first6=Nizar |date=2014 |chapter= A Conventional Orthography for Tunisian Arabic |title= Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC) |location= Reykjavik, Iceland |chapter-url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270568583 |access-date=2023-01-05 |language=en |s2cid=9517956 |isbn=978-2-9517408-8-4 }}</ref> [[Turkish language|Turkish]],<ref name="cota" /> [[Italian language|Italian]]<ref name="cota" /> and the [[languages of Spain]].<ref name="cota" /> [[Modern Standard Arabic]] is used as the lingua franca.

==Historical perspective==
{{further|Ifriqiya|History of early Islamic Tunisia|Barbary Coast}}

Since the populations were partially affiliated with the Arab Muslim culture, Northwest Africa also started to be referred to by the Arabic speakers as ''Al-Maġrib'', the Maghreb (meaning "The West") as it was considered as the western part of the known world. For historical references, medieval Arab and Muslim historians and geographers used to refer to Morocco as ''Al-Maghrib al Aqşá'' ("The Farthest West"), disambiguating it from neighboring historical regions called ''Al-Maghrib al Awsat'' ("The Middle West", Algeria) and ''Al-Maghrib al Adna'' ("The Nearest West", [[Ifriqiya]] (Tunisia)).<ref>{{cite book |last=Yahya |first=Dahiru |title=Morocco in the Sixteenth Century |year=1981 |publisher=Longman |page=18 }}</ref>

The Maghreb was gradually Arabized with the spread of Islam in the 7th century AD, when the liturgical language Arabic was first brought to the Maghreb. However, the bulk of the population of northwestern Africa remained Berber or Roman Africans at least until the 14th century. Arabization was at least partly strengthened in the rural areas in the 11th century with the emigration of the Banu Hilal tribes from [[Egypt]]. However, many parts of the Maghreb were only Arabized relatively recently in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the area of the Aurès (Awras) mountains. Lastly, the mass education and promotion of Arabic language and culture through schools and mass media, during the 20th century, by Maghrebi governments, is regarded as the strongest contributor to the Arabization process in the Maghreb.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 26: Line 36:
* [[Arab-Persians]]
* [[Arab-Persians]]


==Notes==
==Notes/References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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[[Category:Ethnic groups in North Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in North Africa]]
[[Category:Maghreb]]
[[Category:Maghreb]]
[[Category:Arabs in North Africa|Berber]]
[[Category:Arab ethnic groups|Berber]]
[[Category:Arabization|Berber]]

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|list=
{{Demographics of Algeria}}
{{Demographics of Egypt}}
{{Demographics of Libya}}
{{Demographics of Morocco}}
{{Demographics of Tunisia}}
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Revision as of 22:35, 6 May 2024

Berber Population.

Arabized Berbers, also known as Arab-Berbers (Arabic: العرب والبربر al-ʿarab wa-l-barbar), are Berbers or people of mixed Arab and Berber origin whose language is a local dialect of Arabic and whose culture is Arab culture, as a result of Arabization.[1]

The widespread language shift from Berber to Arabic happened, at least partially, due to the privileged status that the Arabic language has generally been given in the states of North Africa, from the Arab conquest in 652 up until the French colonialism in the twentieth century, as well as the migration of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes from Arabia to North Africa. The centuries-long Arab migration to the Maghreb from the 7th to the 17th century played a significant role in Arabizing the native Berber population in addition to changing the population's demographic breakdown.[2] This all contributes to why many Arabized Berbers identify primarily as Arab and secondarily as Berber.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Arabization of the Berbers

The Arabization of the native Berber population was a result of the centuries-long Arab migration to the Maghreb which began since the 7th century, in addition to changing the population's demographics. The early wave of migration prior to the 11th century contributed to the Berber adoption of Arab culture. Furthermore, the Arabic language spread during this period and drove Latin into extinction in the cities. The Arabization took place around Arab centers through the influence of Arabs in the cities and rural areas surrounding them.[2][9][10][11][12]

The migration of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym in the 11th century had a much greater influence on the process of Arabization of the population. It played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the Sahara.[13] It also heavily transformed the culture in the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread Bedouin nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant.[14] These Bedouin tribes accelerated and deepened the Arabization process, since the Berber population was gradually assimilated by the newcomers and had to share with them pastures and seasonal migration paths. By around the 15th century, the region of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized.[15] As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The Zenata were pushed to the west and the Kabyles were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.[16]

Arabized Berbers primarily speak variants of Maghrebi Arabic which form a dialect continuum of more-or-less mutually intelligible varieties known as (Darija or Derja (Arabic: دارجة). which means "everyday/colloquial language".[17] Maghrebi Arabic preserves a significant Berber, Latin[18][19][20] and possibly Neo-Punic[21][22] substratum which makes them both quite distinct and largely mutually unintelligible to other varieties of Arabic spoken outside Maghreb. Moreover, they also have many loanwords from French,[23] Turkish,[23] Italian[23] and the languages of Spain.[23] Modern Standard Arabic is used as the lingua franca.

Historical perspective

Further information: Ifriqiya, History of early Islamic Tunisia, and Barbary Coast

Since the populations were partially affiliated with the Arab Muslim culture, Northwest Africa also started to be referred to by the Arabic speakers as Al-Maġrib, the Maghreb (meaning "The West") as it was considered as the western part of the known world. For historical references, medieval Arab and Muslim historians and geographers used to refer to Morocco as Al-Maghrib al Aqşá ("The Farthest West"), disambiguating it from neighboring historical regions called Al-Maghrib al Awsat ("The Middle West", Algeria) and Al-Maghrib al Adna ("The Nearest West", Ifriqiya (Tunisia)).[24]

The Maghreb was gradually Arabized with the spread of Islam in the 7th century AD, when the liturgical language Arabic was first brought to the Maghreb. However, the bulk of the population of northwestern Africa remained Berber or Roman Africans at least until the 14th century. Arabization was at least partly strengthened in the rural areas in the 11th century with the emigration of the Banu Hilal tribes from Egypt. However, many parts of the Maghreb were only Arabized relatively recently in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the area of the Aurès (Awras) mountains. Lastly, the mass education and promotion of Arabic language and culture through schools and mass media, during the 20th century, by Maghrebi governments, is regarded as the strongest contributor to the Arabization process in the Maghreb.

See also

Notes/References

  1. ^ Cabré, Yolanda Aixelà (July 2018). In the Footsteps of Spanish Colonialism in Morocco and Equatorial Guinea: The Handling of Cultural Diversity and the Socio-Political Influence of Transnational Migration. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-643-91010-3.
  2. ^ a b Duri, A. A. (2012). The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation). Routledge. pp. 70–74. ISBN 978-0-415-62286-8.
  3. ^ Skutsch, C. (2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Taylor & Francis. p. 119. ISBN 9781135193881. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
  4. ^ Juergensmeyer, M.; Roof, W.C. (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 935. ISBN 9781452266565. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
  5. ^ Suwaed, M. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 145. ISBN 9781442254510. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
  6. ^ Brown, R.V.; Spilling, M. (2008). Tunisia. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 74. ISBN 9780761430377. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
  7. ^ Bassiouni, M.C. (2013). Libya: From Repression to Revolution: A Record of Armed Conflict and International Law Violations, 2011-2013. Brill. p. 18. ISBN 9789004257351. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
  8. ^ Simon, R.S.; Laskier, M.M.; Reguer, S. (2003). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. Columbia University Press. p. 444. ISBN 9780231507592. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
  9. ^ Weiss, Bernard G. and Green, Arnold H.(1987) A Survey of Arab History American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, p. 129, ISBN 977-424-180-0
  10. ^ Ballais, Jean-Louis (2000) "Chapter 7: Conquests and land degradation in the eastern Maghreb" p. 133
  11. ^ Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013-02-19). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56775. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856775B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392.
  12. ^ Hajjej, A.; et al. (2006). "The contribution of HLA class I and II alleles and haplotypes to the investigation of the evolutionary history of Tunisians". HLA. 68 (2): 153–162. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00622.x. ISSN 0001-2815. PMID 16866885.
  13. ^ Duri, A. A. (2012). The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation). Routledge. pp. 70–74. ISBN 978-0-415-62286-8.
  14. ^ el-Hasan, Hasan Afif (2019-05-01). Killing the Arab Spring. Algora Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-62894-349-8.
  15. ^ Holes, Clive (2018-08-30). Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-100506-0.
  16. ^ Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar. An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9. ISBN 978-3-902966-14-8.
  17. ^ Wehr, Hans: Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (2011); Harrell, Richard S.: Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic (1966)
  18. ^ Tilmatine, Mohand (1999). "Substrat et convergences: Le berbére et l'arabe nord-africain". Estudios de Dialectologia Norteafricana y Andalusi (in French). 4: 99–119 – via ResearchGate.
  19. ^ (in Spanish) Corriente, F. (1992). Árabe andalusí y lenguas romances. Fundación MAPFRE.
  20. ^ (in French) Baccouche, T. (1994). L'emprunt en arabe moderne. Académie tunisienne des sciences, des lettres, et des arts, Beït al-Hikma.
  21. ^ Elimam, Abdou (1998). "' 'Le maghribi, langue trois fois millénaire". Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue Algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Sociales (6): 129–130. ISSN 1111-2050.
  22. ^ Leddy-Cecere, Thomas A. (2010). Contact, Restructuring, and Decreolization: The Case of Tunisian Arabic (PDF) (Senior Honors Thesis). Linguistic Data Consortium, Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Literatures. pp. 10–12–50–77.
  23. ^ a b c d Zribi, Inès; Boujelbane, Rahma; Masmoudi, Abir; Ellouze, M.; Belguith, L.; Habash, Nizar (2014). "A Conventional Orthography for Tunisian Arabic". Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC). Reykjavik, Iceland. ISBN 978-2-9517408-8-4. S2CID 9517956. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  24. ^ Yahya, Dahiru (1981). Morocco in the Sixteenth Century. Longman. p. 18.
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