User:Liangyiqiao2004/sandbox 许靖韵Xu Jingyun: Difference between revisions
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=== feature === |
=== feature === |
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Like the Siheyuan in other provinces, the basic structure of the Siheyuan in Beijing is a courtyard surrounded by houses on four sides, but it has its own characteristics in many details. Most of the Hutongs in Beijing are oriented east-west, so most of the Siheyuans are oriented north-south, which is particularly evident in the inner city of Beijing. The gate of the Siheyuan is usually opened in the southeast direction of the Siheyuan, not opposite the main house.<ref>[http://house.qianlong.com/31278/2006/06/19/2530@3248375.htm |
Like the Siheyuan in other provinces, the basic structure of the Siheyuan in Beijing is a courtyard surrounded by houses on four sides, but it has its own characteristics in many details. Most of the Hutongs in Beijing are oriented east-west, so most of the Siheyuans are oriented north-south, which is particularly evident in the inner city of Beijing. The gate of the Siheyuan is usually opened in the southeast direction of the Siheyuan, not opposite the main house.<ref>[http://house.qianlong.com/31278/2006/06/19/2530@3248375.htm Characteristics of Beijing Siheyuan] ，Qianlong.com, June 19, 2006.</ref> If the Siheyuan is located on the south side of the Hutong (Hutong is usually oriented east-west), the south side of the courtyard does not face the street, and the gate cannot be opened, then the gate is opened on the west side of the north house. |
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The central courtyard of Beijing Siheyuan is very spacious and square, which is significantly different from that of Shanxi Siheyuan. The four groups of buildings surrounding the courtyard are independent of each other and are only connected by corridors, which is also a feature of Beijing Siheyuan. In addition, architectural details such as [[Gatehouse|gatehouses]], screen walls, and door piers also have strong Beijing characteristics. The gates of Siheyuan include Guangliang Gate, Jinzhu Gate, Manzi Gate, Ruyi Gate, etc., and most houses use clear water ridges. |
The central courtyard of Beijing Siheyuan is very spacious and square, which is significantly different from that of Shanxi Siheyuan. The four groups of buildings surrounding the courtyard are independent of each other and are only connected by corridors, which is also a feature of Beijing Siheyuan. <ref>[http://xiuxian.ynet.com/article.jsp?oid=6913355&pageno=2 The History and Culture of the Old Beijing Siheyuan] ，Beijing Youth Daily, November 1, 2005.</ref>In addition, architectural details such as [[Gatehouse|gatehouses]], screen walls, and door piers also have strong Beijing characteristics. The gates of Siheyuan include Guangliang Gate, Jinzhu Gate, Manzi Gate, Ruyi Gate, etc., and most houses use clear water ridges. |
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=== quantity === |
=== quantity === |
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There is no systematic statistics on the number of siheyuans in different periods of history. The "Qianlong Capital Map" of the Qing Dynasty recorded that there were more than 26,000 siheyuans at that time. In the 1980s, statistics from the Beijing Ancient Architecture Research Institute showed that there were more than 6,000 siheyuans at that time, and more than 3,000 were well preserved. The "Beijing Siheyuan Chronicle" (2016) compiled by the Beijing Local Chronicles Compilation Committee Office included a total of 923 well-preserved siheyuans. The "Beijing Siheyuan Chronicle" also counted the number of siheyuans in Beijing's suburbs (Haidian, Mentougou, Fangshan, Yanqing, Shunyi, Miyun) for the first time, of which nearly 200 were well preserved. |
There is no systematic statistics on the number of siheyuans in different periods of history. The "Qianlong Capital Map" of the Qing Dynasty recorded that there were more than 26,000 siheyuans at that time. In the 1980s, statistics from the Beijing Ancient Architecture Research Institute showed that there were more than 6,000 siheyuans at that time, and more than 3,000 were well preserved. The "Beijing Siheyuan Chronicle" (2016) compiled by the Beijing Local Chronicles Compilation Committee Office included a total of 923 well-preserved siheyuans. The "Beijing Siheyuan Chronicle" also counted the number of siheyuans in Beijing's suburbs (Haidian, Mentougou, Fangshan, Yanqing, Shunyi, Miyun) for the first time, of which nearly 200 were well preserved.<ref>{{cite web |title=How many Siheyuans are there in Beijing? |url=https://m.sohu.com/n/556865412/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127160949/https://m.sohu.com/n/556865412/ |archive-date=2020-11-27 |access-date=2020-11-19 |publisher=Guangming.com}}</ref> |
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=== history === |
=== history === |
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The architectural specifications of Beijing Siheyuan were initially formed as early as the [[Liao dynasty|Liao Dynasty]]. In the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]], [[Kublai Khan]] ordered that the residents of the old city who passed through the capital should be given priority, with those with high wealth (rich people) and those who served in the court being given priority. It was stipulated that eight mu of land was one share, which was distributed to wealthy merchants and officials who went to Dadu to build houses. This marked the beginning of the large-scale formation of traditional Siheyuan houses in Beijing. In the early 1970s, the Siheyuan ruins of the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]] unearthed in Houyingfang Hutong, Beijing, can be regarded as the prototype of the Siheyuan in Beijing. After being improved in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it gradually formed a unique architectural style in Beijing. Now, Siheyuan and Hutong are considered symbols of Beijing's urban culture. |
The architectural specifications of Beijing Siheyuan were initially formed as early as the [[Liao dynasty|Liao Dynasty]]. In the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]], [[Kublai Khan]] ordered that the residents of the old city who passed through the capital should be given priority, with those with high wealth (rich people) and those who served in the court being given priority. It was stipulated that eight mu of land was one share, which was distributed to wealthy merchants and officials who went to Dadu to build houses. This marked the beginning of the large-scale formation of traditional Siheyuan houses in Beijing.<ref>[http://xiuxian.ynet.com/article.jsp?oid=6913355 The History and Culture of the Old Beijing Siheyuan] ，Beijing Youth Daily, November 1, 2005.</ref> In the early 1970s, the Siheyuan ruins of the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Dynasty]] unearthed in Houyingfang Hutong, Beijing, can be regarded as the prototype of the Siheyuan in Beijing. <ref>Gao Wei etc，《siheyuan》，First edition published by Xueyuan Press in 2007, pages 3-4.ISBN 7-5077-1827-1</ref>After being improved in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it gradually formed a unique architectural style in Beijing. Now, Siheyuan and Hutong are considered symbols of Beijing's urban culture. |
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After the founding of [[the People's Republic of China]], especially after the [[Cultural Revolution]], as the original owners of the Siheyuan were overthrown and their homes were confiscated, and due to the housing pressure of that era, the Siheyuan was forcibly occupied or redistributed to multiple households. Since it was not suitable for multiple households, each family built a [[kitchen]], storage room and other buildings in the yard, and the Siheyuan was reduced to a [[slum]]. |
After the founding of [[the People's Republic of China]], especially after the [[Cultural Revolution]], as the original owners of the Siheyuan were overthrown and their homes were confiscated, and due to the housing pressure of that era, the Siheyuan was forcibly occupied or redistributed to multiple households. Since it was not suitable for multiple households, each family built a [[kitchen]], storage room and other buildings in the yard, and the Siheyuan was reduced to a [[slum]]. |
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File:Siheyuanxianzhuang6.JPG|[[Electricity meter]] installed inside the gate |
File:Siheyuanxianzhuang6.JPG|[[Electricity meter]] installed inside the gate |
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File:Siheyuanxianzhuang7.JPG|An iron fence was [[installed]] outside Guangliang's gate |
File:Siheyuanxianzhuang7.JPG|An iron fence was [[installed]] outside Guangliang's gate |
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</gallery>In addition, projects such as increasing road density, widening roads, and adding green space are squeezing the living space of siheyuan. Since then, siheyuan began to be demolished in large numbers, such as the demolition of [[Kang Youwei]]'s Yuedong New Hall in 1998, the demolition of Zhao Zichen's former residence in 2000, the demolition of the Qing Dynasty Guojunwang Mansion at No. 45 Mengduan Hutong in 2004, the demolition of [[Cao Xueqin]]'s former residence in 2005, and the demolition of [[Tang Shaoyi]]'s former residence in 2006. At the same time, some siheyuans were listed as protected courtyards in Beijing and at the district and county levels, but even the preserved siheyuans are surrounded by high-rise buildings on all sides, becoming isolated islands in the modern city. |
</gallery>In addition, projects such as increasing road density, widening roads, and adding green space are squeezing the living space of siheyuan. Since then, siheyuan began to be demolished in large numbers, such as the demolition of [[Kang Youwei]]'s Yuedong New Hall in 1998, the demolition of Zhao Zichen's former residence in 2000, the demolition of the Qing Dynasty Guojunwang Mansion at No. 45 Mengduan Hutong in 2004, the demolition of [[Cao Xueqin]]'s former residence in 2005, and the demolition of [[Tang Shaoyi]]'s former residence in 2006. <ref>[http://history.163.com/06/0607/13/2J15AHS500011247.html Beijing's Hutongs are rapidly disappearing: Mei Lanfang's former residence is buried by a building] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120709203053/http://history.163.com/06/0607/13/2J15AHS500011247.html|date=2012-07-09}}，[[网易|NetEase]]2006年6月7日。</ref>At the same time, some siheyuans were listed as protected courtyards in Beijing and at the district and county levels, but even the preserved siheyuans are surrounded by high-rise buildings on all sides, becoming isolated islands in the modern city. |
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With the development of the protection of the old city, some of the original courtyard houses have been renovated. For example, in 1990, Professor Wu Liangyong of Tsinghua University presided over the renovation project of the courtyard house in Juer Hutong, Beijing. On the basis of retaining the courtyard structure, the bungalows of the original courtyard house were converted into buildings, and kitchens, [[toilet]]<nowiki/>s and other facilities were added. This renovation project won the [[United Nations]] [[World Habitat Awards|World Habitat Award]]. In the renovation of the dangerous buildings in Nanchizi, Beijing, some courtyard houses were also converted into two-story buildings, and underground garages were built. In 2006, Beijing announced the "Architectural Elements Map of Beijing Courtyards" as a reference for the protection, repair, reconstruction and renovation of courtyard houses. |
With the development of the protection of the old city, some of the original courtyard houses have been renovated. For example, in 1990, Professor Wu Liangyong of Tsinghua University presided over the renovation project of the courtyard house in Juer Hutong, Beijing. On the basis of retaining the courtyard structure, the bungalows of the original courtyard house were converted into buildings, and kitchens, [[toilet]]<nowiki/>s and other facilities were added.<ref>Kong Fanshi，[http://www.bjww.gov.cn/2004/12-7/3717.shtml Renovation methods of dilapidated buildings and protection of traditional courtyard houses] ，Beijing Cultural Expo, December 7, 2004.</ref> This renovation project won the [[United Nations]] [[World Habitat Awards|World Habitat Award]].<ref>[http://www.jianzhuw.com/article/jzarticle/jianzhulishi/20070722/1185113294247.html Sad Siheyuan——Tearing down the “Second City Wall”] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120904002721/http://www.jianzhuw.com/article/jzarticle/jianzhulishi/20070722/1185113294247.html|date=2012-09-04}}，China Construction Network, July 22, 2007.</ref> In the renovation of the dangerous buildings in Nanchizi, Beijing, some courtyard houses were also converted into two-story buildings, and underground garages were built. <ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/house/2003-08/18/content_1030858.htm Beijing: There is a garage underground in the courtyard] ，Xinhuanet, August 18, 2003, the article is from Beijing Youth Daily.</ref>In 2006, Beijing announced the "Architectural Elements Map of Beijing Courtyards" as a reference for the protection, repair, reconstruction and renovation of courtyard houses.<ref>Beijing: There is a garage underground in the courtyard，Xinhuanet, August 18, 2003, the article is from Beijing Youth Daily.</ref> |
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=== Famous Examples === |
=== Famous Examples === |
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Revision as of 08:46, 9 June 2024
siheyuan in Beijing
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| Chinese | Traditional construction techniques of Beijing Siheyuan | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Traditional construction techniques of Beijing Siheyuan | ||||||||||
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Beijing Siheyuan is a Siheyuan building located in Beijing, China. As Beijing is the birthplace of Siheyuan, Beijing-style Siheyuan is the most numerous and typical one among all variants. In addition, its distribution density is very high in Beijing, so when people mention Siheyuan, they usually refer to Beijing Siheyuan. Siheyuan has now become the most representative architectural feature of Beijing's traditional culture and folk customs, along with Hutong.
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Beijing has preserved many streets and buildings from the Yuan Dynasty, including the Siheyuan. Therefore, it can be said that the Siheyuan has accumulated the profound Beijing culture for hundreds of years. Looking down at Beijing from the air, you can see a square courtyard surrounded by gray-tiled houses. The lush green trees in the courtyard decorate the gray houses and provide shade for the people in the Siheyuan.
feature
Like the Siheyuan in other provinces, the basic structure of the Siheyuan in Beijing is a courtyard surrounded by houses on four sides, but it has its own characteristics in many details. Most of the Hutongs in Beijing are oriented east-west, so most of the Siheyuans are oriented north-south, which is particularly evident in the inner city of Beijing. The gate of the Siheyuan is usually opened in the southeast direction of the Siheyuan, not opposite the main house.[1] If the Siheyuan is located on the south side of the Hutong (Hutong is usually oriented east-west), the south side of the courtyard does not face the street, and the gate cannot be opened, then the gate is opened on the west side of the north house.
The central courtyard of Beijing Siheyuan is very spacious and square, which is significantly different from that of Shanxi Siheyuan. The four groups of buildings surrounding the courtyard are independent of each other and are only connected by corridors, which is also a feature of Beijing Siheyuan. [2]In addition, architectural details such as gatehouses, screen walls, and door piers also have strong Beijing characteristics. The gates of Siheyuan include Guangliang Gate, Jinzhu Gate, Manzi Gate, Ruyi Gate, etc., and most houses use clear water ridges.
quantity
There is no systematic statistics on the number of siheyuans in different periods of history. The "Qianlong Capital Map" of the Qing Dynasty recorded that there were more than 26,000 siheyuans at that time. In the 1980s, statistics from the Beijing Ancient Architecture Research Institute showed that there were more than 6,000 siheyuans at that time, and more than 3,000 were well preserved. The "Beijing Siheyuan Chronicle" (2016) compiled by the Beijing Local Chronicles Compilation Committee Office included a total of 923 well-preserved siheyuans. The "Beijing Siheyuan Chronicle" also counted the number of siheyuans in Beijing's suburbs (Haidian, Mentougou, Fangshan, Yanqing, Shunyi, Miyun) for the first time, of which nearly 200 were well preserved.[3]
history
The architectural specifications of Beijing Siheyuan were initially formed as early as the Liao Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan ordered that the residents of the old city who passed through the capital should be given priority, with those with high wealth (rich people) and those who served in the court being given priority. It was stipulated that eight mu of land was one share, which was distributed to wealthy merchants and officials who went to Dadu to build houses. This marked the beginning of the large-scale formation of traditional Siheyuan houses in Beijing.[4] In the early 1970s, the Siheyuan ruins of the Yuan Dynasty unearthed in Houyingfang Hutong, Beijing, can be regarded as the prototype of the Siheyuan in Beijing. [5]After being improved in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it gradually formed a unique architectural style in Beijing. Now, Siheyuan and Hutong are considered symbols of Beijing's urban culture.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the Cultural Revolution, as the original owners of the Siheyuan were overthrown and their homes were confiscated, and due to the housing pressure of that era, the Siheyuan was forcibly occupied or redistributed to multiple households. Since it was not suitable for multiple households, each family built a kitchen, storage room and other buildings in the yard, and the Siheyuan was reduced to a slum.
In addition to some courtyard houses that have become slums, some well-preserved courtyard houses are usually used as offices for companies and organizations, losing their significance as residences. Some have even been used as hotels, such as the Haoyuan Hotel in Shijia Hutong and the Youhao Hotel in Houyuanen Temple.
Since the courtyard houses no longer belong to a family and are not well maintained, many dilapidated houses have appeared in Beijing's old city. In addition to the dilapidated houses, there are also the outdated infrastructure in the old city and the housing pressure caused by population growth. Beijing has started the project of dilapidated house renovation (referred to as dilapidated renovation). The government has combined dilapidated renovation with housing renovation and introduced real estate developers for commercial development.
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The courtyard is full of small houses -
Dilapidated courtyard house -
The vaguely visible hanging flower gate has long lost its former glory -
The screen wall inside the gate has been covered by the hut -
Electricity meter installed inside the gate -
An iron fence was installed outside Guangliang's gate
In addition, projects such as increasing road density, widening roads, and adding green space are squeezing the living space of siheyuan. Since then, siheyuan began to be demolished in large numbers, such as the demolition of Kang Youwei's Yuedong New Hall in 1998, the demolition of Zhao Zichen's former residence in 2000, the demolition of the Qing Dynasty Guojunwang Mansion at No. 45 Mengduan Hutong in 2004, the demolition of Cao Xueqin's former residence in 2005, and the demolition of Tang Shaoyi's former residence in 2006. [6]At the same time, some siheyuans were listed as protected courtyards in Beijing and at the district and county levels, but even the preserved siheyuans are surrounded by high-rise buildings on all sides, becoming isolated islands in the modern city.
With the development of the protection of the old city, some of the original courtyard houses have been renovated. For example, in 1990, Professor Wu Liangyong of Tsinghua University presided over the renovation project of the courtyard house in Juer Hutong, Beijing. On the basis of retaining the courtyard structure, the bungalows of the original courtyard house were converted into buildings, and kitchens, toilets and other facilities were added.[7] This renovation project won the United Nations World Habitat Award.[8] In the renovation of the dangerous buildings in Nanchizi, Beijing, some courtyard houses were also converted into two-story buildings, and underground garages were built. [9]In 2006, Beijing announced the "Architectural Elements Map of Beijing Courtyards" as a reference for the protection, repair, reconstruction and renovation of courtyard houses.[10]
Famous Examples
Visiting Beijing's Hutongs and Siheyuans has become one of the unique contents of Beijing tourism. However, most Siheyuans are residential houses and cannot be visited. Some open celebrity residences have become the main way to understand Siheyuans.
Former Residences of Celebrities
Ji Xiaolan's former residence is located at No. 241, Zhushikou West Street, Xicheng District.
Chongli's former residence is located at No. 63, No. 65, Dongsiliutiao, Dongcheng District
Wanrong's former residence is located at No. 35, No. 37, Maoer Hutong, Dongcheng District.
Mao Dun's former residence is located at No. 13, Houyuanen Temple Hutong, Jiaodaokou.
Lu Xun's former residence is located in the courtyard of Lu Xun Memorial Hall, No. 21, Fuchengmennei Xisan Tiao.
Lao She's former residence is located at No. 19, Fuqiang Hutong, Dengshikou West Street, Dongcheng District.
Chen Duxiu's former residence is located at No. 20, Jiangan Hutong, Beichizi Street, Dongcheng District
Guo Moruo's former residence is located at Qianhai West Street, Shichahai.
Mei Lanfang's former residence is located at No. 9, Huguosi Street, Xicheng District
Kuijun's former residence is located at No. 15, Shajing Hutong, Dongcheng District
Zhang Tingge's former residence is located at No. 87, Xijiaominxiang, Xicheng District
Courtyard Hotel
Zhuyuan Hotel
Lvsongyuan Hotel
Beijing Yanweizhuang Siheyuan Hotel
Haoyuan Hotel
Central Hall Guest House
other
In addition, there are a number of courtyard houses listed as cultural relics protection units:
Siheyuan No. 112 Beixinhua Street
Siheyuan No. 23, Liutiao, Xisi North Street, Xicheng District
Siheyuan No. 11, Xisi North 3rd Street, Xicheng District
Siheyuan No. 19, Xisi North 3rd Street, Xicheng District
Siheyuan No. 15, Qiangongyong Hutong, Xicheng District
Siheyuan No. 129, Lishi Hutong, Dongcheng District
Siheyuan No. 11, Neiwubu Street, Dongcheng District
Siheyuan No. 7, Houyuanen Temple Hutong, Dongcheng District
Siheyuan No. 2, Guoxiang Hutong, Dongcheng District
Siheyuan No. 13, 15, Fangjia Hutong, Dongcheng District
Dongcheng Siheyuan No. 36 Qufuxue Hutong (including No. 136 Jiaodaokou South Street)
Siheyuan No. 24 Xinkailu Road, Dongcheng District
Siheyuan No. 25-37 Xitangzi Hutong
Siheyuan No. 5 Maoer Hutong
Siheyuan No. 11 Maoer Hutong
Siheyuan No. 25 Meishuguan East Street
Siheyuan No. 15 Dongmianhua Hutong and archway brick carvings
Siheyuan No. 7 and No. 9 Qian Gulouyuan Hutong
Siheyuan No. 255 Gulou East Street
Siheyuan No. 13 Heizhima Hutong
Siheyuan No. 7 Qianyongkang Hutong
etc.
Notes
- ^ Characteristics of Beijing Siheyuan ，Qianlong.com, June 19, 2006.
- ^ The History and Culture of the Old Beijing Siheyuan ，Beijing Youth Daily, November 1, 2005.
- ^ "How many Siheyuans are there in Beijing?". Guangming.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
- ^ The History and Culture of the Old Beijing Siheyuan ，Beijing Youth Daily, November 1, 2005.
- ^ Gao Wei etc，《siheyuan》，First edition published by Xueyuan Press in 2007, pages 3-4.ISBN 7-5077-1827-1
- ^ Beijing's Hutongs are rapidly disappearing: Mei Lanfang's former residence is buried by a building Archived 2012-07-09 at archive.today，NetEase2006年6月7日。
- ^ Kong Fanshi，Renovation methods of dilapidated buildings and protection of traditional courtyard houses ，Beijing Cultural Expo, December 7, 2004.
- ^ Sad Siheyuan——Tearing down the “Second City Wall” Archived 2012-09-04 at archive.today，China Construction Network, July 22, 2007.
- ^ Beijing: There is a garage underground in the courtyard ，Xinhuanet, August 18, 2003, the article is from Beijing Youth Daily.
- ^ Beijing: There is a garage underground in the courtyard，Xinhuanet, August 18, 2003, the article is from Beijing Youth Daily.