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* Karl Freuler (1912–2000), theologian and architect<ref>{{Citation |last=Löffler |first=Beate |title=Catholic Church Architecture in Japan, 1923–2020 |date=2020 |work=The Palgrave Handbook of the Catholic Church in East Asia |pages=1–76 |editor-last=Chu |editor-first=Cindy Yik-yi |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9365-9_42-2 |access-date=2024-01-31 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-9365-9_42-2 |isbn=978-981-15-9365-9 |editor2-last=Leung |editor2-first=Beatrice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karl Freuler: Architecture for the Church |url=https://pallantbookshop.com/product/karl-freuler-architecture-for-the-church/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Pallant Bookshop}}</ref>
* Karl Freuler (1912–2000), theologian and architect<ref>{{Citation |last=Löffler |first=Beate |title=Catholic Church Architecture in Japan, 1923–2020 |date=2020 |work=The Palgrave Handbook of the Catholic Church in East Asia |pages=1–76 |editor-last=Chu |editor-first=Cindy Yik-yi |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9365-9_42-2 |access-date=2024-01-31 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-9365-9_42-2 |isbn=978-981-15-9365-9 |editor2-last=Leung |editor2-first=Beatrice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karl Freuler: Architecture for the Church |url=https://pallantbookshop.com/product/karl-freuler-architecture-for-the-church/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Pallant Bookshop}}</ref>
* Josef Schmidlin (1923–2015), Japan missionary and photographer<ref>{{Cite web |title=PA 1378/843 Morioka, Missionar Josef Schmidlin isst traditionelles Frühstück im Ryokan (Hotel), 1965-1967 (Archiveinheit) |url=https://query-staatsarchiv.lu.ch/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=State Archives of Lucerne}}</ref>
* Josef Schmidlin (1923–2015), Japan missionary and photographer<ref>{{Cite web |title=PA 1378/843 Morioka, Missionar Josef Schmidlin isst traditionelles Frühstück im Ryokan (Hotel), 1965-1967 (Archiveinheit) |url=https://query-staatsarchiv.lu.ch/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=State Archives of Lucerne}}</ref>
* [[John Groeber]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGA39VhD-Xc | title=Fr John Groeber SMB Documentary | via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> (1903–1973), missionary in [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Zimbabwe) and architect of St. Mary's Church on the site of the Serima Mission in Zimbabwe<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Father John Groeber and St Mary's Church at Serima Mission |url=https://zimnative.com/blogs/historical-sites-and-ancient-ruins/father-john-groeber-and-st-mary-s-church-at-serima-mission |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=ZimNative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swiss Bethlehem Father and architect John Groeber in the grounds of... |url=https://www.gettyimages.ch/detail/nachrichtenfoto/swiss-bethlehem-father-and-architect-john-groeber-in-nachrichtenfoto/1245778720 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Getty Images |date=22 December 2022 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Morton |first=Elizabeth |title=Father John Grober's Workshop at Serima Mission|via=Academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/6779301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious building - SERIMA MISSION - Masvingo |url=https://www.petitfute.co.uk/v60972-masvingo/c1173-visites-points-d-interet/c925-edifice-religieux/533073-serima-mission.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=petitfute.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Missionaries' role in contemporary art development in Africa |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/missionaries-role-in-contemporary-art-development-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Ancient Monuments and Historical sites |url=https://zimnative.com/blogs/historical-sites-and-ancient-ruins |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=ZimNative}}</ref>
* [[John Groeber]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGA39VhD-Xc | title=Fr John Groeber SMB Documentary | date=11 May 2019 | via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> (1903–1973), missionary in [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Zimbabwe) and architect of St. Mary's Church on the site of the Serima Mission in Zimbabwe<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Father John Groeber and St Mary's Church at Serima Mission |url=https://zimnative.com/blogs/historical-sites-and-ancient-ruins/father-john-groeber-and-st-mary-s-church-at-serima-mission |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=ZimNative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swiss Bethlehem Father and architect John Groeber in the grounds of... |url=https://www.gettyimages.ch/detail/nachrichtenfoto/swiss-bethlehem-father-and-architect-john-groeber-in-nachrichtenfoto/1245778720 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Getty Images |date=22 December 2022 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Morton |first=Elizabeth |title=Father John Grober's Workshop at Serima Mission|via=Academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/6779301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious building - SERIMA MISSION - Masvingo |url=https://www.petitfute.co.uk/v60972-masvingo/c1173-visites-points-d-interet/c925-edifice-religieux/533073-serima-mission.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=petitfute.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Missionaries' role in contemporary art development in Africa |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/missionaries-role-in-contemporary-art-development-in-africa/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Ancient Monuments and Historical sites |url=https://zimnative.com/blogs/historical-sites-and-ancient-ruins |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=ZimNative}}</ref>
* [[:de:Georg Schelbert|Georg Schelbert]] (1922–2015), Swiss theologian and exegete<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Damon J. |date=2018-04-18 |title=Jesus is King of Kings, Not My Homeboy |url=https://damonjgray.medium.com/jesus-is-king-of-kings-not-my-homeboy-62a8e8e84c1 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Medium}}</ref>
* [[:de:Georg Schelbert|Georg Schelbert]] (1922–2015), Swiss theologian and exegete<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Damon J. |date=2018-04-18 |title=Jesus is King of Kings, Not My Homeboy |url=https://damonjgray.medium.com/jesus-is-king-of-kings-not-my-homeboy-62a8e8e84c1 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Medium}}</ref>
* Michael Traber (1929–2006), missionary in Southern Rhodesia and media scientist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-04-20 |title=Death of Father Michael Traber |url=http://www.signis.net/news/general-2/20-04-2006/death-of-father-michael-traber |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=SIGNIS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thorn |first=William J. |date=2007-09-01 |title=Michael Traber: 1929-2006. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=01444646&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA169411849&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Communication Research Trends |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=41–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA - Swiss Missionary Fr Michael Traber social communications and human rights activist dies at the age of 77 - Agenzia Fides |url=http://www.fides.org/en/news/7082-AFRICA_Swiss_Missionary_Fr_Michael_Traber_social_communications_and_human_rights_activist_dies_at_the_age_of_77 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=fides.org}}</ref>
* Michael Traber (1929–2006), missionary in Southern Rhodesia and media scientist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-04-20 |title=Death of Father Michael Traber |url=http://www.signis.net/news/general-2/20-04-2006/death-of-father-michael-traber |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=SIGNIS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thorn |first=William J. |date=2007-09-01 |title=Michael Traber: 1929-2006. |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=01444646&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA169411849&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Communication Research Trends |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=41–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AFRICA - Swiss Missionary Fr Michael Traber social communications and human rights activist dies at the age of 77 - Agenzia Fides |url=http://www.fides.org/en/news/7082-AFRICA_Swiss_Missionary_Fr_Michael_Traber_social_communications_and_human_rights_activist_dies_at_the_age_of_77 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=fides.org}}</ref>

Revision as of 00:34, 2 August 2024

The Bethlehem Mission Society (Latin: Societas Missionum Exterarum de Bethlehem in Helvetia; abbreviation of the Society: SMB) is a Society of Apostolic Life.[1] comprising priests and brothers who have joined for missionary service. As a Society of Apostolic Life, the Bethlehem Mission Society is not a religious order and is directly subordinate to the Dicastery for Evangelization in Rome.[2][3][4] The members of the Mission Society lead a life according to the evangelical counsels,[5] i.e. poverty,[6] obedience, and celibacy.[7] The end of May 2021 marked the 100th anniversary of the papal decree.[8] The origins of the Society date back to 1895.[9]

The history of the origins

The origins of the Bethlehem Mission Society go back to the French priest Pierre-Marie Barral.[10][9][11] In 1895,[12] he founded the "Ecole apostolique de Bethléem" (Apostolic School of Bethlehem) in Meggen, Switzerland, which was moved to Immensee in 1896.[12] It became the Gymnasium Bethlehem, Immensee (Bethlehem grammar school/high school).[13] In the same year, the first issue of the multilingual monthly magazine "Bethlehem"[14] appeared, which was published under the name "Wendekreis" from 1972 until 2017.[15][8][16]

While the institute originally aimed to train the sons of poor families for missionary service in Europe's abandoned parishes,[10][17] missionary activities in Asia, Africa and Latin America were developed over time. Circles of friends were formed in Austria, Italy, France, Great Britain, Portugal, and the USA. Difficulties in the work, which was financed through stamp trading, dishonest fundraising, and loans, led to a reorganization as the Bethlehem Mission House[11][18] in 1907 by the later first Superior General Pietro Bondolfi.[19][20][21][22]

On 30 May 1921, the papal decree establishing the "Swiss Seminary for Foreign Missions" was issued in Rome.[10] Pietro Bondolfi was the first Superior General.[23] From 1934, the association was called the "Society for Foreign Missions of Bethlehem in Switzerland" (Societas Missionaria de Bethlehem in Helvetia). For short, it is known as the Bethlehem Mission Society (SMB).

Most of the new members of the Society were recruited from the Gymnasium Bethlehem (Bethlehem grammar school) run for this purpose in Immensee. This included the "Progymnasium" (lower Forms) in Rebstein (1926–73)[24][12] and Fribourg (1938–72).[12] In 1995, the grammar school/high school was transferred to a private foundation under the name of "Gymnasium Immensee".[13]

The training of candidates for the priesthood began in 1922 at the seminary in Wolhusen,[25] was then transferred to the "Bruder-Klausen-Seminar" (Seminary of St. Nicholas of Flüe) in Schöneck (Emmetten) in 1932, and has taken place at the Faculty of Theology in Lucerne since 1969.[26]

In 1925, the first Brother missionaries were admitted into the SMB to work in administration, schools, businesses, and agriculture. The Brothers, as well as the candidates for the priesthood and the priests, pledge to live according to the principles of the SMB.[5]

Research into missions and religious studies became a focal point in 1945 with the founding of the "Neue Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft" (NZM – New Journal for Missiology).[27]

From mission territories to missionary assignments

Before the Second Vatican Council

In 1924, the first three missionaries traveled to China,[17] where they first learned the Chinese language and culture from the Steyler missionaries[28] in Yanzhou, South Shandong.[29][30] In June 1925, the Apostolic Delegate Celso Costantini granted them their own mission territory, the prefecture of Qiqihar in the far north of China.[31][25][32]

On 19 March 1926, Paul Hugentobler and Eugen Imhof arrived in Qiqihar,[33][17] while Gustav Schnetzler took over the village of Changfatun.[34][35] The SMB dedicated itself to building up local Christian communities and, together with the Ingenbohl Sisters,[36][37] the development of medical care and school education.[38] In 1940, 42 SMB priests were working there. Most of them were expelled in 1953[17] and the last one left China in 1954.[23]

In 1938, the SMB began its work in what was then Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe.[39][20][25][5] At times, well over 100 members worked there in building up the local church, in education and healthcare, in the media and in training craftsmen.[20][40]

In 1948, the SMB sent the first missionaries to Iwate-ken in northern Japan.[41] In the same year, the SMB started its first assignments with lay people in what was then Fort Victoria, now Masvingo, in Southern Rhodesia. Following the expulsion of the last missionaries from China, the SMB began its work in Taiwan[42][6][43][44][45] and Colombia in 1953.[23][46]

After the Second Vatican Council

As a result of the Second Vatican Council's revaluation of lay people in missionary and church service and a new understanding of mission,[47][48][49][50] more and more lay people became involved in SMB projects.[23] The first mixed assignments of lay people and priests (teams) were formed. The SMB General Chapter in 1967 enshrined the "work with a view to replacement" in its documents. It no longer took over assigned areas (territorial principle) but began with temporary project assignments. The first such assignment was started in Zambia in 1969.[51][52]

The 1974 General Chapter confirmed project work as the new form of missionary work.[53] The following main motives were formative: the essential connection between missionary work and development cooperation; the partnership with the local churches; the basic ecumenical orientation. In 1975, team assignments began in Peru,[54] 1977 in Ecuador,[23][55] 1978 in Kenya,[23] 1985 in the Philippines,[23] and 1992 in Bolivia.[23]

At the 1981 General Chapter, "integral liberation" was formulated with the following three options:

  • Option for and with the poor
  • Commitment to human rights
  • Building up grassroots communities

The 1988 General Chapter made it possible for women and men to join the SMB in the "Association". The Association was transformed into the "Partner Association Bethlehem" (PaV) in 2000. On 17 November 2000, the association "Bethlehem Mission Immensee" (BMI) was founded in accordance with Art. 60ff of the Swiss Civil Code.[56] This enabled the missionary mandate of the SMB to be based on a broader sponsorship with the aim that lay people (PaV) and SMB members would decide on the planning and implementation of the missionary mandate on an equal footing and in partnership. In the summer of 2013, the "Bethlehem Mission Immensee" went its own way and moved its headquarters to the Romero House in Lucerne, which it purchased from the SMB. The development work of BMI was taken over by "Comundo".[57][58]

The Bethlehem Mission Society today

The Bethlehem Mission Society (SMB) has its traditional headquarters in Immensee.[59][60][61] With its management and administration, it accompanies its missionary assignments in Africa (Zimbabwe,[62] Kenya), Asia (Taiwan),[44] Latin America (Colombia), and Europe (Switzerland)[63]

The 2023 General Chapter of the Bethlehem Mission Society elected Ludovic Nobel as Superior General, Emilio Näf as Vicar General, and Josef Meili as Councillor General.[64] The focal points of the 14th ordinary General Chapter 2023 included the future of the Immensee House, the management structure of the Mission Society, the regulations for individual assignments, the second construction phase of "Living in Bethlehem", and the future of the SMB (including the admission of new candidates).[65]

In Switzerland

The largest group of members of the Bethlehem Mission Society live and work in Switzerland today. In addition to the two locations in Immensee and Fribourg, there are several outposts. Most of the members working there were previously active on other continents.[8]

The Torry House in Fribourg

A small community of missionaries lives together with students from the University of Fribourg in the Torry House in Fribourg. These students come mainly from Africa and Asia. The local confreres carry out pastoral work in the French-speaking parishes. The confrere Ludovic Nobel teaches New Testament at the University of Fribourg.[66]

Africa

Four members of the Society currently live in Zimbabwe,[20] two of them in the SMB house in Driefontein and two as spiritual directors with the Sisters and Brothers of Jesus of Nazareth (SBJN) (as of 2023).[67][68] One member currently lives in Nairobi, Kenya (as of 2023).

Taiwan

Two confreres currently live in Taiwan (as of 2023),[42][6] one in the SMB house in Taitung, which is a centre for retreats and reflection days for parishes and religious groups of the diocese and the whole country, the other is active in pastoral care and supervises the foot reflexology massage school[69] which he founded.[70][71][72][73]

Colombia

Two confreres from the Bethlehem Mission Society are currently living in the SMB house in Popayán,[46] from where they provide pastoral care in the parishes. Father Josef Schönenberger received the recognition award from the Alois and Jeanne Jurt Foundation for his human rights work in Colombia.[74][75]

The SMB Friendship Circle

The SMB Friendship Circle connects friends of the Bethlehem Mission Society, organizes encounters with the SMB community and its members, and brings the Mission Society's ideas to the public. The SMB Friendship Circle has existed since August 2016. It was founded following a suggestion by Bethlehem missionary Pablo Meier.[76]

Bethlehem Mission House Association

As a church community, the Bethlehem Mission Society can only exercise civil and secular rights and obligations to a limited extent.[77] For this purpose, the Bethlehem Mission House Association was founded in 1907.[10]

The multi-generational housing settlement in Bethlehem

The SMB owns several buildings and properties, most of which were donated to the Mission Society by private individuals.

In 2013, the SMB decided to build a multi-generational settlement on its property near the motherhouse in Immensee.[78][79] "Living in Bethlehem" is being realized by the Bethlehem Mission House Association in four stages, presumably until 2037 [20]. After eight years of planning and implementation, tenants were able to move into the 51 apartments of the first stage in 2021.[80]

The Superiors General SMB

  • 1921–1943: Pietro Bondolfi[22]
  • 1947–1957: Eduard Blatter
  • 1957–1967: Max Blöchliger
  • 1967–1981: Josef Amstutz
  • 1981–1993: Josef Elsener
  • 1993–2003: Josef Meili[8]
  • 2003–2008: Emil Näf[1]
  • 2008-2013: Josef Meili
  • 2013–2018: Ernst Wildi[1][81]
  • 2018-2023: Josef Meili[82]
  • 2023–present: Ludovic Nobel[64]

Some well-known SMB members

The archives of the Bethlehem Mission Society SMB

The archives of the Bethlehem Mission Society SMB[100] contain extensive documents relating to the Mission Society, including the SMB missions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and a range of audiovisual media documenting the worldwide work of the SMB missionaries. The archives also contain holdings from the schools and training centres of the Mission Society, such as the Immensee grammar school/high school, the two "Progymnasium" (lower Forms) Rebstein and Torry as well as the Wolhusen and Schöneck mission seminaries.[101] Since 2014, the Mission Society's archives have been located in the Lucerne State Archives, where they are open to interested parties for research purposes.[102]

  • Homepage of the Bethlehem Mission Society (SMB) in Immensee[103]
  • Fritz Frei: Bethlehem Mission Immensee.[104] In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland
  • Website of the Superior General Ludovic Nobel[105]
  • Documentary "The End of the Mission" (SRF)[106]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Society of Bethlehem Mission Immensee (S.M.B.)". GCatholic. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  2. ^ "The Dicastery for Evangelization - Vatican News". vaticannews.va. 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  3. ^ "Dicasteries Dicastery for Evangelization Structure". vatican.va. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  4. ^ "Pope appoints Dicastery for Evangelization's first section". 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  5. ^ a b c Admin (2021-02-13). "Simplicity and Tenacity: Spirit of the Swiss Missionaries of Bethlehem (SMB)". The Southern Cross. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  6. ^ a b c world, Taiwan Panorama Magazine | An international, bilingual magazine for Chinese people around the. "Telling It in the Mountains: The Bethlehem Mission Society". Taiwan Panorama Magazine | An international, bilingual magazine for Chinese people around the world (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-01-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "The Evangelical Counsels". thepriest.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  8. ^ a b c d "bethlehem missioners committed to asia despite their small number". ucanews.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  9. ^ a b Collet, Giancarlo (2011-04-01), "Immensee, Bethlehem Mission", Religion Past and Present, Brill, retrieved 2024-01-30
  10. ^ a b c d "Roman Catholic Church: Bethlehem Mission Society - Rhodesian Study Circle". 2019-01-02. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  11. ^ a b c "House Barral". brig-simplon.ch. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  12. ^ a b c d "Semper Apertus!". gv-wikinger.ch. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  13. ^ a b "Gymnasium Immensee: Tagesschule und Internat". gymnasium-immensee.ch. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  14. ^ "K 6673 Bethlehem: The Organ of the Missionary Society of Bethlehem, Immensee, Switzerland., 1897-1984 (Akzession)". State Archives of Lucerne. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  15. ^ Ludwig, Barbara. "Zeitschrift "Wendekreis" erscheint nur noch bis Ende Jahr". kath.ch.
  16. ^ "H 334 Zeitschrift Bethlehem bzw. Wendekreis, 1896-2017 (Akzession)". State Archives of Lucerne. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  17. ^ a b c d Theseira, Julian (2016-01-01). "Sketches of the Chinese Switzerland: Perspectives, Narratives, and Memories of the Bethlehem Mission Society (SMB) IN". Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Master's Dissertation.
  18. ^ "ETH Zürich - ETH-Bibliothek - E-PICS - ETHBIB.Bildarchiv - Com_F70-17093". e-pics.ethz.ch. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  19. ^ Anderson, Gerald H. (1999). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-4680-8.
  20. ^ a b c d Zimbabwe, Catholic Church News (2020-06-29). "Let your servants go in peace: The story of the SMB Missionaries in Zimbabwe". Catholic Church News. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  21. ^ "Immensee: 50e anniversaire de la mort du fondateur des Missionnaires de Bethléem". kath.ch.
  22. ^ a b c "Bondolfi, Pietro | Encyclopedia.com". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h "Bethlehem Fathers | Encyclopedia.com". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  24. ^ "Geschichte des Progymnasiums: Fotografisch zurück in alte Zeiten". rheintaler.ch (in German). 19 June 2023. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  25. ^ a b c d "The Legacy of Johannes Beckmann, S.M.B. - Free Online Library". thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  26. ^ Luzern, Universität. "Faculty of Theology". University of Lucerne. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  27. ^ "Geschichte | Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft | Universität Freiburg". unifr.ch. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  28. ^ "Startseite". steyler.ch. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  29. ^ "A Steyler Missionary Teaching in Togo". ieg-ego.eu. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  30. ^ "China-Zentrum". steyler.de. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  31. ^ "Vermittlung zwischenkirchlicher Gemeinschaft, 50 Jahre Missionsgesellschaft Bethlehem Immensee". Festschrift, S. 39.
  32. ^ Tiedemann, R. G. (2016-07-01). Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-49732-7.
  33. ^ "Previous Ordinaries of Qiqihar Apostolic Prefecture". ucanews.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  34. ^ Tiedemann, R. G. (2016-07-01). Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-49731-0.
  35. ^ "Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China" (PDF). dl.ziliaozhan.org.
  36. ^ "SCSC Ingenbohl – Herzlich willkommen". 2024-01-21. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  37. ^ "Swiss nuns with a global agenda". SWI swissinfo.ch. 2006-03-19. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  38. ^ "Schülerinnen und Schüler – Immensee und Qiqihar - Kanton Luzern". staatsarchiv.lu.ch. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
  39. ^ "Swiss Ambassador reconnects with missionary history of Switzerland in Zimbabwe". eda.admin.ch (in German). Retrieved 2024-01-30.
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