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===Operational shift: de-militarization of police===
===Operational shift: de-militarization of police===
[[File:Ferguson, Night 3, Photo 2.png|thumb|SLCPD SWAT officers at Fegurson]]
[[File:Ferguson, Night 3, Photo 2.png|thumb|SLCPD SWAT officers at Ferguson]]
On August 14, 2014, U.S. Senator [[Claire McCaskill]] (Missouri) stated that "militarization of the police escalated the protesters' response."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nbc-news/55867114#55866941 |title=McCaskill: Police 'Militarization' Escalated Unrest In Ferguson – Video on |publisher=Nbcnews.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-15}}</ref> On August 14, 2014, City of St. Louis, Missouri Chief of Police [[Sam Dotson]] stated he would not have employed military-style policing such as what has transpired. According to Chief Dotson, "My gut told me what I was seeing were not tactics that I would use in the city and I would never put officers in situations that I would not do myself." Another reason Dotson did not want the city and county police to collaborate was because of the history of racial profiling by county police. In an email to a St. Louis alderman who brought up concerns of racial profiling, he wrote: "I agree and removed our tactical assistance. We did not send tactical resources to Ferguson on Tuesday or Wednesday. Our only assistance was that of four traffic officers to help divert traffic and keep both pedestrians and motorists safe. On Thursday we will have no officers assisting Ferguson."<ref>{{cite web|author=Posted: 08/14/2014 4:58 pm EDT |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/14/ferguson-military-tactics_n_5679532.html |title=St. Louis Police Chief Condemns Military Tactics Being Used In Ferguson |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-15}}</ref>
On August 14, 2014, U.S. Senator [[Claire McCaskill]] (Missouri) stated that "militarization of the police escalated the protesters' response."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nbc-news/55867114#55866941 |title=McCaskill: Police 'Militarization' Escalated Unrest In Ferguson – Video on |publisher=Nbcnews.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-15}}</ref> On August 14, 2014, City of St. Louis, Missouri Chief of Police [[Sam Dotson]] stated he would not have employed military-style policing such as what has transpired. According to Chief Dotson, "My gut told me what I was seeing were not tactics that I would use in the city and I would never put officers in situations that I would not do myself." Another reason Dotson did not want the city and county police to collaborate was because of the history of racial profiling by county police. In an email to a St. Louis alderman who brought up concerns of racial profiling, he wrote: "I agree and removed our tactical assistance. We did not send tactical resources to Ferguson on Tuesday or Wednesday. Our only assistance was that of four traffic officers to help divert traffic and keep both pedestrians and motorists safe. On Thursday we will have no officers assisting Ferguson."<ref>{{cite web|author=Posted: 08/14/2014 4:58 pm EDT |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/14/ferguson-military-tactics_n_5679532.html |title=St. Louis Police Chief Condemns Military Tactics Being Used In Ferguson |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-15}}</ref>


Revision as of 20:53, 16 August 2014

Death of Michael Brown
Location of Ferguson, Missouri within St. Louis County and St. Louis County within Missouri
DateAugust 9, 2014 (2014-08-09)
Time12:01 p.m.
LocationFerguson, Missouri, United States
Coordinates38°44′17″N 90°16′19″W / 38.7380246°N 90.2720729°W / 38.7380246; -90.2720729
Participants
  • Darren Wilson (shooter)
  • Michael Brown (victim)
  • Dorian Johnson (friend of Michael Brown)
DeathsMichael Brown

The shooting of Michael Brown occurred on August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri, United States. Brown was an unarmed 18-year-old African-American male who died after being shot multiple times by Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson.[1][2] Brown had no history of arrests or criminal convictions.[3] According to Ferguson police, Brown was a suspect in a robbery minutes before the shooting, although the initial contact between Wilson and Brown was unrelated to the robbery.[4][5] Wilson has served four years with the Ferguson Police Department, two years with another local police department,[6] and had no disciplinary history.[7]

The incident sparked reactions within the St. Louis suburb and at the national level, including peaceful demonstrations[8] and protests, acts of vandalism and other forms of social unrest,[9] as well as national calls for an investigation.[10] Widespread media coverage explored the validity of local police departments arming themselves with "military-grade weapons" and responding in a military fashion when dealing with protesting civilians and journalists covering volatile current events.[11]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) opened a civil rights investigation of the shooting. US President Barack Obama issued a statement expressing condolences to Brown's family and committed the US Department of Justice to conduct an investigation.

Shooting incident

See also: Timeline of the shooting of Michael Brown

On August 9, at around 12:00 p.m., Brown and friend Dorian Johnson were walking to Brown's grandmother's house.[10][12] Ferguson police officer Darren Wilson[13][14] drove up to them and ordered them to move off the street and onto the sidewalk. An altercation ensued, and a gun within Wilson's police vehicle was fired, after which Brown and Johnson began to flee. Wilson left his vehicle and pursued them, then fired an unspecified number of shots, fatally wounding Brown. Brown died approximately 35 feet (11 m) from the police cruiser in the 2900 block of Canfield Drive.[10] According to CNN correspondent Ana Cabrera, documents show that less than three minutes passed from the time that Wilson encountered Brown to the time of Brown's death.[15]

According to Police Chief Tom Jackson, the police officer encountered Brown while responding to a "strong arm robbery" of a convenience store. According to police records, Brown fit the description of a suspect who stole $50 worth of cigars from the store.[16][17]

Chief Jackson said the officer did not initially know Brown was suspected of the robbery,[18] but had confronted him because "he was walking down the middle of the street blocking traffic".[19] However, according to Chief Jackson, once the officer saw the cigars in Brown’s hand, the officer realized that Brown "might be the robber." [20]

Witness accounts

Dorian Johnson's account

According to Michael Brown's friend, Dorian Johnson, who was walking with Brown at the time, the police officer pulled up beside them and said, "Get the fuck on the sidewalk."[21][22][23][24][25] Johnson said the young men replied that they were "not but a minute away from [their] destination, and [they] would shortly be out of the street."[25]

Without saying anything further, Johnson states that the officer drove forward, only to abruptly back up, positioning his vehicle crossways in their path, almost hitting the two men. Said Johnson, "We were so close, almost inches away, that when he tried to open his door aggressively, the door ricocheted both off me and Big Mike's body and closed back on the officer."

At that point, the officer, still in his car, grabbed Brown through the open window around the neck. Brown tried to pull away, but the officer continued to pull Brown toward him.

According to Johnson, Brown "did not reach for the officer's weapon at all," insisting that Brown was attempting to get free of the officer rather than attempting to attack him or take his weapon from him.[26][27][28][29][30]

At that point, according to Johnson, the officer drew his weapon, and "he said, 'I'll shoot you' or 'I'm going to shoot,'" and almost instantaneously fired his weapon, hitting Brown.

Following the initial gunshot, Johnson said that Brown was able to free himself, at which point the two fled for their lives. The officer exited the vehicle, after which he fired a second shot, striking Brown in the back. At that point, according to Johnson, Brown turned around with his hands in the air and said, "I don't have a gun. Stop shooting!" The officer then shot Brown several more times, killing him.[31][32]

Piaget Crenshaw's account

Another witness, Piaget Crenshaw, said that from her vantage point, it appeared that the police officer and Brown were arm wrestling before the officer initially shot Brown from within his vehicle. The officer then chased Brown for about 20 feet before shooting him again. According to Crenshaw, when Brown then raised his arms in compliance, the officer shot him two more times, killing him.[33][34][35]

Police account

In a news conference on August 10, St. Louis County Police Chief Jon Belmar stated, "The genesis of this shooting incident was a physical confrontation" during which Brown "physically assaulted the police officer."[1] According to Belmar, the officer attempted to exit his vehicle but was pushed back into the car by Brown, who then assaulted the officer inside the car. Brown then allegedly attempted to seize the officer's gun, which was fired at least once during the struggle. Belmar acknowledged that "more than a couple" of shots were fired in the course of the encounter.[1][36][37]

Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson later stated that the officer who shot Brown was injured in the incident.[38] The Ferguson City Police Department had declined to identify the officer involved in the shooting, who had been placed on administrative leave, but released Officer Wilson's name on August 15, 2014.[38] Dashboard cameras are not used in Ferguson police cars.[36]

Tiffany Mitchell's account

Witness Tiffany Mitchell, in an interview with St. Louis television news station KMOV, said she arrived in the area near the beginning of the altercation. She stated that she was watching as the first gun shot was fired while the police officer, but not Brown, was still in the vehicle, at which point she retrieved her cell phone in order to film the unfolding event.[39]

As Mitchell described events, "After the shot, the kid just breaks away. The cop follows him, kept shooting, the kid's body jerked as if he was hit. After his body jerked he turns around, puts his hands up, and the cop continues to walk up on him and continues to shoot until he goes all the way down."[39]

Context

According to The Washington Post, the Ferguson Police Department "bears little demographic resemblance" to the mostly African-American community, which already harbored "suspicions of the law enforcement agency" preceding Brown's shooting, with 48 of the police force's 53 officers being white,[33] while the population is only one-third white.[40] An annual report last year by the office of Missouri's attorney general concluded that Ferguson police were "twice as likely to arrest African Americans during traffic stops as they were whites."[2] According to the Washington Post, "About two-thirds of the city’s 21,100 residents are black."[41] According to CNN, the officer who shot Brown, Darren Wilson, was white, and lived in Crestwood, Missouri, 18 miles away from Ferguson.[42]

Investigations

On August 10, Jon Belmar, chief of the St. Louis County Police Department, announced that their department would be in charge of the investigation, after receiving a request from Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson to investigate the shooting.[36][43] When the investigation is complete, the St. Louis County police will turn over the case to St. Louis County Prosecuting Attorney Robert P. McCulloch, the official charged with determining if state charges will be filed.[43] County Executive Charlie Dooley called for a special prosecutor, arguing that McCulloch is "biased and shouldn't handle the case".[44]

The Ferguson Police department initially declined to name the officer involved in the shooting, citing concerns for his safety, and refused to commit to a deadline for releasing a full autopsy report.[45] On August 11, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) opened a parallel civil rights investigation into the incident,[46] and Attorney General Eric Holder instructed the Justice Department's staff to monitor the developments.[47] On August 13, US Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri Richard G. Callahan announced a civil rights investigation into the case.[48]

According to the spokeswoman for the FBI's St. Louis field office, the protests and riots played no role in the FBI's decision to investigate.[49]

Robbery incident report

According to information released by the Ferguson Police Department on August 15, Brown and Dorian Johnson were suspects in a "strongarm robbery" of a convenience store. Video still photos from a surveillance camera in the store were also released depicting a "confrontation." According to police chief Jackson, a 911 call was received at 11:51am, and after a description of the robbers was communicated by dispatchers, officer Darren Wilson encountered Brown and Johnson at 12:01 pm.[16][50] At an afternoon press conference on August 15, Ferguson Police Chief Tom Jackson confirmed that "the initial contact with Brown was not related to the robber". He also stated that the officer was unaware that Brown was a suspect in the robbery and that Brown and Johnson had been stopped for blocking traffic.[4][51][52]

Freeman Bosley, the attorney for Dorian Johnson, who was with Brown at the time, confirmed that they had in fact entered the store and cigarillos were taken, and that Johnson had informed the FBI, DOJ, and St. Louis County Police of this fact.[51] In previous interviews, however, Johnson described the events of the shooting but did not mention that he and Brown had been in a convenience store just before, or that Brown had stolen anything.[51] Police Chief Jackson said that Johnson would not be charged in the alleged robbery stating that they had determined he didn't steal anything or use force.[53]

On August 15, police released other details of the robbery incident (Ferguson Police Offense/Incident Report: "complaint No. 12-12388") and the shooting incident ("Ferguson Police Report #2014-12391" and "St Louis County Police Report #2014-043984") in a packet of materials.[54][5] Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson also released the name of the police officer who shot Brown,[54] identifying him as Darren Wilson, a six-year veteran of the department, who lived in Crestwood, Missouri.[55]

When asked why the police department released the report and video about the alleged robbery when it was unrelated to the shooting, Jackson said "because the press asked for it," adding that he decided to do so in response to a large number of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. When he was asked about Wilson, Jackson called him "a gentleman" and "a quiet officer," and said that he "never meant for this to happen."[56]

This was the first time the police provided details on the alleged robbery, but they did not provide any additional information regarding the confrontation or why Brown was ultimately shot and killed.[57]

Reactions

The Brown family's lawyer, said that “Nothing, based on the facts before us, justifies the execution-style murder by this police officer in broad daylight. The police are playing games here and the parents are beyond incensed with the way that the police are handling the distribution of information. The police are not being transparent and they are strategically trying to justify this execution-style murder."[6]

Johnson’s lawyer confirmed that Brown had taken cigars from the store, and said that “We see that there’s tape, that they claim they got a tape that shows there was some sort of strong-armed robbery,” said Freeman Bosley, Johnson’s attorney. “We need to see that tape, my client did tell us and told the FBI that they went into the store. He told FBI that [Brown] did take cigarillos. He told that to the DOJ and the St. Louis County Police.”[51] In previous interviews, however, Johnson described the events of the shooting but did not mention that he and Brown had been in a convenience store just before, or that Brown had stolen anything.[51]

The family of Michael Brown released a statement in which they condemn the way the police chief chose to disseminate information, which they said it was “intended to assassinate the character of their son, following such a brutal assassination of his person in broad daylight”, and that “there is nothing based on the facts that have been placed before us that can justify the execution style murder of their child by this police officer as he held his hands up, which is the universal sign of surrender.”[58]

Anthony Rothert, the legal director for the Missouri branch of the ACLU, who had sued for the release of the incident report describing Brown's shooting, told ABC News in response to the report that “I think it's fair to say that releasing some records, but not releasing others when they're equally public record seems to be an intentional effort to distract the public. They're hiding it for whatever reason...That leaves the public to imagine why that's being hidden."[59]

Wayne Fisher, a professor with the Rutgers University Police Institute in New Jersey, said that “if the robbery in any way caused the initial contact, it has relevance ... if it didn’t, it has none. The use of deadly force in this situation will be authorized if the office reasonably believed his life was in danger, that question does not appear to be directly related to whether or not Brown was a suspect in a robbery.” Eugene O'Donnell, a former district attorney in New York City who now serves as a professor at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, said that while the police officer may have stopped Brown for jaywalking, Brown may have been thinking the officer knew about the robbery: “Obviously the cop's reaction is not affected, but what could be affected is [Brown's] reaction to the cop.” [60]

Daniel Isom II, a retired St. Louis police chief who now teaches at the University of Missouri-St. Louis, was critical of Jackson's leadership, saying that: ”It's clear the Ferguson chief is overwhelmed by the magnitude of this incident. He has been releasing information as he sees appropriate, but maybe not taking into consideration the impact of releasing that information."[61]

Aftermath

Protests

Protests in Ferguson, Missouri
Missouri Highway Patrol Captain Ronald Johnson

On August 10, a day of memorials began peacefully, but some crowd members became unruly after a candlelight vigil.[62] Local police stations assembled approximately 150 officers in riot gear.[63] Some people began looting businesses, vandalizing vehicles and confronting police who sought to block off access to several areas of the city.[62] At least 12 businesses were looted or vandalized, a gas station was set on fire, leading to over 30 arrests. Many windows were broken and several nearby businesses closed on Monday.[64] The people arrested face charges of assault, burglary and theft. Police used a variety of equipment, including riot gear and helicopters, to disperse the crowd by 2 a.m.[65] Two police officers suffered minor injuries during the events.[66]

On August 11, police fired tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse a crowd at the shell of the QuikTrip[65] convenience store burnt out the night before. According to reports, gunshots were fired in Ferguson and five people were arrested.[26][67] Some protesters allegedly threw rocks at police. The police responded by firing tear gas and bean bag rounds upon those protesting, which included State Senator Maria Chappelle-Nadal.[68]

On August 12, several hundred protesters gathered in Clayton, the county seat, seeking criminal prosecution of the officer involved in the shooting.[69] Protesters in Ferguson carried signs and many held their hands in the air while shouting "don't shoot". According to police, some protesters threw bottles at the officers, prompting the use of tear gas to disperse the crowd.[70] The following day, a heavily-armed SWAT team of around 70 officers arrived at a protest demanding that protesters disperse.[71] That night, police used smoke bombs, flash grenades, rubber bullets, and tear gas to disperse the crowd. Video footage of the events recorded by KARG Argus Radio shows Ferguson Police firing tear gas into a residential neighborhood and ordering the journalist to cease recording.[72][73][74]

Between August 12 and 13, police officers fired tear gas and rubber bullets at lines of protesters and reporters. At least seven protesters were arrested on the evening of August 12 and 13, after police told protesters to "'go home' or face arrest."[75] CNN cameras filmed an officer addressing a group of protesters by saying "Bring it, you fucking animals, bring it."[76]

Multiple arrests including journalists

On August 13, while police were clearing a McDonald's restaurant[77] prior to a police-imposed curfew,[78] The Washington Post reporter Wesley Lowery and The Huffington Post reporter Ryan Reilley were arrested while presumably charging their phones and using the restaurant's WiFi hotspot to access Twitter.[79] Officers reportedly asked them to leave first, gave them a 45-second countdown when they were not moving fast enough, and ultimately resorted to more forceful measures to remove people from the McDonald's.[80] "Officers slammed me into a fountain soda machine because I was confused about which door they were asking me to walk out of," Lowery said.[81][82] Martin Baron, executive editor of The Washington Post, issued a statement, saying "there was absolutely no justification for Wesley Lowery's arrest," and that the police behavior "was wholly unwarranted and an assault on the freedom of the press to cover the news."[83]

Al Jazeera America journalists covering the protests in Ferguson on Wednesday night were also tear-gassed and shot at with rubber bullets by a police SWAT team. An officer was captured on video turning the reporters' video camera toward the ground and dismantling their equipment.[84][85][86][87] Al Jazeera America issued a statement, calling the incident an "egregious assault on the freedom of the press that was clearly intended to have a chilling effect on our ability to cover this important story."[35] On Thursday August 14, the St. Charles County Regional SWAT Team put out a press release stating that "...the SWAT Team has not been any part of attempting to prevent media coverage."[88] However, a raw video captured a vehicle marked clearly as "St. Charles County SWAT" rolling up to the Al Jazeera lights and camera and taking them down.[89]

The Ferguson police chief denied any suppression of the media. U.S. President Barack Obama addressed the First Amendment violations, saying, "There's also no excuse for police to use excessive force against peaceful protests, or to throw protesters in jail for lawfully exercising their First Amendment rights. And here, in the United States of America, police should not be bullying or arresting journalists who are just trying to do their jobs and report to the American people on what they see on the ground."[90]

St. Louis alderman Antonio French who was documenting the protests using social media, was also arrested by police in Ferguson on Wednesday night.[91] French said that he went into his car to escape tear gas and smoke bombs being thrown by police. While he was in his car, police approached him, dragging him out of the car. French was arrested for unlawful assembly.[92] Speaking to reporters after his release from jail on Thursday, Mr. French described the dozen or so other people arrested as “peacekeepers.” “Inside that jail is nothing but peacekeepers,” he said. “They rounded up the wrong people ... reverends, young people organizing the peace effort.”[93][94][95]

The Reporters Committee for Freedom of Press, a large coalition of media and press freedom groups, wrote to police forces in Ferguson, Missouri to protest the harassment of journalists covering the protests.[96][97]

Operational shift: de-militarization of police

SLCPD SWAT officers at Ferguson

On August 14, 2014, U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill (Missouri) stated that "militarization of the police escalated the protesters' response."[98] On August 14, 2014, City of St. Louis, Missouri Chief of Police Sam Dotson stated he would not have employed military-style policing such as what has transpired. According to Chief Dotson, "My gut told me what I was seeing were not tactics that I would use in the city and I would never put officers in situations that I would not do myself." Another reason Dotson did not want the city and county police to collaborate was because of the history of racial profiling by county police. In an email to a St. Louis alderman who brought up concerns of racial profiling, he wrote: "I agree and removed our tactical assistance. We did not send tactical resources to Ferguson on Tuesday or Wednesday. Our only assistance was that of four traffic officers to help divert traffic and keep both pedestrians and motorists safe. On Thursday we will have no officers assisting Ferguson."[99]

Governor Jay Nixon said at a press conference on August 14, that the Missouri State Highway Patrol would take over policing Ferguson from the St. Louis County police, whose tactics were widely criticized, referring to the change as "an operational shift," and that police will use force "only when necessary," and will generally "step back a little bit."[91] Nixon said that Ferguson security will be overseen by Captain Ron Johnson of the Highway Patrol. Johnson, an African-American, said he grew up in the community and "it means a lot to me personally that we break this cycle of violence."[100] The Governor said, "The people of Ferguson want their streets to be free of intimidation and fear" he said, but during the past few days, "it looked a little bit more like a war zone and that's not acceptable."[91] St. Louis county prosecutor Robert P. McCulloch criticized the governor's decision, saying "It's shameful what he did today, he had no legal authority to do that. To denigrate the men and women of the county police department is shameful."[101]

On the evening of August 14, 2014, Captain Johnson walked with and led a large, peaceful march in Ferguson.[102][103]

Reactions

Federal government

  • On August 12, U.S. President Barack Obama offered his condolences to Brown's family and his community, and stated that the Department of Justice was investigating the situation along with local officials.[104]
  • FAA—On August 12, citing an incident where a Ferguson Police helicopter was fired on from the ground, the FAA implemented a no-fly zone over Ferguson.[105][106]

Missouri government

Local authorities

Brown family

  • A member of the Brown family released a statement that "the stealing and breaking in stores is not what Mike will want, it is very upsetting to me and my family. Our family didn't ask for this but for Justice and Peace [sic]"[49] that followed the death of Brown.[112] The Brown family also announced that Benjamin Crump, one of the lawyers in the Trayvon Martin case, would represent the family.[113]

Third parties

  • On August 10, Reverend Al Sharpton and the National Action Network announced their plans to travel to St. Louis.[114][115]
  • Local pastors held a vigil on the morning of Sunday, August 10.[115] Another vigil was planned on the same day, at 8:00 p.m. in the area where Brown was killed.[115]
  • Hacktivists claiming an association with Anonymous and operating under the codename "Operation Ferguson" organized cyberprotests by setting up a web site and a Twitter account.[116] The group promised that if any protesters were harassed or harmed, they would attack the city's servers and computers, taking them offline.[116] City officials said that e-mail systems were targeted and phones died, while the Internet crashed at the City Hall.[116][117] Prior to August 15, members of Anonymous corresponding with Mother Jones said that they were working on confirming the identity of the undisclosed police officer who shot Brown and would release his name as soon as they did.[118] On August 14, Anonymous posted on its Twitter feed what it claimed was the name of the officer involved in the shooting.[91][119] However, police said the identity released by Anonymous was incorrect.[120] Twitter subsequently suspended the Anonymous account from its service.[121]
  • Protestors in the Middle East have expressed support for protestors in Ferguson, using social media to equate the protests and police response to conflicts in Egypt, Turkey, and the Gaza Strip, and offered advice on how to deal with tear gas.[122]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shooting of Michael Brown.

References

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  25. ^ a b Farrah, Fazal (August 13, 2014). "Witness to Michael Brown shooting comes forward". USA Today. Section 1, Paragraph 3. Retrieved August 13, 2014. The officer is approaching us and as he pulled up on the side of us, he didn't say freeze, halt or anything like we were committing a crime. He said, 'Get the F on the sidewalk'
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