Siege of Calais (1596): Difference between revisions

Siege of Calais (1596)
	Part of the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
	; Engraving of the Siege of Calais of 1596. Collection Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.
Date	April 8–24, 1596
Location	Calais, Nord-Pas de Calais, France
Result	Decisive Spanish victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of France; England; Supported by:; United Provinces	Spain
Commanders and leaders
Henry IV of France; Sir of Widessan †; François d'Orléans Supported by:; Maurice of Nassau; Robert Devereux	Archduke Albert; Luis de Velasco; Carlos Coloma
Strength
Calais: About 7,000 men; Relief forces: Unknown	12,000–15,000
Casualties and losses
Thousands of dead or prisoners; 5,000 dead	Low

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The Siege of Calais of 1596, also known as the Spanish conquest of Calais, took place at the strategic port-city of Calais (present-day Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France), between April 8-24, 1596, as part of the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598), in the context of the French Wars of Religion, the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), and the Eighty Years' War.^[1]^[2]^[7] The siege ended when the city fell into Spanish hands after a short siege by the Spanish Army of Flanders commanded by Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands (Spanish: Alberto de Austria).^[1]^[2] The French troops into the citadel of Calais resisted few days more, but finally on April 24, the Spanish troops led by Don Luis de Velasco y Velasco, Count of Salazar, captured the strength by storm.^[2] The Spanish success was the first action of the campaign of Archduke Albert of 1596.^[3]

Background

Since 1562, France was in the grip of the French Wars of Religion in which Spain had regularly intervened in favour of the Catholic League of France, most notably in the sieges of Paris or Rouen, and other battles as Craon in 1592, or Blaye in 1593.^[8] But only, in 1595, the war was officially declared between the two countries by the new King Henry IV of France, who had the year before converted to Catholicism and been received into Paris to be crowned.^[8]

Henry IV was attempting to reconquer large parts of northern France from hostile Spanish-French Catholic forces. In 1595, the Spanish army led by Don Pedro Henríquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes,^[9] took the initiative, conquering a great number of French towns, castles and villages, including Doullens.^[9] In the spring of 1596, the French army led by Henry IV laid siege to La Fère, under control of the Catholic League of France.^[10]

After the death at Brussels of the Archduke Ernest of Austria, on 20 February 1595, Albert was sent by Philip II of Spain, to succeed his elder brother as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands, charge assigned to the Count of Fuentes, until the arrival of Albert to the Low Countries. He made his entry in Brussels on 11 February 1596, and his first priority was the conflict with Henry IV of France.^[11] On 29 March, Albert left Brussels, and went to Valenciennes, where met the forces of the Spanish Army of Flanders, and advanced over France in late March, but instead of sending it to relieve La Fère, it turned towards Calais, where it arrived on 8 April.^[10]^[11]

Siege of Calais

Port-city of Calais

The French troops at Calais, composed in part by companies of Huguenots, and English mercenaries sent by Queen Elizabeth I of England to support Henry IV of France,^[5] were taken completely by surprise by the Spanish forces led by Archduke Albert.^[10] Henry was on the point of capturing the town of La Fère, in Picardy, from the Catholic League and their Spanish allies after a long and costly siege, and couldn't spare any troops to relieve the port-city, and his English and Dutch allies reacted too slowly.^[10] Queen Elizabeth of England sent Sir Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, with 6,000 to 8,000 soldiers to support the Anglo-French defenders in Calais,^[12] but Elizabeth demanded to Henry that Calais should return to English rule after her intervention.^[13] However, while the two monarchs dickered,^[7] the excellent work of the Spanish troops was crucial, and made it impossible the English help.^[3]^[11] Moreover, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, on hearing the news, hurried to Zeeland to prepare a relief army and a fleet to relieve Calais, but the city fell the day that the first Dutch ships were preparing to sail.^[2]^[10]

Relief forces

The city fell to the Spaniards after ten days of siege, after which only the citadel remained in French hands.^[11]^[14] The French general François d'Orléans-Longueville, Duke of Fronsac and Château-Thierry, tried to break the siege by sea, and help the city with supplies and fresh troops, but was successfully stopped by the bombardments of the Spanish artillery.^[10] Finally Henry IV, knowing the importance of losing one of the most important port cities of France (on August 3, 1347, Calais was conquered by Edward III of England during the Hundred Years' War, becoming a strong English bastion in France, and was under English rule until the French army commanded by Francis, Duke of Guise, reconquered the city on January 8, 1558, and turned to French sovereignty, during the Last Italian War), also tried to relieve the city, and with a great part of his troops, Henry set out to march towards Calais.^[11]^[14]

Citadel of Calais

On Wednesday, 24 April, the Spanish troops led by Don Luis de Velasco stormed the citadel.^[3] All fought with great courage but the French forces could not match the skill and experience of the professional Spanish and Walloon assault force.^[15] The French lost thousands of men in the assault, and a great part were taken prisoners.^[14] The Spanish lost around 200 dead and wounded.^[14]^[16] The Governor of Calais, Seigneur de Widessan, and some of his captains, were executed.^[14] With the capture of the citadel, the whole city was under Spanish control, and the hopes of Henry IV to retain the city under his control vanished.^[11]

Into the citadel, the Spaniards took a valuable treasure, composed, among other things, by a large amount of gold and silver coins, horses, and a great quantities of gunpowder and supplies.^[14]

Consequences

The conquest of the city by the Spanish Army of Flanders, led by Archduke Albert, was a resounding victory, and a severe blow to Henry IV of France, and his Protestant allies.^[11]^[14] Calais was of strategic importance, for it gave Spain an excellent port to controlling the English Channel, along with Dunkirk.^[17] Having left behind a strong garrison, Albert advanced with the army over the nearby stronghold of Ardres.^[11] The defenders offered stiff resistance, but were forced to surrender on 23 May.^[17] The day before, La Fère finally fell to Henry IV's troops, after an honorable surrender of the Franco-Spanish-Catholic troops commanded by Don Álvaro de Osorio.^[17]^[18] The next target of Albert was Hulst. In the middle of July, the assault on the town was launched, and little more than a month later, Hulst capitulated to the Spaniards.^[19]

Calais was under Spanish control during two years, when it was ceded by Spain to French control after the Peace of Vervins in 1598.

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Elliott p.345
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Luc Duerloo p.44
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Campbel/Bertrand p.57
^ ^a ^b ^c Siege of Calais by Rutger Velpius
^ ^a ^b The Eighty Years War 1568-1648
^ 5,000 soldiers of the garrison were massacred. The Eighty Years War 1568-1648
^ ^a ^b Walters/Wagner p.194
^ ^a ^b Horne pp.82–83
^ ^a ^b Demarsy p.8
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Siege of Calais by Rutger Velpius
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Duerloo p.44
^ Whittemore p.163
^ Arnold-Baker p.478
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Siege of Calais by R. Velpius
^ Guy Fawkes was a junior officer in the Spanish army. Oxford Dictionary of Biography
^ At the assault died the Spanish captains Durando, Sotomayor and Ysla. R. Velpius
^ ^a ^b ^c Luc Duerloo pp.44–45
^ Tercios de Flandes. Giménez Martín p.228
^ Luc Duerloo p.45

References

Wagner, John A./Walters, Susan. Encyclopedia of Tudor England. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. ISBN 978-1-59884-298-2
Thomas P. Campbell/Pascal-François Bertrand/Jeri Bapasola. Tapestry in the Baroque: Threads of Splendor. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2008.
Whittemore, Hank. The Monument: By Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. London. 1609.
Knecht, Robert J. (1996). The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598. Seminar Studies in History (2nd ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-28533-X
Arnold-Baker, Charles. The Companion to British History. First published 1996. ISBN 0-203-93013-4
Horne, Alistair. Seven Ages of Paris: Portrait of a City. (2003) Pan Books.
Demarsy, Arthur. La prise de Doullens par les Espagnols en 1595. Paris. 1867. Template:Fr icon
Giménez Martín, Juan. Tercios de Flandes. Ediciones Falcata Ibérica. First edition 1999, Madrid. ISBN 84-930446-0-1 (Spanish)
John H. Elliott (2001). Europa en la época de Felipe II, 1559-1598. Barcelona: Editorial Crítica. ISBN 978-8-48432-243-6 Template:Es icon
Luc Duerloo. Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598-1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars. MPG Books Group. UK. ISBN 2-503-50724-7
Thomas M McCoog, S.J. The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589-1597. Printed in Great Britain. MPG Books Group. ISBN 978-1-4094-3772-7

External links

[Elliott_p._345-1] Elliott p.345

[Luc_Duerloo_p._44-2] Luc Duerloo p.44

[Campbel/Bertrand_p._57-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Campbel/Bertrand p.57

[[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm_''Siege_of_Calais''_by_.Velpius]-4] Siege of Calais by Rutger Velpius

[[http://historyreconsidered.net/eighty_Years_War_1568_1648.html_The_Eighty_Years_War_(1568-1648)]-5] The Eighty Years War 1568-1648

[6] 5,000 soldiers of the garrison were massacred. The Eighty Years War 1568-1648

[Walters/Wagner_p._57-7] Walters/Wagner p.194

[Horne_2003-8] Horne pp.82–83

[Demarsy_p._8-9] Demarsy p.8

[[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm_''Siege_of_Calais''_by_RutgerVelpius]-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Siege of Calais by Rutger Velpius

[Duerloo_p._44-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Duerloo p.44

[Whittemore_p._163-12] Whittemore p.163

[Arnold-Baker_p._478-13] Arnold-Baker p.478

[''Siege_of_Calais''_by_R._Velpius-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Siege of Calais by R. Velpius

[15] Guy Fawkes was a junior officer in the Spanish army. Oxford Dictionary of Biography

[16] At the assault died the Spanish captains Durando, Sotomayor and Ysla. R. Velpius

[Luc_Duerloo_pp._44–45-17] Luc Duerloo pp.44–45

[18] Tercios de Flandes. Giménez Martín p.228

[Luc_Duerloo_p._45-19] Luc Duerloo p.45

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{About|the Siege of Calais in 1596|other military actions on Calais|Siege of Calais}}
 {{Infobox military conflict
-|conflict=Siege of Calais
+|conflict=Siege of Calais (1596)
 |partof= the [[French Wars of Religion|Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598)]] and the [[Anglo–Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)]]
 |image=[[File:Calais 1596.JPG|300px]]
@@ Line 23: / Line 24: @@
 ==Background==
+{{main|French Wars of Religion}}
 Since 1562, France was in the grip of the [[French Wars of Religion]] in which [[Spain]] had regularly intervened in favour of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League of France]], most notably in the sieges of [[Siege of Paris (1590)|Paris]] or [[Siege of Rouen (1591)|Rouen]], and other battles as [[Battle of Craon|Craon]] in 1592, or [[Battle of Blaye|Blaye]] in 1593.<ref name="Horne 2003">Horne pp.82–83</ref> But only, in 1595, the war was officially declared between the two countries by the new King [[Henry IV of France]], who had the year before converted to [[Catholic church|Catholicism]] and been received into [[Paris]] to be crowned.<ref name="Horne 2003"/>
@@ Line 30: / Line 32: @@
 ==Siege of Calais==
-[[File:Blason ville fr Calais (Pas-de-Calais).svg|thumb|220px|Coat of arms of the city of [[Calais]].]]
+[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Calais.jpg|thumb|300px|Port-city of Calais by [[Wenceslaus Hollar]]. [[Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library]].]]
 ===Port-city of Calais===
 [[File:0 L'archiduc Albert de Habsbourg - Frans Pourbus le Jeune (1).JPG|thumb|left|220px|[[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Archduke Albert]], Governor-General of the [[Spanish Netherlands]], by [[Frans Pourbus the younger|Frans Pourbus]].]]
-The French troops at Calais, composed in part by companies of [[Huguenot]]s, and English mercenaries sent by Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] to support [[Henry IV of France]],<ref name="[http://historyreconsidered.net/eighty_Years_War_1568_1648.html The Eighty Years War (1568-1648)]"/> were taken completely by surprise by the Spanish forces.<ref name="[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm ''Siege of Calais'' by RutgerVelpius]"/> [[Henry IV of France|Henry]] was on the point of capturing the town of [[La Fère]] from the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] after a long and costly siege, and couldn't spare any troops to relieve the port-city, and his English and Dutch allies reacted too slowly.<ref name="[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm ''Siege of Calais'' by RutgerVelpius]"/> Queen Elizabeth of England sent Sir [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex|Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex]], with 6,000 to 8,000 soldiers to support the Anglo-French defenders in Calais,<ref name="Whittemore p. 163">Whittemore p.163</ref> but Elizabeth demanded to Henry that Calais should return to English rule after her intervention.<ref name="Arnold-Baker p. 478">Arnold-Baker p.478</ref> However, while the two monarchs dickered,<ref name="Walters/Wagner p. 57"/> the excellent work of the Spanish troops was crucial, and made it impossible the English help.<ref name="Campbel/Bertrand p. 57"/><ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/> Moreover, [[Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange]], on hearing the news, hurried to [[Zeeland]] to prepare a relief army and a fleet to relieve Calais, but the city fell the day in that the first Dutch ships took to the sea.<ref name="Luc Duerloo p. 44"/><ref name="[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm ''Siege of Calais'' by RutgerVelpius]"/>
+The French troops at Calais, composed in part by companies of [[Huguenot]]s, and English mercenaries sent by Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] to support [[Henry IV of France]],<ref name="[http://historyreconsidered.net/eighty_Years_War_1568_1648.html The Eighty Years War (1568-1648)]"/> were taken completely by surprise by the Spanish forces led by [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Archduke Albert]].<ref name="[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm ''Siege of Calais'' by RutgerVelpius]"/> [[Henry IV of France|Henry]] was on the point of capturing the town of [[La Fère]], in [[Picardy]], from the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] and their Spanish allies after a long and costly siege, and couldn't spare any troops to relieve the port-city, and his English and Dutch allies reacted too slowly.<ref name="[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm ''Siege of Calais'' by RutgerVelpius]"/> Queen Elizabeth of England sent Sir [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex|Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex]], with 6,000 to 8,000 soldiers to support the Anglo-French defenders in Calais,<ref name="Whittemore p. 163">Whittemore p.163</ref> but Elizabeth demanded to Henry that Calais should return to English rule after her intervention.<ref name="Arnold-Baker p. 478">Arnold-Baker p.478</ref> However, while the two monarchs dickered,<ref name="Walters/Wagner p. 57"/> the excellent work of the Spanish troops was crucial, and made it impossible the English help.<ref name="Campbel/Bertrand p. 57"/><ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/> Moreover, [[Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange]], on hearing the news, hurried to [[Zeeland]] to prepare a relief army and a fleet to relieve Calais, but the city fell the day that the first Dutch ships were preparing to sail.<ref name="Luc Duerloo p. 44"/><ref name="[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm ''Siege of Calais'' by RutgerVelpius]"/>
-[[File:Citadelle de Calais - La Porte de Neptune.JPG|thumb|200px|View of ''La Porte de Neptune''. Citadel of [[Calais]].]]
 ===Relief forces===
+[[File:Citadelle de Calais en 2013 17.jpg|thumb|280px|Photography of ''La Porte de Neptune''. Citadel of [[Calais]]. By [[User:Lionel Allorge|Lionel Allorge]].]]
-The city fell to the Spaniards after ten days of siege, after which only the citadel remained in French hands.<ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/><ref name="''Siege of Calais'' by R. Velpius">''Siege of Calais'' by R. Velpius</ref> The French general [[François d'Orléans-Longueville, duc de Fronsac|François d'Orléans-Longueville, Duke of Fronsac and Château-Thierry]], tried to break the siege by sea, and help the city with supplies and fresh troops, but was successfully stopped by the bombardments of the Spanish artillery.<ref name="[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm ''Siege of Calais'' by RutgerVelpius]"/> Finally Henry IV, knowing the importance of losing one of the most important port cities of France (on August 3, 1347, during the [[Middle Ages]], Calais was conquered by [[Edward III of England]] during the [[Hundred Years' War]], becoming a strong English bastion in France, and was under English rule until the French army commanded by [[Francis, Duke of Guise]], reconquered the city on January 8, 1558, and turned to French sovereignty, during the [[Italian War of 1551–59|Last Italian War]]), also tried to relieve the city, and with a great part of his troops, Henry set out to march towards Calais.<ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/><ref name="''Siege of Calais'' by R. Velpius"/>
+The city fell to the Spaniards after ten days of siege, after which only the citadel remained in French hands.<ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/><ref name="''Siege of Calais'' by R. Velpius">''Siege of Calais'' by R. Velpius</ref> The French general [[François d'Orléans-Longueville, duc de Fronsac|François d'Orléans-Longueville, Duke of Fronsac and Château-Thierry]], tried to break the siege by sea, and help the city with supplies and fresh troops, but was successfully stopped by the bombardments of the Spanish artillery.<ref name="[http://www.lepg.org/seige.htm ''Siege of Calais'' by RutgerVelpius]"/> Finally Henry IV, knowing the importance of losing one of the most important port cities of France (on August 3, 1347, [[Siege of Calais (1346)|Calais was conquered]] by [[Edward III of England]] during the [[Hundred Years' War]], becoming a strong English bastion in France, and was under English rule until the French army commanded by [[Francis, Duke of Guise]], [[Siege of Calais (1558)|reconquered the city]] on January 8, 1558, and turned to French sovereignty, during the [[Italian War of 1551–59|Last Italian War]]), also tried to relieve the city, and with a great part of his troops, Henry set out to march towards Calais.<ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/><ref name="''Siege of Calais'' by R. Velpius"/>
 ===Citadel of Calais===
@@ Line 48: / Line 49: @@
 ==Consequences==
+[[File:HENRI IV DE BOURBON.jpg|thumb|220px|Portrait of [[Henry IV of France]] by [[Frans Pourbus the Younger|Frans Pourbus]].]]
-The conquest of the city by the Spanish [[Army of Flanders]], led by [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Archduke Albert]], was a resounding victory, and a severe blow to [[Henry IV of France]], and his Protestant allies.<ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/><ref name="''Siege of Calais'' by R. Velpius"/> Calais was of strategic importance, for it gave [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] an excellent port to controlling the [[English Channel]], along with [[Dunkirk]].<ref name="Luc Duerloo pp. 44–45">Luc Duerloo pp.44–45</ref> Having left behind a strong garrison, Albert advanced with the army over the nearby stronghold of [[Ardres]].<ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/> The defenders offered stiff resistance, but were forced to surrender on 23 May.<ref name="Luc Duerloo pp. 44–45"/> The day before, [[La Fère]] finally fell to Henry IV's troops.<ref name="Luc Duerloo pp. 44–45"/> The next target of Albert was [[Hulst]]. In the middle of July, the assault on the town was launched, and little more than a month later, Hulst capitulated to the Spaniards.<ref name="Luc Duerloo p. 45">Luc Duerloo p.45</ref>
+The conquest of the city by the Spanish [[Army of Flanders]], led by [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Archduke Albert]], was a resounding victory, and a severe blow to [[Henry IV of France]], and his Protestant allies.<ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/><ref name="''Siege of Calais'' by R. Velpius"/> Calais was of strategic importance, for it gave [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] an excellent port to controlling the [[English Channel]], along with [[Dunkirk]].<ref name="Luc Duerloo pp. 44–45">Luc Duerloo pp.44–45</ref> Having left behind a strong garrison, Albert advanced with the army over the nearby stronghold of [[Ardres]].<ref name="Duerloo p. 44"/> The defenders offered stiff resistance, but were forced to surrender on 23 May.<ref name="Luc Duerloo pp. 44–45"/> The day before, [[La Fère]] finally fell to Henry IV's troops, after an honorable surrender of the Franco-Spanish-Catholic troops commanded by Don Álvaro de Osorio.<ref name="Luc Duerloo pp. 44–45"/><ref>''Tercios de Flandes''. Giménez Martín p.228</ref> The next target of Albert was [[Hulst]]. In the middle of July, the assault on the town was launched, and little more than a month later, Hulst capitulated to the Spaniards.<ref name="Luc Duerloo p. 45">Luc Duerloo p.45</ref>
 Calais was under Spanish control during two years, when it was ceded by Spain to French control after the [[Treaty of Vervins|Peace of Vervins]] in 1598.
 ==See also==
+* [[Siege of Calais (1558)]]
+* [[Siege of Doullens]]
+* [[Battle of the Lippe]]
 * [[List of Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|List of Governors of the Spanish Netherlands]]
@@ Line 66: / Line 71: @@
 * Horne, Alistair. ''Seven Ages of Paris: Portrait of a City.'' (2003) Pan Books.
 * Demarsy, Arthur. ''La prise de Doullens par les Espagnols en 1595''. Paris. 1867. {{fr icon}}
+* Giménez Martín, Juan. ''Tercios de Flandes''. Ediciones Falcata Ibérica. First edition 1999, Madrid. ISBN 84-930446-0-1 (Spanish)
 * John H. Elliott (2001). ''Europa en la época de Felipe II, 1559-1598.'' Barcelona: Editorial Crítica.  ISBN 978-8-48432-243-6 {{es icon}}
 * Luc Duerloo. ''Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598-1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars.'' MPG Books Group. UK. ISBN 2-503-50724-7
-* Thomas M McCoog, S.J. ''The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589-1597''. Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group, UK. ISBN 978-1-4094-3772-7
+* Thomas M McCoog, S.J. ''The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589-1597''. Printed in Great Britain. MPG Books Group. ISBN 978-1-4094-3772-7
 ==External links==