Jump to content

Neil Gorsuch: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Fix Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL when permanent identifier present; possible ref cleanup;, rem 1 htab-with-an-adjacent-space, ; enum'd 5 author/editor WLs, using AWB
Nick845 (talk | contribs)
315 edits
He might be interested in natural law, but I think it gives the wrong impression to put that on par with textualism / originalism
Line 31: Line 31:
Gorsuch was [[Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination|appointed]] by President [[Donald Trump]] to succeed [[Antonin Scalia]], following [[Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination|an almost year-long vacancy]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/news-wrap-alabama-governor-resigning-ethics-charges/|title=News Wrap: Alabama governor resigning over ethics charges|work=PBS NewsHour|access-date=2017-04-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Barnes">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-picks-colo-appeals-court-judge-neil-gorsuch-for-supreme-court/2017/01/31/2b08a226-e55e-11e6-a547-5fb9411d332c_story.html|title=Trump picks Colo. appeals court judge Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court|last=Barnes|first=Robert|date=January 31, 2017|work=Washington Post|accessdate=February 1, 2017}}</ref> and took the oath of office on April 10, 2017.
Gorsuch was [[Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination|appointed]] by President [[Donald Trump]] to succeed [[Antonin Scalia]], following [[Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination|an almost year-long vacancy]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/news-wrap-alabama-governor-resigning-ethics-charges/|title=News Wrap: Alabama governor resigning over ethics charges|work=PBS NewsHour|access-date=2017-04-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Barnes">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-picks-colo-appeals-court-judge-neil-gorsuch-for-supreme-court/2017/01/31/2b08a226-e55e-11e6-a547-5fb9411d332c_story.html|title=Trump picks Colo. appeals court judge Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court|last=Barnes|first=Robert|date=January 31, 2017|work=Washington Post|accessdate=February 1, 2017}}</ref> and took the oath of office on April 10, 2017.


Gorsuch is a proponent of [[textualism]] in statutory interpretation and [[originalism]] in interpreting the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]], and is an advocate of [[natural law]] jurisprudence.<ref name=3judges/><ref name=contender/><ref name=scalia/><ref>{{cite web|last=Victor|first=Jennifer N.|url=https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/3/20/14976926/gorsuch-natural-law-supreme-court-hearings|title=Neil Gorsuch’s "natural law" philosophy is a long way from Justice Scalia’s originalism|website=Vox.com|date=March 20, 2017|accessdate=April 3, 2017}}</ref> He is the first Supreme Court justice to serve alongside another justice for whom he once had clerked ([[Anthony Kennedy]]).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Livni|first1=Ephrat|title=Neil Gorsuch is the first US Supreme Court justice to sit on the bench with his high-court boss|url=https://qz.com/953345/neil-gorsuch-is-the-first-us-supreme-court-justice-to-sit-on-the-bench-with-his-high-court-boss/|accessdate=16 August 2017|publisher=Quartz|date=April 7, 2017}}</ref>
Gorsuch is a proponent of [[textualism]] in statutory interpretation and [[originalism]] in interpreting the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].<ref name=3judges/><ref name=contender/><ref name=scalia/> He is the first Supreme Court justice to serve alongside another justice for whom he once had clerked ([[Anthony Kennedy]]).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Livni|first1=Ephrat|title=Neil Gorsuch is the first US Supreme Court justice to sit on the bench with his high-court boss|url=https://qz.com/953345/neil-gorsuch-is-the-first-us-supreme-court-justice-to-sit-on-the-bench-with-his-high-court-boss/|accessdate=16 August 2017|publisher=Quartz|date=April 7, 2017}}</ref>


Gorsuch clerked for Judge [[David B. Sentelle]] on the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit]] from 1991 to 1992, and then for [[U.S. Supreme Court]] Justices [[Byron White]] and Anthony Kennedy, from 1993 to 1994. From 1995 to 2005, Gorsuch was in private practice with the law firm of [[Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel]]. Gorsuch was a Deputy Associate Attorney General at the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] from 2005 to his appointment to the Tenth Circuit. Gorsuch was nominated to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit]] by President [[George W. Bush]] on May 10, 2006, to replace Judge [[David M. Ebel]], who took [[senior status]] in 2006.
Gorsuch clerked for Judge [[David B. Sentelle]] on the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit]] from 1991 to 1992, and then for [[U.S. Supreme Court]] Justices [[Byron White]] and Anthony Kennedy, from 1993 to 1994. From 1995 to 2005, Gorsuch was in private practice with the law firm of [[Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel]]. Gorsuch was a Deputy Associate Attorney General at the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] from 2005 to his appointment to the Tenth Circuit. Gorsuch was nominated to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit]] by President [[George W. Bush]] on May 10, 2006, to replace Judge [[David M. Ebel]], who took [[senior status]] in 2006.

Revision as of 02:17, 12 December 2017

"Gorsuch" redirects here. For the surname, see Gorsuch (surname).

Neil Gorsuch
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
Incumbent
Assumed office
April 8, 2017
Nominated byDonald Trump
Preceded byAntonin Scalia
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
In office
August 8, 2006 – April 9, 2017
Nominated byGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byDavid M. Ebel
Succeeded byAllison H. Eid
Personal details
Born
Neil McGill Gorsuch

(1967-08-29) August 29, 1967 (age 57)
Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Political partyRepublican[1]
SpouseLouise Gorsuch
Children2
Parent(s)David Gorsuch
Anne Gorsuch Burford
EducationColumbia University (BA)
Harvard University (JD)
University College, Oxford (DPhil)

Neil McGill Gorsuch (/ˈɡɔːrsʌtʃ/;[2] born August 29, 1967)[3] is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.[4] Gorsuch was appointed by President Donald Trump to succeed Antonin Scalia, following an almost year-long vacancy[5][6] and took the oath of office on April 10, 2017.

Gorsuch is a proponent of textualism in statutory interpretation and originalism in interpreting the U.S. Constitution.[7][8][9] He is the first Supreme Court justice to serve alongside another justice for whom he once had clerked (Anthony Kennedy).[10]

Gorsuch clerked for Judge David B. Sentelle on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1991 to 1992, and then for U.S. Supreme Court Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy, from 1993 to 1994. From 1995 to 2005, Gorsuch was in private practice with the law firm of Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel. Gorsuch was a Deputy Associate Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice from 2005 to his appointment to the Tenth Circuit. Gorsuch was nominated to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit by President George W. Bush on May 10, 2006, to replace Judge David M. Ebel, who took senior status in 2006.

He holds a Bachelor of Arts from Columbia University, Juris Doctor from Harvard University, and Doctor of Philosophy in Law from the University of Oxford, where he was supervised by Professor John Finnis.[11][12]

Early life and education

Gorsuch is the son of David Ronald Gorsuch (1937–2001)[13] and Anne Gorsuch Burford (née Anne Irene McGill; 1942–2004), a Colorado House of Representatives member who was later appointed by President Ronald Reagan to be the first female Administrator of United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1981.[14][15][16]

A fourth-generation Coloradan,[17] Gorsuch was born in Denver, Colorado, where he attended Christ the King, a K-12 Catholic school,[16] and later graduated from Georgetown Preparatory School, a Jesuit school in North Bethesda, Maryland, in 1985.[18][19][16][20] While attending Georgetown Prep, Gorsuch served as a United States Senate Page in the early 1980s.[21]

He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from Columbia University in 1988, where he was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa.[3][14][22] He was also a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity.[23] As an undergraduate student, he wrote for the Columbia Daily Spectator student newspaper.[24][25] In 1986, he co-founded the alternative Columbia student newspaper The Fed.[26]

Gorsuch attended Harvard Law School where he graduated cum laude in 1991 with a Juris Doctor.[3][14] He received a Harry S. Truman Scholarship to attend.[27] While at Harvard, Gorsuch was an editor on the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy.[28] He was described as a committed conservative who supported the Gulf War and congressional term limits, on "a campus full of ardent liberals".[29] Former President Barack Obama was one of Gorsuch's classmates at Harvard Law.[30][31][32]

In 2004 he received a Doctor of Philosophy degree in law (legal philosophy) from University College, Oxford, where he completed research on assisted suicide and euthanasia.[11][3][14] He attended Oxford as a Marshall Scholar and was supervised by acclaimed natural law philosopher John Finnis.[11][8][12] While there, Gorsuch met and married his wife Louise, an English woman and champion equestrienne on Oxford's riding team.[16]

Clerkships

Gorsuch served as a judicial clerk for Judge David B. Sentelle on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1991 to 1992, and then for U.S. Supreme Court Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy from 1993 to 1994.[28][3][33] Gorsuch's work with White occurred right after White retired from the Supreme Court, therefore, Gorsuch assisted White with his work on the Tenth Circuit, where White sat by designation.[3]

Private law practice

Instead of joining an established law firm, Gorsuch decided to join the two-year-old boutique firm Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel. Eschewing appellate briefs, he focused on trial work.[16] After winning his first trial as lead attorney, a jury member told Gorsuch he was like Perry Mason.[16] He was an associate in the Washington, D.C., law firm from 1995 to 1997 and a partner from 1998 to 2005.[3][34] Gorsuch’s clients included Colorado billionaire Philip Anschutz.[35] At Kellogg Huber, Gorsuch focused on commercial matters, including contracts, anititrust, RICO, and securities fraud.[3]

In 2002, Gorsuch penned an op-ed criticizing the Senate for delaying the nominations of Merrick Garland and John Roberts to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, writing that "the most impressive judicial nominees are grossly mistreated" by the Senate.[36][37]

In 2005, at Kellogg Huber, Gorsuch wrote a brief denouncing class action lawsuits by shareholders. In the case of Dura Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo, Gorsuch opined that "The free ride to fast riches enjoyed by securities class action attorneys in recent years appeared to hit a speed bump" and that "the problem is that securities fraud litigation imposes an enormous toll on the economy, affecting virtually every public corporation in America at one time or another and costing businesses billions of dollars in settlements every year".[34]

U.S. Department of Justice

Gorsuch served as Principal Deputy to the Associate Attorney General, Robert McCallum, at the United States Department of Justice from 2005 until 2006.[28][3] As McCallum's Principal Deputy, Gorsuch assisted in managing the Department of Justice's civil litigation components, which included antitrust, civil, civil rights, environment, and tax divisions.[3]

While managing the United States Department of Justice Civil Division, Gorsuch was tasked with all the "terror litigation" arising from the President's War on Terror, successfully defending the extraordinary rendition of Khalid El-Masri, fighting the disclosure of Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse photographs, and, in November 2005, traveling to inspect the Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[38]

Gorsuch helped Attorney General Alberto Gonzales prepare for hearings after the public revelation of NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07), and worked with Senator Lindsey Graham in drafting the provisions in the Detainee Treatment Act which attempted to strip federal courts of jurisdiction over the detainees.[39]

Tenure as U.S. Circuit Court Judge

Gorsuch as Judge of the 10th Circuit

In January 2006, Philip Anschutz recommended Gorsuch's nomination to Colorado’s U.S. Senator Wayne Allard and White House Counsel Harriet Miers.[35] On May 10, 2006, Gorsuch was nominated by President George W. Bush to the seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit vacated by Judge David M. Ebel, who was taking senior status.[14] Like Gorsuch, Ebel was a former clerk of Supreme Court Justice Byron R. White. The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously rated him "well qualified" in 2006.[40][41][3]

Just over two months later, on July 20, 2006, Gorsuch was confirmed by unanimous voice vote in the U.S. Senate.[42][43] Gorsuch was President Bush's fifth appointment to the Tenth Circuit.[44]

When Gorsuch began his tenure at Denver's Byron White United States Courthouse, Justice Anthony Kennedy administered the oath of office.[36]

During his time on the Court of Appeals, Gorsuch sent ten of his law clerks on to become Supreme Court clerks, and he was sometimes regarded as a "feeder judge".[45]

During his time on the Circuit Court, since 2008, Gorsuch was a Thomson Visiting Professor at the University of Colorado Law School, teaching one course per semester, either ethics or antitrust law.[46][47]

Freedom of religion

Gorsuch advocates a broad definition of religious freedom. In Hobby Lobby Stores v. Sebelius (2013) Gorsuch wrote a concurrence when the en banc circuit found the Affordable Care Act's contraceptive mandate on a private business violated the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.[48] That ruling was upheld 5–4 by the Supreme Court in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014).[49] When a panel of the court denied similar claims under the same act in Little Sisters of the Poor Home for the Aged v. Burwell (2015), Gorsuch joined Judges Harris Hartz, Paul Joseph Kelly Jr., Timothy Tymkovich, and Jerome Holmes in their dissent to the denial of rehearing en banc.[50] That ruling was vacated and remanded to the Tenth Circuit by the per curium Supreme Court in Zubik v. Burwell (2016).[49]

In Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2007), he joined Judge Michael W. McConnell's dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc, taking the view that the government's display of a donated Ten Commandments monument in a public park did not obligate the government to display other offered monuments.[51] Most of the dissent's view was subsequently adopted by the Supreme Court, which reversed the judgment of the Tenth Circuit.[49]

Gorsuch has written that "the law [...] doesn't just apply to protect popular religious beliefs: it does perhaps its most important work in protecting unpopular religious beliefs, vindicating this nation's long-held aspiration to serve as a refuge of religious tolerance".[52]

Administrative law

Gorsuch has called for reconsideration of Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (1984), in which the Supreme Court instructed courts to grant deference to federal agencies' interpretation of ambiguous laws and regulations. In Gutierrez-Brizuela v. Lynch (2016), Gorsuch wrote for a unanimous panel finding that court review was required before an executive agency could reject the circuit court's interpretation of an immigration law.[53][54]

Alone, Gorsuch added a concurring opinion, criticizing Chevron deference and National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services (2005) as an "abdication of judicial duty", writing that deference is "more than a little difficult to square with the Constitution of the framers' design".[55][56]

In United States v. Hinckley (2008), Gorsuch argued that one possible reading of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act likely violates the nondelegation doctrine.[57] Antonin Scalia and Ruth Bader Ginsburg held the same view in their 2012 dissent of Reynolds v. United States.[58]

Interstate commerce

Gorsuch has been an opponent of the dormant Commerce Clause, which allows state laws to be declared unconstitutional if they too greatly burden interstate commerce. In 2011, Gorsuch joined a unanimous panel finding that the dormant Commerce Clause did not prevent the Oklahoma Water Resources Board from blocking water exports to Texas.[59] That ruling was affirmed by a unanimous Supreme Court in Tarrant Regional Water District v. Herrmann (2013).[60]

In 2013, Gorsuch joined a unanimous panel finding that federal courts could not hear a challenge to Colorado's internet sales tax.[61] That ruling was reversed by a unanimous Supreme Court in Direct Marketing Ass'n v. Brohl (2015).[60] In 2016, the Tenth Circuit panel rejected the challenger's dormant commerce clause claim, with Gorsuch writing a concurrence.[62]

In Energy and Environmental Legal Institute v. Joshua Epel (2015), Gorsuch held that Colorado's mandates for renewable energy did not violate the commerce clause by putting out-of-state coal companies at a disadvantage.[63] Gorsuch wrote that the Colorado renewable energy law "isn't a price-control statute, it doesn't link prices paid in Colorado with those paid out of state, and it does not discriminate against out-of-staters".[64][65]

Campaign finance

In Riddle v. Hickenlooper (2014), Gorsuch joined a unanimous panel of the Tenth Circuit in finding that it was unconstitutional for a Colorado law to set the limit on donations for write-in candidates at half the amount for major party candidates.[66] Gorsuch added a concurrence where he noted that although the standard of review of campaign finance in the United States is unclear, the Colorado law would fail even under intermediate scrutiny.[67]

Civil rights

In Planned Parenthood v. Gary Herbert (2016), Gorsuch wrote for the four dissenting judges when the Tenth Circuit denied a rehearing en banc of a divided panel opinion that had ordered the Utah Governor to resume the organization’s funding, which Herbert had blocked in response to a video controversy.[68][69]

In A.M., on behalf of her minor child, F.M. v. Ann Holmes (2016), the Tenth Circuit considered a case in which a 13-year-old child was arrested for burping and laughing in gym class. The child was handcuffed and arrested based on a New Mexico statute that makes it a misdemeanor to disrupt school activities. The child's family brought a federal 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (civil rights) action against school officials and the school resource officer who made the arrest, arguing that it was a false arrest that violated the child's constitutional rights. In a 94-page majority opinion, the Tenth Circuit held that the defendants enjoyed qualified immunity from suit.[70] Gorsuch wrote a four-page dissent, arguing that the New Mexico Court of Appeals had "long ago alerted law enforcement" that the statute that the officer relied upon for the child's arrest does not criminalize noises or diversions that merely disturb order in a classroom.[71][72][70]

Criminal law

In 2009, Gorsuch wrote for a unanimous panel finding that a court may still order criminals to pay restitution even after it missed a statutory deadline.[73] That ruling was affirmed 5–4 by the Supreme Court in Dolan v. United States (2010).[60]

In United States of America v. Miguel Games-Perez (2012), Gorsuch ruled on a case where a felon owned a gun in a jurisdiction where gun ownership by felons is illegal; however, the felon did not know that he was a felon at the time. Gorsuch concurred with the opinion that "The only statutory element separating innocent (even constitutionally protected) gun possession from criminal conduct in §§ 922(g) and 924(a) is a prior felony conviction. So the presumption that the government must prove mens rea here applies with full force."[74]

In 2013, Gorsuch joined a unanimous panel finding that intent does not need to be proven under a bank fraud statute.[75] That ruling was affirmed by a Supreme Court unanimous in judgment in Loughrin v. United States (2014).[60]

In 2015, Gorsuch wrote a dissent to the denial of rehearing en banc when the Tenth Circuit found that a convicted sex offender had to register with Kansas after he moved to the Philippines.[76] The Tenth Circuit was then reversed by a unanimous Supreme Court in Nichols v. United States (2016).[60]

Death penalty

Gorsuch favors a strict reading of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.[49] In 2015, he wrote for the court when it permitted Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt to order the execution of Scott Eizember, prompting a thirty-page dissent by Judge Mary Beck Briscoe.[77][78] After Oklahoma botched the execution of Clayton Lockett, Gorsuch joined Briscoe when the court unanimously allowed Attorney General Pruitt to continue using the same lethal injection protocol. That ruling was upheld 5–4 by the Supreme Court in Glossip v. Gross (2015).[79]

List of judicial opinions

During his tenure on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, Judge Gorsuch has authored 212 published opinions.[80] Some of those are the following opinions:

Nomination to Supreme Court

Main article: Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination
President Donald Trump introduces Gorsuch, accompanied by his wife, as his nominee for the Supreme Court at the White House on January 31, 2017.
Gorsuch being administered the first oath of office in a private ceremony by Chief Justice John Roberts

During the U.S. presidential election in September 2016, candidate Donald Trump included Gorsuch, as well as his circuit colleague Timothy Tymkovich, in a list of 21 current judges whom Trump would consider nominating to the Supreme Court if elected.[81][82] After Trump took office in January 2017, unnamed Trump advisers listed Gorsuch in a shorter list of eight of those names, who they said were the leading contenders to be nominated to fill the seat left vacant by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia.[83]

On January 31, 2017, President Trump announced his nomination of Gorsuch to the Supreme Court.[6] Gorsuch was 49 years old at the time of the nomination, making him the youngest nominee to the Supreme Court since the 1991 nomination of Clarence Thomas (who was 43).[84] It was reported by the Associated Press that, as a courtesy, Gorsuch's first call after the nomination was to President Obama's pick for the same position, Merrick Garland. Garland, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, had been nominated by Obama on March 16, 2016. Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Chuck Grassley did not schedule a hearing for the nominee, leaving Garland's nomination to expire on January 3, 2017.[85] Trump formally transmitted his nomination to the Senate on February 1, 2017.[86]

The American Bar Association gave Gorsuch their top rating—"Well Qualified"—to serve as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.[87] His confirmation hearing before the Senate started on March 20, 2017.[88]

On April 3, the Senate Judiciary committee approved his nomination with a party-line 11–9 vote.[89] On April 6, 2017, Democrats filibustered (prevented cloture) the confirmation vote of Gorsuch, after which the Republicans invoked the "nuclear option", allowing a filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee to be broken by a simple majority vote.[90]

On April 4, Buzzfeed and Politico ran articles highlighting similar language occurring in Gorsuch's book The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia and an earlier law review article by Abigail Lawlis Kuzma, Indiana's deputy attorney general. Academic experts contacted by Politico "differed in their assessment of what Gorsuch did, ranging from calling it a clear impropriety to mere sloppiness."[91][92][93][94]

John Finnis, who supervised Gorsuch's Oxford dissertation at Oxford stated, "The allegation is entirely without foundation. The book is meticulous in its citation of primary sources. The allegation that the book is guilty of plagiarism because it does not cite secondary sources which draw on those same primary sources is, frankly, absurd." Kuzma stated, "I have reviewed both passages and do not see an issue here, even though the language is similar. These passages are factual, not analytical in nature, framing both the technical legal and medical circumstances of the 'Baby/Infant Doe' case that occurred in 1982."[92] Noah Feldman, a Harvard Law professor, thought that Gorsuch had committed "minor plagiarism", that deserved "no more punishment than the embarrassment attendant on its revelation."[95]

On April 7, 2017, the Senate confirmed Gorsuch's nomination to the Supreme Court by a 54–45 vote, with three Democrats joining all the Republicans in attendance.[96]

Gorsuch being administered the second oath of office in a public ceremony by Justice Anthony Kennedy

Gorsuch received his commission on April 8, 2017.[97] He was sworn into office on Monday, April 10, 2017, in two ceremonies. The Chief Justice of the United States administered the first oath of office in a private ceremony at 9:00 a.m. at the Supreme Court, making Gorsuch the 101st associate justice of the Court. At 11:00 a.m., Justice Anthony M. Kennedy administered the second oath of office in a public ceremony at the White House Rose Garden.[98][99][100]

Tenure as Associate Justice

Banking regulation

Gorsuch wrote his first U.S. Supreme Court decision for a unanimous court in Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., 582 U.S. ___ (2017). Gorsuch and the Court ruled against the borrowers, holding that Santander in this case is not a debt collector under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act since they purchased the original defaulted car loans from CitiFinancial for pennies on the dollar, making Santander the owner of the debts and not merely an agent.[101] When the act was enacted, regulations were put on institutions that collected other companies' debts, but the act left unaddressed businesses collecting their own debts.[102][103]

Gorsuch is a proponent of originalism, the idea that the Constitution should be interpreted as perceived at the time of enactment, and of textualism, the idea that statutes should be interpreted literally, without considering the legislative history and underlying purpose of the law.[7][8][9] An editorial in the National Catholic Register opined that Gorsuch's judicial decisions lean more toward the natural law philosophy.[104]

Judicial activism

In a 2005 speech at Case Western Reserve University, Gorsuch said that judges should strive

to apply the law as it is, focusing backward, not forward, and looking to text, structure, and history to decide what a reasonable reader at the time of the events in question would have understood the law to be—not to decide cases based on their own moral convictions or the policy consequences they believe might serve society best.[105]

In a 2005 article published by National Review, Gorsuch argued that "American liberals have become addicted to the courtroom, relying on judges and lawyers rather than elected leaders and the ballot box, as the primary means of effecting their social agenda" and that they are "failing to reach out and persuade the public". Gorsuch wrote that, in doing so, American liberals are circumventing the democratic process on issues like gay marriage, school vouchers, and assisted suicide, and this has led to a compromised judiciary, which is no longer independent. Gorsuch wrote that American liberals' "overweening addiction" to using the courts for social debate is "bad for the nation and bad for the judiciary".[106][42]

States' rights and federalism

Gorsuch was described by Justin Marceau, a professor at the University of Denver's Sturm College of Law, as "a predictably socially conservative judge who tends to favor state power over federal power". Marceau added that the issue of states' rights is important since federal laws have been used to reel in "rogue" state laws in civil rights cases.[107]

Assisted suicide

In July 2006, Gorsuch's book, The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia, was published by Princeton University Press.[108][109] It was developed from his doctoral thesis.[110][11]

In the book, Gorsuch makes clear his personal opposition to euthanasia and assisted suicide, arguing that America should "retain existing law [banning assisted suicide and euthanasia] on the basis that human life is fundamentally and inherently valuable, and that the intentional taking of human life by private persons is always wrong."[109][52][111]

Professional associations

Gorsuch has been active in several professional associations throughout his legal career.[3] Those associations have included the American Bar Association, the American Trial Lawyers Association, Phi Beta Kappa, the Republican National Lawyers Association, and the New York, Colorado, and District of Columbia Bar Associations.[3]

Personal life

Gorsuch and family with Donald Trump, Anthony Kennedy, and Mike Pence prior to his swearing-in

Gorsuch and his wife, Marie Louise Gorsuch,[112] who is British, met at Oxford. They live in Boulder, Colorado and have two daughters.[113][47][20]

Gorsuch has timeshare ownership of a cabin on the headwaters of the Colorado River outside Granby, Colorado with associates of Philip Anschutz.[35] He enjoys the outdoors and fly fishing and on at least one occasion went fly fishing with Justice Scalia.[17][114] He raises horses, chickens, and goats, and often arranges ski trips with colleagues and friends.[49]

He is the author of two books. His first book, The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia, was published by Princeton University Press in July 2006.[115] He is a co-author of The Law of Judicial Precedent, published by Thomson West in 2016.[34]

Religion

Neil and his siblings, brother J.J. and sister Stephanie, were raised as Roman Catholics and attended weekly Mass. Neil Gorsuch later attended Georgetown Preparatory School, a Jesuit school in North Bethesda, Maryland, from which he graduated in 1985.[18][19][16][20]

Gorsuch's wife, Louise, is British-born and the two met while Neil was studying at Oxford. When the couple returned to the United States they started attending an Episcopal parish in Vienna, Virginia. Before his appointment to the Supreme Court, Gorsuch attended St. John's Episcopal Church in Boulder.[116][6][117] Gorsuch has not publicly stated if he considers himself a Catholic who attends a Protestant church, or if he has fully converted to Protestantism, but "according to church records, the Gorsuches were members of Holy Comforter", an Episcopal church.[118]

Awards and honors

Gorsuch is the recipient of the Edward J. Randolph Award for outstanding service to the Department of Justice, and of the Harry S. Truman Foundation's Stevens Award for outstanding public service in the field of law.[47]

Bibliography

See also

References

  1. ^ http://supreme-court-justices.insidegov.com/
  2. ^ "How to pronounce Gorsuch". The Washington Post. March 22, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Neil M. Gorsuch". Congressional Record—Senate. 152 (11). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office: 15346. July 20, 2006. Retrieved June 12, 2017 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ "Senate Confirms Gorsuch as Supreme Court Justice". New York Times. April 7, 2017.
  5. ^ "News Wrap: Alabama governor resigning over ethics charges". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c Barnes, Robert (January 31, 2017). "Trump picks Colo. appeals court judge Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court". Washington Post. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  7. ^ a b Totenberg, Nina (January 24, 2017). "3 Judges Trump May Nominate For The Supreme Court". NPR.
  8. ^ a b c Karl, Jonathan (January 24, 2017). "Judge Neil Gorsuch Emerges as Leading Contender for Supreme Court". ABC News.
  9. ^ a b Ponnuru, Ronesh (January 31, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch: A Worthy Heir to Scalia". National Review.
  10. ^ Livni, Ephrat (April 7, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch is the first US Supreme Court justice to sit on the bench with his high-court boss". Quartz. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d Gorsuch, Neil McGill (2004). The right to receive assistance in suicide and euthanasia, with particular reference to the law of the United States. ora.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 59196002.
  12. ^ a b "Judge Neil M. Gorsuch". Administrative Office of the United States Courts. The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  13. ^ "David Ronald Gorsuch". geni.com.
  14. ^ a b c d e "Hon. Neil Gorsuch". The Federalist Society.
  15. ^ Savage, David G. (January 24, 2017). "Conservative Colorado judge emerges as a top contender to fill Scalia's Supreme Court seat". Los Angeles Times.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Kindy, Kimberly; Horwitz, Sari; Wan, William (February 19, 2017). "Simply stated, Gorsuch is steadfast and surprising". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  17. ^ a b de Vogue, Ariane (February 1, 2017). "Meet Neil Gorsuch: A fly-fishing Scalia fan". CNN.
  18. ^ a b Neil Gorsuch - Religion, Denverpost.com, February 10, 2017; accessed February 25, 2017.
  19. ^ a b "Notable Alumni". Georgetown Preparatory School. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  20. ^ a b c Aguilera, Elizabeth (November 20, 2006). "10th Circuit judge's oath a family affair". The Denver Post.
  21. ^ "Senator Mark Udall in support of Neil M. Gorsuch for Tenth Circuit Judge". Congressional Record--Senate. 152 (11). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office: 15384. July 20, 2006. Retrieved June 12, 2017 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ Clarke, Sara (January 31, 2017). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Neil Gorsuch". US News and World Report. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
  23. ^ Fertoli, Annemarie (February 1, 2017). "Columbia Classmates Recall Judge Neil Gorsuch's Time in New York". WNYC.
  24. ^ "Columbia Daily Spectator". spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. October 1, 1985.
  25. ^ "Columbia Daily Spectator". spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu. October 1, 1985.
  26. ^ Marhoefer, Laurie (December 1, 1999). "The History of Columbia's Oldest Student Paper". The Fed.
  27. ^ "Joseph E. Stevens Award | The Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation". Truman.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  28. ^ a b c Neil M. Gorsuch ’91 nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court, Harvard Law Today, January 31, 2017.
  29. ^ Levenson, Michael (February 2, 2017). "At Harvard Law, Gorsuch stood out on a campus full of liberals". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  30. ^ Gerstein, Josh (January 31, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch is Trump's SCOTUS nominee". Politico. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  31. ^ "Supreme Court Neil Gorsuch: Who is Trump's nominee?". BBC. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  32. ^ Clauss, Kyle Scott (February 1, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch, Trump's Supreme Court Pick, Attended Harvard Law with Obama". Boston. Boston, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  33. ^ The same 1993 Term, Gorsuch's Harvard Law School classmates David T. Goldberg (HLS 1991) and Julius Genachowski (HLS 1991) both clerked for Justice David Souter.
  34. ^ a b c Mauro, Tony (January 24, 2017). "Three Things to Know About Neil Gorsuch, SCOTUS Front-Runner". The National Law Journal. (subscription required)
  35. ^ a b c Charlie Savage; Julie Turkewitz (March 15, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch Has Web of Ties to Secretive Billionaire". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  36. ^ a b Liptak, Adam (February 1, 2017). "In Judge Neil Gorsuch, an Echo of Scalia in Philosophy and Style". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  37. ^ Gorsuch, Neil (May 4, 2002). "Justice White and judicial excellence". UPI.
  38. ^ Charlie Savage (March 16, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch Helped Defend Disputed Bush-Era Terror Policies". The New York Times. p. A13. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  39. ^ Charlie Savage (March 19, 2017). "Newly Public Emails Hint at Gorsuch's View of Presidential Power". The New York Times. pp. A15. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  40. ^ Johnson, Carrie. Who Is Neil Gorsuch, Trump's First Pick For The Supreme Court?, NPR, February 5, 2017.
  41. ^ Ratings of Article III Judicial Nominees: 109th Congress, American Bar Association Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary (last updated January 10, 2008).
  42. ^ a b Mulkern, Anne C. (July 20, 2006). "Gorsuch confirmed for 10th Circuit". The Denver Post.
  43. ^ Pres. Nom. 1565, 109th Cong. (2006).
  44. ^ Rutkus, Denis Steven; Scott, Kevin M.; Bearden, Maureen (January 23, 2007), U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations by President George W. Bush During the 107th–109th Congresses (PDF), Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, p. 63, retrieved February 11, 2017
  45. ^ "Supreme Court Clerk Hiring Watch: An Analysis Of The October Term 2016 Clerk Class". Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  46. ^ "Trump's pick for Supreme Court a visiting professor at CU Boulder". CU Boulder Today. Boulder, Colorado: Regents of the University of Colorado. January 31, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  47. ^ a b c "University of Colorado Law School website: Judge Neil Gorsuch page". University of Colorado. Boulder, Colorado. Retrieved January 31, 2017. Judge Neil M. Gorsuch was nominated to the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit in May 2006. His nomination was confirmed in the United States Senate by unanimous voice vote.
  48. ^ "Recent Cases: Tenth Circuit Holds For-Profit Corporate Plaintiffs Likely to Succeed on the Merits of Substantial Burden on Religious Claim", 127 Harv. L. Rev. 1025 (2014) discussing Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. v. Sebelius, 723 F.3d 1114 (10th Cir. 2013).
  49. ^ a b c d e Citron, Eric, Potential nominee profile: Neil Gorsuch, SCOTUSblog.com, January 13, 2017.
  50. ^ Little Sisters of the Poor Home for the Aged v. Burwell, 799 F.3d 1315 (10th Cir. 2015) (Hartz, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc).
  51. ^ Summum v. Pleasant Grove City, 499 F.3d 1170, 1175 (10th Cir. 2007) (McConnell, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc)..
  52. ^ a b Barnes, Robert (January 28, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch naturally equipped for his spot on Trump's Supreme Court shortlist". Washington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  53. ^ Frankel, Allison (August 24, 2016). "Is court deference to federal agencies unconstitutional? 10th Circuit judge thinks so". Reuters. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
  54. ^ Gutierrez-Brizuela v. Lynch, 834 F.3d 1142 (10th Cir. 2016).
  55. ^ Adler, Jonathan H. (August 24, 2016). "Should Chevron be reconsidered? A federal judge thinks so". The Washington Post.
  56. ^ "Hugo Rosario Gutierrez-Brizuela v. Loretta E. Lynch" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. August 23, 2016.
  57. ^ "United States of America v. Shawn Lloyd Hinckley" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. December 9, 2008.
  58. ^ "Reynolds v. United States". SCOTUSBlog.com. January 23, 2012.
  59. ^ Tarrant Regional Water Dist. v. Herrmann, 656 F.3d 1222 (10th Cir. 2011).
  60. ^ a b c d e Recht, Hannah (January 2, 2017). "Seven Cases Where the Supreme Court Sided With Neil Gorsuch (And One Time it Didn't)". Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  61. ^ Direct Marketing Ass'n v. Brohl, 735 F. 3d 904 (10th Circ. 2013).
  62. ^ Direct Marketing Ass'n v. Brohl, 814 F.3d 1129 (10th Cir. 2016).
  63. ^ Energy and Environment Legal Institute v. Epel, 793 F.3d 1169 (10th Cir. 2015).
  64. ^ Proctor, Cathy (July 14, 2015). "Federal judges rule on Colorado's renewable energy mandate". Denver Business Journal.
  65. ^ "Energy and Environmental Legal Institute v. Joshua Epel" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. July 13, 2015.
  66. ^ Torres-Spelliscy, Ciara (February 3, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch Understands Campaign Finance—And That's The Problem". Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  67. ^ Riddle v. Hickenlooper, 742 F.3d 922 (10th Cir. 2014).
  68. ^ Robert Barnes (March 18, 2017). "Rulings offer glimpse into what kind of justice Gorsuch would be". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  69. ^ Planned Parenthood Association of Utah v. Herbert, 839 F.3d 1301 (10th Cir. 2016).
  70. ^ a b "A.M., on behalf of her minor child, F.M. v. Ann Holmes; Principal Susan Labarge; Arthur Acosta, City of Albuquerque Police Officer, in his individual capacity" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit. July 25, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2017. Majority finding on qualified immunity, pp. 93-94; Gorsuch dissent, pp. 1-4.
  71. ^ Feldman, Noah (July 27, 2016). "A Belch in Gym Class. Then Handcuffs and a Lawsuit". Bloomberg. New York. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  72. ^ Sandlin, Scott (July 28, 2016). "Burp arrest of 7th-grader upheld by fed appeals court". Albuquerque Journal. Albuquerque, New Mexico.
  73. ^ United States v. Dolan, 571 F.3d 1022 (10th Cir. 2009).
  74. ^ "United States of America v. Miguel Games-Perez" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. September 17, 2012.
  75. ^ United States v. Loughrin, 710 F.3d 1111 (10th Cir. 2013)
  76. ^ United States v. Nichols, 784 F. 3d 666, 667 (10th 2015) (Gorsuch, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc).
  77. ^ Boczkiewicz, Robert (September 15, 2015). "Court upholds death penalty in deadly 2003 Oklahoma crime spree". The Oklahoman.
  78. ^ Eizember v. Trammell, 803 F.3d 1129 (10th Cir. 2015).
  79. ^ "The Supreme Court, 2014 Term: Leading Cases" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 129: 171. 2015.
  80. ^ "Selected Resources on Neil M. Gorsuch". Law Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  81. ^ Carpentier, Megan (September 24, 2016). "Trump's supreme court picks: from Tea Party senator to anti-abortion crusader". The Guardian. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
  82. ^ "Donald Trump Supreme Court List". Donaldjtrump/com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  83. ^ Gerstein, Josh (January 3, 2017). "A closer look at Trump's potential Supreme Court nominees. He was chosen by President Trump on January 31 to ascend to the Supreme Court,". Politico.
  84. ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Landler, Mark (February 1, 2017). "Trump's Court Pick Sets Up Political Clash—Democrats Digging In—Gorsuch Would Restore a 5-to-4 Split". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  85. ^ "Gorsuch Phoned Garland, the Judge GOP Rejected", Telegram.com, February 1, 2017.
  86. ^ "Congressional Record | Congress.gov | Library of Congress". Congress.gov. February 1, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  87. ^ "ABA Committee on Federal Judiciary Rates Supreme Court Nominee Neil Gorsuch "Well Qualified" « ABA News Archives". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved March 12, 2017.
  88. ^ Kim, Seung Min. "Gorsuch confirmation hearing set for March 20". Politico. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
  89. ^ Flegenheimer, Matt (April 4, 2017). "Democrats' Vow to Bar Gorsuch Sets Up a Clash, Senate Decorum Fades, Seeing 'No Alternative,' Republicans Plan to Bypass Filibuster". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  90. ^ Killough, Ashley. "GOP triggers nuclear option on Neil Gorsuch nomination". CNN Politics. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  91. ^ "Analysis | Neil Gorsuch's 11th-hour plagiarism scare". Washington Post.
  92. ^ a b Bryan Logan (April 4, 2016) Neil Gorsuch is accused of plagiarism amid a heated Supreme Court confirmation fight, businessinsider.com; accessed April 15, 2017.
  93. ^ "Gorsuch's writings borrow from other authors". politico.com. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  94. ^ "A Short Section In Neil Gorsuch's 2006 Book Appears To Be Copied From A Law Review Article". BuzzFeed.
  95. ^ "Gorsuch's Plagiarism Is Worthy of Embarrassment". Bloomberg.com. April 5, 2017.
  96. ^ Adam Liptak; Matt Flegenheimer (April 8, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch Confirmed by Senate as Supreme Court Justice". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  97. ^ "Gorsuch, Neil M. - Federal Judicial Center". fjc.gov. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  98. ^ Totenberg, Nina (April 7, 2017). "Senate Confirms Gorsuch To Supreme Court". NPR. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  99. ^ "President Donald J. Trump Congratulates Judge Neil M. Gorsuch on his Historic Confirmation". April 7, 2017.
  100. ^ "Gorsuch sworn in as Supreme Court justice in Rose Garden as Trump beams". Retrieved April 15, 2017.
  101. ^ Henson v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., U.S. Supreme Court, June 12, 2017.
  102. ^ Liptak, Adam (June 12, 2017). "Supreme Court Bars Favoring Mothers Over Fathers in Citizenship Case". The New York Times.
  103. ^ Williams, Joseph P. Neil Gorsuch Submits First Legal Opinion as a Supreme Court Judge, U.S. News & World Report, June 12, 2017.
  104. ^ Paul Kengor. "Neil Gorsuch and Natural Law". Ncregister.com. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
  105. ^ de Vogue, Ariane (January 25, 2017). "How Neil Gorsuch could end up as Donald Trump's Supreme Court nominee". CNN.
  106. ^ Gorsuch, Neil (February 7, 2005). "Liberals 'N' Lawsuits". National Review.
  107. ^ Simpson, Kevin (December 11, 2016). "Neil Gorsuch: Elite credentials, conservative western roots land Denver native on SCOTUS list". The Denver Post.
  108. ^ Gerald Dworkin (March 20, 2017). "The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia (review)". The New Rambler. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  109. ^ a b Gorsuch, N.M. (2009). The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia. New Forum Books. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3034-3. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  110. ^ Oliver Laughland, Molly Redden, Robert Booth and Owen Bowcott (February 3, 2017). "Oxford scholar who was mentor to Neil Gorsuch compared gay sex to bestiality". The Guardian. Retrieved February 25, 2017. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  111. ^ Matthew, Dylan (February 5, 2017). "I read Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch's book. It's very revealing". Vox.com. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  112. ^ Dube Dwilson, Stephanie (January 31, 2017). "Neil Gorsuch's Family: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.
  113. ^ Burness, Alex. Students of Supreme Court candidate Neil Gorsuch at CU law school cite fairness, dedication to truth, Denver Post, February 1, 2017.
  114. ^ "Supreme Court choice Neil Gorsuch draws Democrat opposition". BBC. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  115. ^ Taylor, Audrey; Geneva Sands (January 26, 2017). "Judge Neil Gorsuch: What You Need to Know About the Possible SCOTUS Nominee". ABC News.
  116. ^ "Neil Gorsuch Belongs to a Notably Liberal Church—and Would Be the First Protestant on the Court in Years". Washington Post. February 1, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  117. ^ Shellnutt, Kate. "Trump's Supreme Court Pick: Religious Freedom Defender Neil Gorsuch". Christianity Today. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
  118. ^ Burke, Daniel. "What is Neil Gorsuch's religion? It's complicated". CNN Religion. Retrieved March 21, 2017.

Further reading

Videos

Legal offices
Preceded by Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
2006–2017 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
2017–present 		Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Order of Precedence of the United States
as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 		Succeeded by
Senior Chief Justices of the Supreme Court
None living
Succeeded byas Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

Template:Start U.S. Supreme Court composition Template:U.S. Supreme Court composition court lifespan Template:U.S. Supreme Court composition 2017–present Template:End U.S. Supreme Court composition

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Gorsuch&oldid=814988825"