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I think the author perhaps means that the King remembered/called the late Maria Theresa by the nickname "only Margareta". I think that this sentence does not make sense otherwise.
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On 5 December 1666, the solemn entry of the Infanta in [[Vienna]] took place and the official marriage ceremony was celebrated seven days later, on 12 December. The celebrations that took place in the Austrian capital on the occasion of the imperial marriage (which were among the most splendid of all the [[Baroque]] era)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040828110347/http://www.seacex.es/documentos/13_cortes_barr_polleros.pdf Friedrich Polleross: ''Entre "majestas" y "modestas": sobre la representación del emperador Leopoldo I'' (in Spanish)]. For more information about the celebrations see: ''Verdadera relación de la entrada y recibimiento que se hizo á la Sra. Emperatriz de Alemania, D. Margarita de Austria, en la ciudad de Viena, en cinco de Diciembre del año pasado de 1666'', Granada, 1666.</ref> lasted almost two years.
On 5 December 1666, the solemn entry of the Infanta in [[Vienna]] took place and the official marriage ceremony was celebrated seven days later, on 12 December. The celebrations that took place in the Austrian capital on the occasion of the imperial marriage (which were among the most splendid of all the [[Baroque]] era)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040828110347/http://www.seacex.es/documentos/13_cortes_barr_polleros.pdf Friedrich Polleross: ''Entre "majestas" y "modestas": sobre la representación del emperador Leopoldo I'' (in Spanish)]. For more information about the celebrations see: ''Verdadera relación de la entrada y recibimiento que se hizo á la Sra. Emperatriz de Alemania, D. Margarita de Austria, en la ciudad de Viena, en cinco de Diciembre del año pasado de 1666'', Granada, 1666.</ref> lasted almost two years.


Not far from the present Burggarten, the Emperor ordered the construction of an open-air theatre, with a capacity of 5,000 people. It is in this theatre, in July 1668 (on the occasion of Margaret's birthday), that the opera ''[[Il pomo d'oro]]'' (The Golden Apple), premiered. This opera, composed by [[Antonio Cesti]], was called the "staging of the century" by contempararies due to its magnificence and expense.<ref>[http://www.europeanasounds.eu/news/pomp-and-circumstance-the-baroque-opera-il-pomo-doro ''Pomp and circumstance: the baroque opera Il pomo d’oro'' in: europeanasounds.eu] [retrieved 28 October 2016].</ref> The year before, the Emperor gave an equestrian ballet, where he personally mounted on his horse, Speranza; due to technical adaptations, the ballet gave spectators the impression that horses and carriages were hovering in the air.<ref>[http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/party-time-marriage-leopold-i-and-margarita-spain Julia Teresa Friehs: ''Party-time: The marriage of Leopold I and Margarita of Spain'' in: habsburger.net] [retrieved 28 October 2016].</ref>
Not far from the present Burggarten, the Emperor ordered the construction of an open-air theatre, with a capacity of 5,000 people. It is in this theatre, in July 1668 (on the occasion of Margaret's birthday), that the opera ''[[Il pomo d'oro]]'' (The Golden Apple), premiered. This opera, composed by [[Antonio Cesti]], was called the "staging of the century" by contemporaries due to its magnificence and expense.<ref>[http://www.europeanasounds.eu/news/pomp-and-circumstance-the-baroque-opera-il-pomo-doro ''Pomp and circumstance: the baroque opera Il pomo d’oro'' in: europeanasounds.eu] [retrieved 28 October 2016].</ref> The year before, the Emperor gave an equestrian ballet, where he personally mounted on his horse, Speranza; due to technical adaptations, the ballet gave spectators the impression that horses and carriages were hovering in the air.<ref>[http://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/party-time-marriage-leopold-i-and-margarita-spain Julia Teresa Friehs: ''Party-time: The marriage of Leopold I and Margarita of Spain'' in: habsburger.net] [retrieved 28 October 2016].</ref>


Despite the age difference, Leopold I's unattractive appearance and Margaret's apparent [[goitre]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} (a change of the [[thyroid|thyroid gland]]), according to contemporaries they had a happy marriage. The Empress always called her husband "Uncle" (de: ''Onkel''), and he called her "Gretl".<ref name="Kathan">[http://www.hiddenmuseum.net/fruehe_gebaermaschinen.html Bernhard Kathan: ''Frühe Gebärmaschinen'' in: hiddenmuseum.net] [retrieved 28 October 2016].</ref> The couple had many common interests, especially in art and music.<ref name="Strnad">[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118730991.html#ndbcontent Alfred A. Strnad: ''Margarethe (Margarita Maria Teresa), Infantin von Spanien'' in: deutsche-biographie.de] [retrieved 28 October 2016].</ref>
Despite the age difference, Leopold I's unattractive appearance and Margaret's apparent [[goitre]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} (a change of the [[thyroid|thyroid gland]]), according to contemporaries they had a happy marriage. The Empress always called her husband "Uncle" (de: ''Onkel''), and he called her "Gretl".<ref name="Kathan">[http://www.hiddenmuseum.net/fruehe_gebaermaschinen.html Bernhard Kathan: ''Frühe Gebärmaschinen'' in: hiddenmuseum.net] [retrieved 28 October 2016].</ref> The couple had many common interests, especially in art and music.<ref name="Strnad">[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd118730991.html#ndbcontent Alfred A. Strnad: ''Margarethe (Margarita Maria Teresa), Infantin von Spanien'' in: deutsche-biographie.de] [retrieved 28 October 2016].</ref>

Revision as of 20:38, 10 August 2018

Margaret Theresa of Spain
Margaret Theresa, around 1665
Holy Roman Empress; German Queen;
Queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia;
Archduchess consort of Austria
Tenure25 April 1666 – 12 March 1673
Born12 July 1651
Royal Alcazar, Madrid, Spain
Died12 March 1673 (aged 21)
Hofburg Palace, Vienna, Austria
Burial
Imperial Crypt, Vienna, Austria
SpouseLeopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
IssueArchduke Ferdinand Wenceslaus
Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria
Archduke John Leopold
Archduchess Maria Anna Scholastica
HouseHabsburg
FatherPhilip IV of Spain
MotherMariana of Austria
ReligionRoman Catholicism
House of Habsburg
Spanish line
Philip IV
Children include
Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias
Maria Theresa, Queen of France
Margaret, Holy Roman Empress
Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias
Charles II of Spain

Margaret Theresa of Spain (Spanish: Margarita Teresa, German: Margarete Theresia; 12 July 1651 – 12 March 1673) was, by marriage, Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia. She was the daughter of King Philip IV of Spain and the elder full-sister of Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs. She is the central figure in the famous Las Meninas by Diego Velázquez, and the subject of many of his later paintings.

Biography

Early years

Margaret Theresa was born on 12 July 1651 in Madrid as the first child of King Philip IV of Spain born from his second marriage with his niece Mariana of Austria. Because of this avunculate marriage, Margaret's mother was nearly thirty years younger than her father.[1]

Margaret's paternal grandparents were King Philip III of Spain and his wife Archduchess Margaret of Austria. Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife Infanta Maria Anna of Spain, the daughter of her paternal grandparents.[1][2]

The marriage of her parents was purely made for political reasons, mainly the search for a new male heir for the Spanish throne after the early death of Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias in 1646. Besides him, the other only surviving child of Philip IV's first marriage was the Infanta Maria Theresa, who later became the wife of King Louis XIV of France. After Margaret, between 1655 and 1661, four more children (a daughter and three sons) were born from the marriage between Philip IV and Mariana of Austria, but only one survived infancy, the future King Charles II of Spain.[1][3]

Margaret didn't develop the serious health issues and disabilities (because of the close consanguinity of her parents) that her younger brother had shown since his birth. During her childhood she was once seriously ill, but survived.[4] According to contemporaries, Margaret had an attractive appearance and lively character. Her parents and close friends called her the "little angel". She grew up in the Queen's chambers in the Royal Alcazar of Madrid surrounded by many maids and servants. The Infanta loved candies, which she constantly hid from the physicians who cared for the health of her teeth.[5] Both Margaret's father and maternal grandfather Emperor Ferdinand III loved her deeply. In his private letters King Philip IV called her "my joy".[6] At the same time, Margaret was brought up in accordance with the strict etiquette of the Madrid court, and received a good education.[7][8]

Betrothal and marriage

Infanta Margarita Teresa in mourning for her father. The Infanta left Spain to become Holy Roman Empress the same year.

In the second half of the 1650s at the imperial court in Vienna the necessity developed for another dynastic marriage between the Spanish and Austrian branches of the House of Habsburg. The union was needed to strengthen the position of both countries, especially against the Kingdom of France. At first the proposals were for Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Philip IV, to marry the heir of the Holy Roman Empire, Archduke Leopold Ignaz. But in 1660 and under the terms of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, the Infanta was married to the French King; as a part of her marriage contract, she was forced to renounce her claims to the Spanish throne in return for a monetary settlement as part of her dowry, which was never paid.[9]

Then began discussion about a marriage between Margaret and the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I (who was her maternal uncle and paternal cousin). However, the Madrid court hesitated to agree to this proposal, because the infanta could inherit the Spanish crown if her little brother died.[10] The count of Fuensaldaña, Spanish ambassador in France, suggested the infanta as a possible bride for King Charles II of England. However, King Philip IV rejected this idea, replying that the King of England should look for a wife in France.[11]

In October 1662, the new Imperial ambassador in the Spanish Kingdom, Count Francis Eusebius of Pötting, began one of his main diplomatic assignments, which was the celebration of the marriage between the Infanta and the Emperor.[12] Negotiations by the Spanish side were led by Ramiro Núñez de Guzmán, Duke of Medina de las Torres.[13] On 6 April 1663, the betrothal between Margaret and Leopold I was finally announced. In the marriage contract signed on 18 December, besides the customary dowry, was particularly included, as a gift from her father, the famous Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond.[14][a] It was also stipulated that Margaret (in contrast with her older half-sister), should maintain her position in the line of succession to the Spanish throne and would pass her rights to her descendants.[17] Before the official wedding ceremony (which, according to custom, had to take place in Vienna) another portrait of the Infanta was sent, in order for the Emperor to know his bride.[2]

King Philip IV died on 17 September 1665. In his will, he did not mention Margaret's betrothal; in fact, the context in which the document was prepared suggests that the late monarch still hesitated to marry his daughter to his Austrian relative because he sought to ensure her rights as sole ruler of the Spanish crown in case of the extinction of his male line.[18] Mariana of Austria, now Dowager Queen and Regent of the Kingdom on behalf of her minor son Charles II, delayed the wedding of her daughter. The marriage was agreed upon only after intense Imperial diplomacy efforts. On 25 April 1666, the marriage by proxy was finally celebrated in Madrid, in a ceremony attended not only by the Dowager Queen, King Charles II and the Imperial ambassador but also by the local nobility; the groom was represented by Antonio de la Cerda, 7th Duke of Medinaceli.[19]

A 1666 publication flyer promoting Infanta Margarita, the future bride of her uncle Emperor Leopold

On 28 April 1666 Margaret traveled from Madrid to Vienna, accompanied by her personal retinue. The Infanta arrived at Denia, where she rested for some days before embarking on the Spanish Royal fleet on 16 July, in turn escorted by ships of the Order of Malta and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Then (after a short stop in Barcelona because Margaret had some health issues)[20] the cortege sailed to the port of Finale Ligure, where arrived on 20 August. There, Margaret was received by Luis Guzman Ponce de Leon, Governor of Milan. The cortege left Finale on 1 September and arrived in Milan ten days later, although the official entry was not celebrated until 15 September. After spending almost all September in Milan, the Infanta continued the journey through Venice, arriving in early October in Trento. At every stop Margaret received celebrations in her honor. On 8 October the Spanish retinue arrived at the city of Roveredo, where the head of Margaret's cortege, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 8th Duke of Alburquerque officially handed the Infanta to Ferdinand Joseph, Prince of Dietrichstein and Count Ernst Adalbert von Harrach, Prince-Bishop of Trento, representants of Leopold I. On 20 October the new Austrian cortege left Roveredo, crossing the Tyrol, through Carinthia and Styria, and arrived on 25 November at the district of Schottwien, twelve miles from Vienna where the Emperor came to receive his bride.[19]

Holy Roman Empress and German Queen

Empress Margaret in theatre dress

On 5 December 1666, the solemn entry of the Infanta in Vienna took place and the official marriage ceremony was celebrated seven days later, on 12 December. The celebrations that took place in the Austrian capital on the occasion of the imperial marriage (which were among the most splendid of all the Baroque era)[21] lasted almost two years.

Not far from the present Burggarten, the Emperor ordered the construction of an open-air theatre, with a capacity of 5,000 people. It is in this theatre, in July 1668 (on the occasion of Margaret's birthday), that the opera Il pomo d'oro (The Golden Apple), premiered. This opera, composed by Antonio Cesti, was called the "staging of the century" by contemporaries due to its magnificence and expense.[22] The year before, the Emperor gave an equestrian ballet, where he personally mounted on his horse, Speranza; due to technical adaptations, the ballet gave spectators the impression that horses and carriages were hovering in the air.[23]

Despite the age difference, Leopold I's unattractive appearance and Margaret's apparent goitre[citation needed] (a change of the thyroid gland), according to contemporaries they had a happy marriage. The Empress always called her husband "Uncle" (de: Onkel), and he called her "Gretl".[24] The couple had many common interests, especially in art and music.[25]

During her six years of marriage, Margaret gave birth to four children, of whom only one survived infancy:[1]

The Empress was intensely anti-Semitic,[citation needed] and inspired her husband to expel the Jews from Vienna, because she believed that they were to blame for her children's deaths. During the Corpus Christi celebration of 1670, the Emperor ordered the destruction of the Vienna synagogue and a church was built on the site on his orders.[25]

Even after her marriage, Margaret kept her Spanish customs and ways. She did not speak German, and the arrogance of her native retinue led to a strong anti-Spanish sentiment among the imperial court. The courtiers openly expressed the hope that the weak Empress would soon die and thus give Leopold I the opportunity of a second marriage.[24][25]

Death

During her last pregnancy Margaret fell ill with bronchitis;[citation needed] this, along with her already weakened health due to four living childbirths and at least two miscarriages during her marriage,[24] caused her early death on 12 March 1673, at the age of 21. She was buried in the Imperial Crypt, in Vienna. Only four months later, the widower Emperor –despite his grief for the death of his "only Margareta" (as he remembered her),–[27] entered into a second marriage with Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria, member of the Tyrol branch of the House of Habsburg.[25]

After Margaret's death, her rights over the Spanish throne were inherited by her only surviving daughter Maria Antonia, who in turn passed them to her only surviving son Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria when she died in 1692. After Joseph Ferdinand's early death in 1699, the rights of inheritance were disputed by both Emperor Leopold I and King Louis XIV of France, son-in-law of King Philip IV. The outcome of the War of the Spanish Succession was the creation of the Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon in the person of King Philip V, Margaret's great-nephew.[25]

Depictions in art

Shortly before the birth of Margaret, painter Diego Velázquez returned to the Spanish court on Madrid. From 1653 to 1659 a series of portraits of the Infanta were performed. Three of them – "Infanta Margarita in a pink dress" (1653), "Infanta Margarita in a silver dress" (1656) and "Infanta Margarita in a blue dress" (1659) were sent to the Imperial court in Vienna, and now are displayed in the Kunsthistorisches Museum.[28] In the last paintings of the 8-years-old Infanta made by Velázquez, a more mature and formal attitude of Margaret was noted, due to her upcoming marriage to the Emperor.[29]

The most famous painting by Velazquez in the series of portraits of the Infanta was "Las Meninas" (1656), currently in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. In it, the artist painted the 5-year-old Infanta in his studio while working on a portrait of her parents. She is surrounded by her maids of honor and other courtiers, but her eyes riveted to her parents, whose reflection is visible in the mirror on the wall.[30] The canvas was the inspiration for Picasso, who in 1957 created more than forty variations of this pattern.[31]

The image of Margaret, embodied in the paintings of Velasquez brush, inspired not only painters. The poet Boris Pasternak mentions it in a poem of 1923 "Butterfly Storm", in which she appears to him as a vision during a thunderstorm in Moscow.[32] The first image in this poem who Pasternak contrasted with the portraits of the Infanta was mentioned by Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov, in his work "Eternal Childhood".[33][34]

The "Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress" (1660), formerly credited to Velázquez, is now considered one of the masterpieces of his son-in-law, Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo. To Martínez del Mazo also belongs the latter "Portrait of the Infanta Margarita in mourning dress" (1666), in which she is depicted shortly after her father's death and shortly before her wedding. Both paintings are also included in the collection of the Museo del Prado.[35] The authory of the "Portrait of the Infanta Margarita" (1655) currently at the Louvre, is still questioned by researchers.[36]

There are portraits of adult Margaret performed by a number of European artists, most of which are stored in the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Among them, "a full-length portrait of the Infanta Margarita Teresa, the Empress" (1665) by Gerard Du Chateau[37] and "Portrait of Empress Margarita Teresa in a theatrical costume" (1667) by Jan Thomas van Ieperen.[38] One of the last portraits of Margaret is the "Portrait of Empress Margarita Teresa and her daughter Maria Antonia" (1671) by Benjamin Block, currently in the Hofburg Palace, on which she is depicted with her only surviving child.[39] Numerous copies of her portraits are also preserved, and are now kept in the museum collections around the world.

Ancestors

Notes

  1. ^ The diamond was auctioned at Christie's in December 2008. Referred to as the Wittelsbach Diamond, it was given by her father king Philip IV of Spain as part of the dowry when she married Leopold I of Austria at the age of 15.[15] The diamond was obtained in India (as it was custom from the Royal Families at that time to bring their diamonds from India, either Hyderabad or Bihar). As of today, it is one of the few lasting Indian diamonds together with the Kohinoor (today part of the British Crown Jewels), the Régent (today in the Louvre), the Orlov (in the Kremlin) or the Hope Diamond, in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC. Christie's sold the nearly 36-carat (7.2 g) diamond for $24.3 million, which was the highest price paid for a diamond sold at an auction until 2013.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Louda, Jirí; MacLagan, Michael (1999). Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.). London: Little, Brown and Company. tables 80, 81.
  2. ^ a b Martin Mutschlechner: Philip IV: marriage and offspring in: habsburger.net [retrieved 27 October 2016].
  3. ^ Antonio Álvarez-Ossorio Alvariño: La sacralización de la dinastía en el pulpito de la Capilla Real en tiempos de Carlos II, pp. 315–317 (in Spanish) [retrieved 27 October 2016].
  4. ^ Olivan Santaliestra 2014, pp. 174–176.
  5. ^ Olivan Santaliestra 2014, p. 178.
  6. ^ Museum of Art History, Moscow: Directmedia 2014, vol. XXVI, pp. 89–95 (The great museums of the world). ISBN 978-5-87-107267-7.
  7. ^ Olivan Santaliestra 2014, pp. 166, 176–183.
  8. ^ Luis Tercero: La última emperatriz española: Margarita Teresa en el Hofburg in: vienadirecto.com (in Spanish) [retrieved 27 October 2016].
  9. ^ W. R. de Villa-Urrutia: Relaciones entre España y Austria durante el reinado de la emperatriz Doña Margarita, Infanta de España, Esposa del emperador Leopoldo I, Madrid: Libreria de Fernando Fe 1905, pp. 67–69.
  10. ^ Laura Oliván Santaliestra: Mariana de Austria en la encrucijada política del siglo XVII, Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2006. p. 304.
  11. ^ Valladares, Rafael: La rebelión de Portugal: guerra, conflicto y poderes en la monarquía hispánica, 1640-1680, Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 1998, p. 176.
  12. ^ Jaroslava Kašparová: Po stopách knižní sbírky Františka Eusebia hraběte z Pöttingu a Persingu (1626–1678) in: www.nm.cz [retrieved 27 October 2016].
  13. ^ Laura Oliván Santaliestra: Mariana de Austria en la encrucijada política del siglo XVII, Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2006. p. 184.
  14. ^ UN DIAMANTE AZUL PARA UNA MENINA VIENESA in: masmasculino.com [retrieved 27 October 2016].
  15. ^ CBC News: Big blue diamond goes on display in London [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  16. ^ Forbes.com: 34-Carat Princie Diamond Fetches Nearly $40 Million, Setting Two Records [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  17. ^ J. de Abreu y Bertodano: Coleccion de los tratados de paz, alianza, neutralidad, garantia...., Madrid: Antonio Marin, Juan de Zuñiga y la viuda de Peralta, 1751, pp. 620–627. [retrieved 27 October 2016].
  18. ^ M. V. López-Cordón, J. M. Nieto Soria: El Testamento de Felipe IV: atencion al problema sucesorio – Gobernar en tiempos de crisis: las quiebras dinásticas en el ámbito hispánico, 1250—1808, Madrid: Silex Ediciones 2008, pp. 48–50 ISBN 978-8-47-737215-8.
  19. ^ a b A. Rodríguez Villa: Dos viajes regios (1679 — 1666), Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia 1903 N° 42, pp. 369–381.
  20. ^ Verdadera relación de las fiestas y recibimiento que en Barcelona se hizo á la Majestad Cesárea de la Serma. Sra. D.a Margarita de Austria, emperatriz de Alemania, y juntamente de su embarcaciór, Y acompañamíento, Madrid 1666
  21. ^ Friedrich Polleross: Entre "majestas" y "modestas": sobre la representación del emperador Leopoldo I (in Spanish). For more information about the celebrations see: Verdadera relación de la entrada y recibimiento que se hizo á la Sra. Emperatriz de Alemania, D. Margarita de Austria, en la ciudad de Viena, en cinco de Diciembre del año pasado de 1666, Granada, 1666.
  22. ^ Pomp and circumstance: the baroque opera Il pomo d’oro in: europeanasounds.eu [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  23. ^ Julia Teresa Friehs: Party-time: The marriage of Leopold I and Margarita of Spain in: habsburger.net [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  24. ^ a b c Bernhard Kathan: Frühe Gebärmaschinen in: hiddenmuseum.net [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  25. ^ a b c d e Alfred A. Strnad: Margarethe (Margarita Maria Teresa), Infantin von Spanien in: deutsche-biographie.de [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  26. ^ a b c d Theodor Berger: Die Durchläuchtige Welt, Oder: Kurtzgefaßte Genealogische ..., Vol. 1 [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  27. ^ Wheatcroft 1997, p. 201.
  28. ^ Velázquez. Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  29. ^ Eva-Bettina Krems: Dynastische Identität und europäische Politik der spanischen Habsburger in den 1650er Jahren
  30. ^ Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez: Las Meninas in: museodelprado.es [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  31. ^ A. G. Kostenevich: Picasso – The Art of Leningrad 1982, pp. 43–226.
  32. ^ D. S. Likhachev, T. B. Knyazevskaya: Literature and Art in the system of culture, B. B. Piotrowski: Moscow Science 1988, pp. 476–500 ISBN 978-5-02-012677-0.
  33. ^ Vyacheslav Ivanov: "Eternal Childhood" Pasternak,Literature and Art in the culture system. – Moscow Science, 1988, pp. 471–480.
  34. ^ B. Pasternak: Complete Works applications: Poetry and poems 1912-1931, D. V. Tevekelyan DV Moscow 2003, pp. 505–573 ISBN 978-5-85-050680-3.
  35. ^ Juan Bautista Martínez del Mazo: Doña Margarita de Austria in: museodelprado.es [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  36. ^ Polémica sobre la autoría de un Velázquez prestado por el Museo del Louvre in: elcultural.com [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  37. ^ Infantin Margarita Teresa (1651-1673), Kaiserin, Bildnis in ganzer Figur in: khm.at [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  38. ^ Infantin Margarita Teresa (1651-1673), Kaiserin, im Theaterkostüm in: khm.at [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  39. ^ Retrato de la Emperatriz Margarita Teresa de Austria in: internationalportraitgallery.blogspot.ru [retrieved 28 October 2016].
  40. ^ a b c Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp IV." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 122 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  41. ^ a b c Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 24 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  42. ^ a b c Kurth, Godefroid (1911). "Philip II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  43. ^ a b c Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  44. ^ a b c Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 352 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  45. ^ a b c d e Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 20 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  46. ^ a b c Eder, Karl (1961), "Ferdinand II.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 83–85; (full text online)
  47. ^ Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 23 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  48. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin, von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Spanien" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 23 – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Margaret Theresa of Austria.
Margaret Theresa of Spain
Born: 12 July 1651 Died: 12 March 1673
Royal titles
Vacant
Title last held by
Eleanor of Mantua 		Holy Roman Empress
Queen consort of Germany
Archduchess consort of Austria
1666–1673 		Vacant
Title next held by
Claudia Felicitas of Austria
Queen consort of Hungary
Queen consort of Bohemia
1666–1673
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