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* ''[[Metopidius]]''
* ''[[Metopidius]]''
* ''[[Jacana (genus)|Jacana]]''
* ''[[Jacana (genus)|Jacana]]''
| synonyms = Parridae
}}
}}


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Eight species of extant jacana are known from six genera and four fossil species have been described from the [[Oligocene]] of Egypt and from the [[Pliocene]] of Florida.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Olson|first=Storrs |year=1976|title=A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=89|issue=19|pages=259–264|url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1730/1/Jacana_farrandi.pdf}}</ref> A fossil from [[Miocene]] strata in the Czech Republic was assigned to this family,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mlíkovský|first=Jiří |year=1999|title=A new jacana (Aves: Jacanidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA|volume=328|issue=2|pages=121–123| doi = 10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80007-X |bibcode=1999CRASE.328..121M }}</ref> but more recent analysis disputes the placement and moves the species to the [[Coraciidae]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mourer-Chauviré|first=Cécile|year=1999|title=Systematic position of ''Nupharanassa bohemica'' Mlíkovsky, 1999 |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA|volume=329|issue=2|pages=149–152 | doi = 10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80217-1}}</ref>
Eight species of extant jacana are known from six genera and four fossil species have been described from the [[Oligocene]] of Egypt and from the [[Pliocene]] of Florida.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Olson|first=Storrs |year=1976|title=A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)|journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington|volume=89|issue=19|pages=259–264|url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/1730/1/Jacana_farrandi.pdf}}</ref> A fossil from [[Miocene]] strata in the Czech Republic was assigned to this family,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mlíkovský|first=Jiří |year=1999|title=A new jacana (Aves: Jacanidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA|volume=328|issue=2|pages=121–123| doi = 10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80007-X |bibcode=1999CRASE.328..121M }}</ref> but more recent analysis disputes the placement and moves the species to the [[Coraciidae]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mourer-Chauviré|first=Cécile|year=1999|title=Systematic position of ''Nupharanassa bohemica'' Mlíkovsky, 1999 |journal=Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA|volume=329|issue=2|pages=149–152 | doi = 10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80217-1}}</ref>


Jacanas are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. They have sharp bills and rounded wings, some with carpal spurs, and many species also have wattles and frontal lappets on their foreheads.<ref name="EoB">{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Harrison, Colin J.O.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|page= 108|isbn= 978-1-85391-186-6}}</ref> Jacanas were once placed in the family Parridae based on the genus ''Parra'' but the family name is now Jacanidae based on the type genus ''Jacana''. The family is placed within the Charadriformes under the tribe Scolopaci and is a sister of the Rostratulidae. They have 10 tail feathers unlike most others wader groups.
Jacanas are identifiable by their elongated toes and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. They have sharp bills and rounded wings, some with carpal spurs, and many species also have wattles and frontal lappets on their foreheads.<ref name="EoB">{{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Harrison, Colin J.O.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|page= 108|isbn= 978-1-85391-186-6}}</ref> Jacanas were once placed in the family Parridae based on the genus ''Parra'' but the family name is now Jacanidae based on the type genus ''Jacana''. The family is placed within the order Charadriiformes under the suborder Scolopaci and is a sister of the Rostratulidae. They have 10 tail feathers unlike most others wader groups which have twelve. They have a rudimentary caecum.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The avian cecum: a review| author1=Clench, Mary H.| author2=Mathias, John R.| journal=Wilson Bulletin| volume=107| issue=1| year=1995| pages=93-121 |url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v107n01/p0093-p0121.pdf}}</ref>


In terms of [[Wader#Sexual Selection|sexual size dimorphism]], female jacanas are larger than the males but are alike in plumage. The latter, as in some other wader families like the [[phalarope]]s, take responsibility for incubation and care of chicks, and most species (with the exception of the monogamous [[lesser jacana]]) are [[polyandry|polyandrous]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenni|first=Donald A.|author2=Gerald Collier|year=1972|title=Polyandry in the American Jaçana (''Jacana spinosa'') |journal=The Auk|volume=89|issue=4|pages=743–765|doi=10.2307/4084107|jstor=4084107}}</ref> They construct relatively flimsy nests on floating vegetation, and lay eggs with dark irregular lines on their shells, providing camouflage amongst water weeds.<ref name="EoB" /> The eggs are slightly smaller than in comparable species and it has been considered that this may be due to an evolutionary tradeoff given the larger number of clutches that are laid.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310406.x|title=Do polyandrous shorebirds trade off egg size with egg number?|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|volume=31|issue=4|pages=473–478|year=2000|last1=Ward|first1=David}}</ref>
In terms of [[Wader#Sexual Selection|sexual size dimorphism]], female jacanas are larger than the males but are alike in plumage. The latter, as in some other wader families like the [[phalarope]]s, take responsibility for incubation and care of chicks, and most species (with the exception of the monogamous [[lesser jacana]]) are [[polyandry|polyandrous]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenni|first=Donald A.|author2=Gerald Collier|year=1972|title=Polyandry in the American Jaçana (''Jacana spinosa'') |journal=The Auk|volume=89|issue=4|pages=743–765|doi=10.2307/4084107|jstor=4084107}}</ref> They construct relatively flimsy nests on floating vegetation, and lay eggs with dark irregular lines on their shells, providing camouflage amongst water weeds.<ref name="EoB" /> The eggs are slightly smaller than in comparable species and it has been considered that this may be due to an evolutionary tradeoff given the larger number of clutches that are laid.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310406.x|title=Do polyandrous shorebirds trade off egg size with egg number?|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|volume=31|issue=4|pages=473–478|year=2000|last1=Ward|first1=David}}</ref>

Revision as of 05:27, 14 April 2019

Jacanas
Temporal range: Pliocene to recent
Comb-crested jacana (Irediparra gallinacea)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Suborder: Scolopaci
Family: Jacanidae
Stejneger, 1885
Genera
Synonyms

Parridae

The jacanas (sometimes referred to as Jesus birds or lily trotters) are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found in the tropical regions around the world. They are noted for their elongated toes and toenails that allow them to spread out their weight while foraging on floating or semi-emergent aquatic vegetation. They are also among the rare groups of birds in which females are larger and several species maintain harems of males in the breeding season with males solely responsible for incubating eggs and taking care of the chicks.

Etymology and pronunciation

The pronunciation of the word jacana is debated. Jacana is Linnæus' scientific Latin spelling of the Brazilian Portuguese jaçanã which in turn is derived from a Tupi name of the bird, ñaha'nã.[1] The Portuguese word is pronounced approximately [ʒasaˈnã]. As in façade, Provençal, and araçari, the Ç is meant to be pronounced as an S. US dictionaries give various pronunciations: /ˌʒɑːsəˈnɑː/ ZHAH-sə-NAH,[2][3] /ˌdʒɑːsəˈnɑː/ JAH-sə-NAH,[3] as well as the anglicised /dʒəˈkɑːnə/ jə-KAH-nə,[4] which is the only pronunciation in an Australian dictionary.[5] A British dictionary gives /ˈdʒækənə/ JAK-ə-nə for the spelling "jacana" and /ʒæsəˈnɑː/ zhas-ə-NAH for "jaçana".[6]

Diversity

Relationships of the Jacanidae[7][8]
 
 

Lari

Scolopaci

Charadrii

Eight species of extant jacana are known from six genera and four fossil species have been described from the Oligocene of Egypt and from the Pliocene of Florida.[9] A fossil from Miocene strata in the Czech Republic was assigned to this family,[10] but more recent analysis disputes the placement and moves the species to the Coraciidae.[11]

Jacanas are identifiable by their elongated toes and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. They have sharp bills and rounded wings, some with carpal spurs, and many species also have wattles and frontal lappets on their foreheads.[12] Jacanas were once placed in the family Parridae based on the genus Parra but the family name is now Jacanidae based on the type genus Jacana. The family is placed within the order Charadriiformes under the suborder Scolopaci and is a sister of the Rostratulidae. They have 10 tail feathers unlike most others wader groups which have twelve. They have a rudimentary caecum.[13]

In terms of sexual size dimorphism, female jacanas are larger than the males but are alike in plumage. The latter, as in some other wader families like the phalaropes, take responsibility for incubation and care of chicks, and most species (with the exception of the monogamous lesser jacana) are polyandrous.[14] They construct relatively flimsy nests on floating vegetation, and lay eggs with dark irregular lines on their shells, providing camouflage amongst water weeds.[12] The eggs are slightly smaller than in comparable species and it has been considered that this may be due to an evolutionary tradeoff given the larger number of clutches that are laid.[15]

Their diet consists of insects and other invertebrates picked from floating vegetation or the water's surface. Wattled jacanas are known to pick ticks off capybaras.[16]

Most species have rounded wings and short tails. The flight tends to be slow and weak. Most species are sedentary, but the pheasant-tailed jacana migrates from the north of its range into peninsular India and southeast Asia.

Species

 
Phylogeny of the extant genera within the Jacanidae based on an analysis of mitochondrial gene sequences[17]
Species Common name Distribution
Microparra capensis Lesser jacana Africa
Actophilornis africanus African jacana Africa
Actophilornis albinucha Madagascan jacana Madagascar
Irediparra gallinacea Comb-crested jacana Southeast Asia, Australia
Hydrophasianus chirurgus Pheasant-tailed jacana Asia
Metopidius indicus Bronze-winged jacana Asia
Jacana spinosa Northern jacana South America
Jacana jacana Wattled jacana South America
Extinct species
†Jacana farrandi Pliocene, Florida[18]
†Nupharanassa bulotorum Lower Oligocene, Egypt[19]
†Nupharanassa tolutaria Lower Oligocene, Egypt[19]
†Janipes nymphaeobates Lower Oligocene, Egypt[19]

References

  1. ^ Ferreira, A. B. H. (1986). Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa (Second ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. p. 978.
  2. ^ "American Heritage Dictionary" (Fourth ed.). 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  3. ^ a b "dictionary.com Unabridged. Based on the Random House Dictionary". 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  4. ^ "jacana – definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  5. ^ "The Macquarie Dictionary Online". Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Pty Ltd. 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2009.. Subscription required.
  6. ^ The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press. 1993. and "Definition of jacana in English". Language Matters. Oxford Dictionaries.
  7. ^ Fain, Matthew G.; Houde, Peter (2007). "Multilocus perspectives on the monophyly and phylogeny of the order Charadriiformes (Aves)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 35. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-35. PMC 1838420. PMID 17346347.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Gibson, Rosemary; Baker, Allan (2012). "Multiple gene sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships in the shorebird suborder Scolopaci (Aves: Charadriiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 64 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.03.008. PMID 22491071.
  9. ^ Olson, Storrs (1976). "A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 89 (19): 259–264.
  10. ^ Mlíkovský, Jiří (1999). "A new jacana (Aves: Jacanidae) from the Early Miocene of the Czech Republic". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 328 (2): 121–123. Bibcode:1999CRASE.328..121M. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80007-X.
  11. ^ Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (1999). "Systematic position of Nupharanassa bohemica Mlíkovsky, 1999". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA. 329 (2): 149–152. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(99)80217-1.
  12. ^ a b Harrison, Colin J.O. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6.
  13. ^ Clench, Mary H.; Mathias, John R. (1995). "The avian cecum: a review" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 107 (1): 93–121.
  14. ^ Jenni, Donald A.; Gerald Collier (1972). "Polyandry in the American Jaçana (Jacana spinosa)". The Auk. 89 (4): 743–765. doi:10.2307/4084107. JSTOR 4084107.
  15. ^ Ward, David (2000). "Do polyandrous shorebirds trade off egg size with egg number?". Journal of Avian Biology. 31 (4): 473–478. doi:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310406.x.
  16. ^ Marcus, M.J. (1985). "Feeding associations between capybaras and jacanas: a case of interspecific grooming and possibly mutualism". Ibis. 127: 240–243. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb05058.x.
  17. ^ Whittingham, L.A.; Sheldon, F.H.; Emlen, S.T. (2000). "Molecular phylogeny of jacanas and its implications for morphologic and biogeographic evolution" (PDF). The Auk. 117 (1): 22–32. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0022:MPOJAI]2.0.CO;2.
  18. ^ Olson, Storrs L. (1976). "A jacana from the Pliocene of Florida (Aves: Jacanidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 89: 259–264.
  19. ^ a b c Rasmussen, D.T.; Olson, Storrs L.; Simons, Elwyn L. (1987). Fossil Birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 7–8.
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