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'''Vaborbactam''' ([[International nonproprietary name|INN]])<ref name = "INN">{{cite web | title = International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary Names: List 75 | url = http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22359en/s22359en.pdf | publisher = World Health Organization | pages = 161–2}}</ref> is a non-[[Beta-lactam|β-lactam]] [[β-Lactamase inhibitor|β-lactamase inhibitor]] discovered by Rempex Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of The Medicines Company. While not effective as an [[Antibiotics|antibiotic]] by itself, it restores potency to existing antibiotics by inhibiting the beta-lactamase enzymes that would otherwise degrade them. When combined with an appropriate antibiotic it can be used for the treatment of [[Gram-negative bacteria|gram-negative]] bacterial [[infection]]s.<ref name = "Hecker">{{cite journal | last1 = Hecker | first1 = SJ | last2 = Reddy | first2 = KR | last3 = Totrov | first3 = M | last4 = Hirst | first4 = GC | last5 = Lomovskaya | first5 = O | last6 = Griffith | first6 = DC | last7 = King | first7 = P | last8 = Tsivkovski | first8 = R | last9 = Sun | first9 = D | last10 = Sabet | first10 = M | last11 = Tarazi | first11 = Z | last12 = Clifton | first12 = MC | last13 = Atkins | first13 = K | last14 = Raymond | first14 = A | last15 = Potts | first15 = KT | last16 = Abendroth | first16 = J | last17 = Boyer | first17 = SH | last18 = Loutit | first18 = JS | last19 = Morgan | first19 = EE | last20 = Durso | first20 = S | last21 = Dudley | first21 = MN | title = Discovery of a Cyclic Boronic Acid β-Lactamase Inhibitor (RPX7009) with Utility vs Class A Serine Carbapenemases | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | date = 14 May 2015 | volume = 58 | issue = 9 | pages = 3682–92 | doi = 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00127 | pmid = 25782055 | issn = 0022-2623}}</ref>
'''Vaborbactam''' ([[International nonproprietary name|INN]])<ref name = "INN">{{cite web | title = International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary Names: List 75 | url = http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s22359en/s22359en.pdf | publisher = World Health Organization | pages = 161–2}}</ref> is a non-[[Beta-lactam|β-lactam]] [[β-Lactamase inhibitor|β-lactamase inhibitor]] discovered by Rempex Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of The Medicines Company. While not effective as an [[Antibiotics|antibiotic]] by itself, it restores potency to existing antibiotics by inhibiting the β-lactamase enzymes that would otherwise degrade them. When combined with an appropriate antibiotic it can be used for the treatment of [[Gram-negative bacteria|gram-negative]] bacterial [[infection]]s.<ref name = "Hecker">{{cite journal | last1 = Hecker | first1 = SJ | last2 = Reddy | first2 = KR | last3 = Totrov | first3 = M | last4 = Hirst | first4 = GC | last5 = Lomovskaya | first5 = O | last6 = Griffith | first6 = DC | last7 = King | first7 = P | last8 = Tsivkovski | first8 = R | last9 = Sun | first9 = D | last10 = Sabet | first10 = M | last11 = Tarazi | first11 = Z | last12 = Clifton | first12 = MC | last13 = Atkins | first13 = K | last14 = Raymond | first14 = A | last15 = Potts | first15 = KT | last16 = Abendroth | first16 = J | last17 = Boyer | first17 = SH | last18 = Loutit | first18 = JS | last19 = Morgan | first19 = EE | last20 = Durso | first20 = S | last21 = Dudley | first21 = MN | title = Discovery of a Cyclic Boronic Acid β-Lactamase Inhibitor (RPX7009) with Utility vs Class A Serine Carbapenemases | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | date = 14 May 2015 | volume = 58 | issue = 9 | pages = 3682–92 | doi = 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00127 | pmid = 25782055 | issn = 0022-2623}}</ref>


In the United States, the [[combination drug]] [[meropenem/vaborbactam]] (Vabomere) is approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for complicated [[urinary tract infection]]s and [[pyelonephritis]].<ref>{{Cite press release | url = https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm573955.htm | title = FDA approves new antibacterial drug | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration]] | date = August 29, 2017}}</ref>
In the United States, the [[combination drug]] [[meropenem/vaborbactam]] (Vabomere) is approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for complicated [[urinary tract infection]]s and [[pyelonephritis]].<ref>{{Cite press release | url = https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm573955.htm | title = FDA approves new antibacterial drug | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration]] | date = August 29, 2017}}</ref>


== Biochemistry ==
== Biochemistry ==
Vaborbactam is a [[boronic acid]], β-lactamase inhibitor with a high affinity for [[serine]] β-lactamases, including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC).<ref name=exp>Burgos RM, Biagi MJ, Rodvold KA, Danziger LH. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of meropenem and vaborbactam for the treatment of urinary tract infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018 Oct;14(10):1007-1021. {{PMID|30106599}} {{doi|10.1080/17425255.2018}}</ref>
Vaborbactam is a [[boronic acid]] β-lactamase inhibitor with a high affinity for [[serine]] β-lactamases, including [[Klebsiella pneumoniae|''Klebsiella pneumoniae'']] carbapenemase (KPC).<ref name=exp>Burgos RM, Biagi MJ, Rodvold KA, Danziger LH. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of meropenem and vaborbactam for the treatment of urinary tract infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018 Oct;14(10):1007-1021. {{PMID|30106599}} {{doi|10.1080/17425255.2018}}</ref>
Vaborbactam inhibits a variety of β-lactamases, exhibiting a 69&nbsp;nM K<sub>i</sub> against the KPC-2 carbapenemase and even lower inhibition constants against CTX-M-15 and SHV-12. Boronic acids are unusual in their ability to reversibly form covalent bonds with alcohols such as the [[active site]] serine in a serine carbapenemase. This property enables them to function as [[transition state analog]]s of serine carbapenemase-catalyzed lactam hydrolysis and thereby inhibit these enzymes.<ref name = "Hecker" />
Vaborbactam inhibits a variety of β-lactamases, exhibiting a 69&nbsp;nM [[Dissociation constant|K<sub>i</sub>]] against the KPC-2 carbapenemase and even lower inhibition constants against CTX-M-15 and SHV-12. Boronic acids are unusual in their ability to reversibly form covalent bonds with alcohols such as the [[active site]] serine in a serine carbapenemase. This property enables them to function as [[transition state analog]]s of serine carbapenemase-catalyzed lactam hydrolysis and thereby inhibit these enzymes.<ref name = "Hecker" />


Carbapenemases can be broadly divided into two different categories based on the mechanism they use to [[Hydrolysis|hydrolyze]] the [[lactam]] ring in their [[Substrate (chemistry)|substrates]]: Metallo-β-lactamases contain bound [[zinc]] ions in their active sites and are therefore inhibited by chelating agents like [[Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid|EDTA]], while [[serine]] carbapenemases feature an [[active site]] [[serine]] that participates in the hydrolysis of the substrate.<ref name = "Queenan">{{cite journal | last1 = Queenan | first1 = AM | last2 = Bush | first2 = K | title = Carbapenemases: the Versatile β-Lactamases | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | date = 13 July 2007 | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 440–58 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.00001-07 | pmid = 17630334 | issn = 0893-8512 | pmc = 1932750}}</ref> Serine carbapenemase-catalyzed hydrolysis employs a three-step [[Mechanism of action|mechanism]] featuring [[acylation]] and deacylation steps analogous to the mechanism of protease-catalyzed peptide hydrolysis, proceeding through a tetrahedral [[transition state]].<ref name = "Queenan" /><ref name = "Brasseur">{{cite journal|last1=Lamotte-Brasseur | first1 = J | last2 = Knox | first2 = J | last3 = Kelly | first3 = JA | last4 = Charlier | first4 = P | last5 = Fonzé | first5 = E | last6 = Dideberg | first6 = O | last7 = Frère | first7 = JM | title = The Structures and Catalytic Mechanisms of Active-Site Serine β-Lactamases | journal = Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews | date = December 1994 | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 189–230 | doi = 10.1080/02648725.1994.10647912 | pmid = 7727028 | issn = 0264-8725}}</ref>
Carbapenemases can be broadly divided into two different categories based on the mechanism they use to [[Hydrolysis|hydrolyze]] the [[lactam]] ring in their [[Substrate (chemistry)|substrates]]: Metallo-β-lactamases contain bound [[zinc]] ions in their active sites and are therefore inhibited by chelating agents like [[Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid|EDTA]], while [[serine]] carbapenemases feature an [[active site]] [[serine]] that participates in the hydrolysis of the substrate.<ref name = "Queenan">{{cite journal | last1 = Queenan | first1 = AM | last2 = Bush | first2 = K | title = Carbapenemases: the Versatile β-Lactamases | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | date = 13 July 2007 | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 440–58 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.00001-07 | pmid = 17630334 | issn = 0893-8512 | pmc = 1932750}}</ref> Serine carbapenemase-catalyzed hydrolysis employs a three-step [[Mechanism of action|mechanism]] featuring [[acylation]] and deacylation steps analogous to the mechanism of protease-catalyzed peptide hydrolysis, proceeding through a tetrahedral [[transition state]].<ref name = "Queenan" /><ref name = "Brasseur">{{cite journal|last1=Lamotte-Brasseur | first1 = J | last2 = Knox | first2 = J | last3 = Kelly | first3 = JA | last4 = Charlier | first4 = P | last5 = Fonzé | first5 = E | last6 = Dideberg | first6 = O | last7 = Frère | first7 = JM | title = The Structures and Catalytic Mechanisms of Active-Site Serine β-Lactamases | journal = Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews | date = December 1994 | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 189–230 | doi = 10.1080/02648725.1994.10647912 | pmid = 7727028 | issn = 0264-8725}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:55, 26 September 2019

Vaborbactam
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		IV
ATC code
  • None
Identifiers
  • {(3R,6S)-2-Hydroxy-3-[2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetamido]-
    1,2-oxaborinan-6-yl}acetic acid
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.235.136 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H16BNO5S
Molar mass297.13 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • B1([C@H](CC[C@H](O1)CC(=O)O)NC(=O)CC2=CC=CS2)O
  • InChI=1S/C12H16BNO5S/c15-11(7-9-2-1-5-20-9)14-10-4-3-8(6-12(16)17)19-13(10)18/h1-2,5,8,10,18H,3-4,6-7H2,(H,14,15)(H,16,17)/t8-,10-/m0/s1
  • Key:IOOWNWLVCOUUEX-WPRPVWTQSA-N

Vaborbactam (INN)[1] is a non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor discovered by Rempex Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of The Medicines Company. While not effective as an antibiotic by itself, it restores potency to existing antibiotics by inhibiting the β-lactamase enzymes that would otherwise degrade them. When combined with an appropriate antibiotic it can be used for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections.[2]

In the United States, the combination drug meropenem/vaborbactam (Vabomere) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis.[3]

Biochemistry

Vaborbactam is a boronic acid β-lactamase inhibitor with a high affinity for serine β-lactamases, including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC).[4] Vaborbactam inhibits a variety of β-lactamases, exhibiting a 69 nM Ki against the KPC-2 carbapenemase and even lower inhibition constants against CTX-M-15 and SHV-12. Boronic acids are unusual in their ability to reversibly form covalent bonds with alcohols such as the active site serine in a serine carbapenemase. This property enables them to function as transition state analogs of serine carbapenemase-catalyzed lactam hydrolysis and thereby inhibit these enzymes.[2]

Carbapenemases can be broadly divided into two different categories based on the mechanism they use to hydrolyze the lactam ring in their substrates: Metallo-β-lactamases contain bound zinc ions in their active sites and are therefore inhibited by chelating agents like EDTA, while serine carbapenemases feature an active site serine that participates in the hydrolysis of the substrate.[5] Serine carbapenemase-catalyzed hydrolysis employs a three-step mechanism featuring acylation and deacylation steps analogous to the mechanism of protease-catalyzed peptide hydrolysis, proceeding through a tetrahedral transition state.[5][6]

Given their mechanism of action, the possibility of off-target effects brought about through inhibition of endogenous serine hydrolases is an obvious possible concern in the development of boronic acid β-lactamase inhibitors, and in fact boronic acids like bortezomib have previously been investigated or developed as inhibitors of various human proteases.[2] Vaborbactam, however, is a highly specific β-lactamase inhibitor, with an IC50 >> 1 mM against all human serine hydrolases against which it has been tested.[2] Consistent with its high in vitro specificity, vaborbactam exhibited a good safety profile in human phase I clinical trials, with similar adverse events observed in both placebo and treatment groups.[7] Hecker et al. argue this specificity results from the higher affinity of human proteases to linear molecules; thus it is expected that a boron heterocycle will have zero effect on them.

References

  1. ^ "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary Names: List 75" (PDF). World Health Organization. pp. 161–2.
  2. ^ a b c d Hecker, SJ; Reddy, KR; Totrov, M; Hirst, GC; Lomovskaya, O; Griffith, DC; King, P; Tsivkovski, R; Sun, D; Sabet, M; Tarazi, Z; Clifton, MC; Atkins, K; Raymond, A; Potts, KT; Abendroth, J; Boyer, SH; Loutit, JS; Morgan, EE; Durso, S; Dudley, MN (14 May 2015). "Discovery of a Cyclic Boronic Acid β-Lactamase Inhibitor (RPX7009) with Utility vs Class A Serine Carbapenemases". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 58 (9): 3682–92. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00127. ISSN 0022-2623. PMID 25782055.
  3. ^ "FDA approves new antibacterial drug" (Press release). Food and Drug Administration. August 29, 2017.
  4. ^ Burgos RM, Biagi MJ, Rodvold KA, Danziger LH. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of meropenem and vaborbactam for the treatment of urinary tract infection. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018 Oct;14(10):1007-1021. PMID 30106599 doi:10.1080/17425255.2018
  5. ^ a b Queenan, AM; Bush, K (13 July 2007). "Carbapenemases: the Versatile β-Lactamases". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 20 (3): 440–58. doi:10.1128/CMR.00001-07. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 1932750. PMID 17630334.
  6. ^ Lamotte-Brasseur, J; Knox, J; Kelly, JA; Charlier, P; Fonzé, E; Dideberg, O; Frère, JM (December 1994). "The Structures and Catalytic Mechanisms of Active-Site Serine β-Lactamases". Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews. 12 (1): 189–230. doi:10.1080/02648725.1994.10647912. ISSN 0264-8725. PMID 7727028.
  7. ^ Griffith, DC; Loutit, JS; Morgan, EE; Durso, S; Dudley, MN (October 2016). "Phase 1 Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of the β-Lactamase Inhibitor Vaborbactam (RPX7009) in Healthy Adult Subjects". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 60 (10): 6326–32. doi:10.1128/AAC.00568-16. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 5038296. PMID 27527080.
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