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==History==
==History==
[[File:1962 Oldsmobile Jetfire (27224201910).jpg|thumb|1962 [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Turbo Jetfire|Turbo Jetfire]] engine]]
[[Image:Corvair turbo engine.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Chevrolet Corvair]]'s turbocharged engine. The turbo, located at top right, feeds pressurized air into the engine through the chrome T-pipe spanning the engine.]]
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*'''1962:''' [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] manufactured the first turbocharged production cars with the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Turbo Jetfire|Turbo Jetfire]] engine used in the Oldsmobile Jetfire<ref name="turbolader1">{{cite web|url=http://en.turbolader.net/Technology/History.aspx |title=The history of turbocharging |publisher=En.turbolader.net |date=1959-10-27 |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref> (a modified version of the turbocharger setup was also used in the Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder released a month later).<ref name="streetlegaltv1">{{cite web|url=http://www.streetlegaltv.com/news/video-oldsmobile-jetfire-americas-first-production-turbo-v8/ |title=Video: Oldsmobile Jetfire, America's First Production Turbo V8 |publisher=StreetLegalTV |date=2011-01-28 |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref> A [[Garrett AiResearch]] turbocharger with integral wastegate was used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwperformance.com/about-us.aspx |title=Garrett history |publisher=Dwperformance.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://honeywellbooster.com/turbotalk/honeywell-heritage-a-hallmark-throughout-turbo-history/ |title=Honeywell Heritage: A Hallmark Throughout Turbo History " Booster Online |publisher=Honeywellbooster.com |accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/a-look-back-genesis-of-the-automotive-turbocharger/ | first = J |last=Kraus | title=A Look Back: Genesis of the Automotive Turbocharger|publisher=Auto Universum|accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref> Power was significantly increased over the naturally aspirated (non-turbo) engine, however reliability of these engines was poor and the production of the engine stopped in 1963<ref name="streetlegaltv1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1962-1963-oldsmobile-f85-jetfire6.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "Decline of the 1962-1963 Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire" |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |date=2007-10-04 |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>
⚫
* '''1965:''' Beginning this year a turbocharged version of the "Comanche" 154 cubic inch inline slant four cylinder engine was an option in the International Harvester [[International Harvester Scout|Scout]]. This engine developed {{convert|111|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm and {{convert|166|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 3,200 rpm and was available until 1967.<ref name="hemmings">{{cite web|url=https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hcc/2014/05/Scout-s-Honor---1965-International-Scout/3737641.html|title=Scout's Honor - 1965 International Scout|publisher=Hemmings |date=2014-05-01 |accessdate=2016-10-26}}</ref><ref name="trucktrend">{{cite web|url=http://www.trucktrend.com/cool-trucks/0801dp-international-scout/ |title=International Scout - Scout Evolution|publisher=TruckTrend network |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2016-10-26}}</ref>
⚫
*'''1973:''' The next mass-produced turbocharged car was the [[Paul Rosche]] developed BMW's 2002 Turbo, introduced at the 1973 Frankfurt motor show and featuring a {{convert|2.0|L|cuin|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine.<ref name="ultimatecarpage2002">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/2098/BMW-2002-Turbo.html |title=1973 - 1974 BMW 2002 Turbo - Images, Specifications and Information |publisher=Ultimatecarpage.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref> Due to excessive turbo lag, safety concerns and the 1973/1974 oil crisis, the 2002 Turbo was discontinued in 1974.<ref name="ultimatecarpage2002"/>
⚫
*'''1974:''' At the height of the oil crisis, Porsche introduced the 911 Turbo, which was the fastest mass-produced car at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motor-prime.com/content/history-four-decades-911-turbo |title=History - Four decades of the 911 Turbo |publisher=MotorPrime |date=2011-10-23 |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/cars/porsche-911-turbo-930-1974.html |title=PORSCHE 911 Turbo (930) (1974 - 1977) |publisher=Autoevolution.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref> The Porsche 911 has been available with a turbocharged engine for the majority of the years since 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.excellence-mag.com/resources/buyers-guide/186787951 |title=Excellence :: Buyers Guide : 911 Turbo |publisher=Excellence-mag.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>
⚫
*'''1977:''' Saab released the [[Saab 99]] model with a turbocharged engine.
⚫
*'''1978:''' Turbocharging returned to American-produced engines, in the form of the Buick Regal V6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g-body.org/history/b/over-b.php |title=Buick History |publisher=G-body.org |date= |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>


⚫
*'''1962:''' The first turbocharged production car engine was the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Turbo Jetfire|Oldsmobile Turbo Jetfire]] used in the Oldsmobile Jetfire<ref name="turbolader1">{{cite web|url=http://en.turbolader.net/Technology/History.aspx |title=The history of turbocharging |website=en.turbolader.net |date=1959-10-27 |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref> (a modified version of the turbocharger setup was also used in the Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder released a month later).<ref name="streetlegaltv1">{{cite web|url=http://www.streetlegaltv.com/news/video-oldsmobile-jetfire-americas-first-production-turbo-v8/ |title=Video: Oldsmobile Jetfire, America's First Production Turbo V8 |website=Street Muscle |date=2011-01-28 |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref> A [[Garrett AiResearch]] turbocharger with integral wastegate was used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwperformance.com/about-us.aspx |title=Garrett history |website=dwperformance.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://honeywellbooster.com/turbotalk/honeywell-heritage-a-hallmark-throughout-turbo-history/ |title=Honeywell Heritage: A Hallmark Throughout Turbo History " Booster Online |website= honeywellbooster.com |accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://autouniversum.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/a-look-back-genesis-of-the-automotive-turbocharger/ | first = J |last=Kraus | title=A Look Back: Genesis of the Automotive Turbocharger|website= Auto Universum |accessdate=2010-08-02}}</ref> Power was significantly increased over the naturally aspirated (non-turbo) engine, however reliability of these engines was poor and the production of the engine ceased in 1963.<ref name="streetlegaltv1"/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1962-1963-oldsmobile-f85-jetfire6.htm |title=Decline of the 1962-1963 Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire |website= HowStuffWorks |date=2007-10-04 |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>
Since 1978, many manufacturers have produced turbocharged cars.
⚫
* '''1965:''' Beginning this year a turbocharged version of the "Comanche" 154 cubic inch inline slant four cylinder engine was an option in the [[International Harvester Scout]]. This engine developed {{convert|111|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,000 rpm and {{convert|166|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} at 3,200 rpm and was available until 1967.<ref name="hemmings">{{cite web|url= https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hcc/2014/05/Scout-s-Honor---1965-International-Scout/3737641.html |title=Scout's Honor - 1965 International Scout |website= hemmings.com |date=2014-05-01 |accessdate=2016-10-26}}</ref><ref name="trucktrend">{{cite web |url=http://www.trucktrend.com/cool-trucks/0801dp-international-scout/ |title=International Scout - Scout Evolution|website= trucktrend.com |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2016-10-26}}</ref>

⚫
*'''1973:''' The next mass-produced turbocharged car was the [[BMW_02_Series#2002|BMW 2002 Turbo]], introduced at the 1973 Frankfurt motor show and featuring a {{convert|2.0|L|cuin|abbr=on}} four-cylinder engine.<ref name="ultimatecarpage2002">{{cite web| url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/2098/BMW-2002-Turbo.html |title=1973 - 1974 BMW 2002 Turbo - Images, Specifications and Information |website= Ultimatecarpage.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref> Due to excessive turbo lag, safety concerns and the 1973/1974 oil crisis, the 2002 Turbo was discontinued in 1974.<ref name="ultimatecarpage2002"/>
Notably in the mid-2000s, [[BMW]] which long used small-displacement high-rev naturally aspirated engines, re-introduced a turbocharged gasoline engine, the [[BMW N54]].
⚫
*'''1974:''' At the height of the oil crisis, the [[Porsche 930|Porsche 911 Turbo]] was introduced, becoming the fastest mass-produced car at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motor-prime.com/content/history-four-decades-911-turbo |title=History - Four decades of the 911 Turbo |website= motor-prime.com |date=2011-10-23 |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoevolution.com/cars/porsche-911-turbo-930-1974.html |title=PORSCHE 911 Turbo (930) (1974 - 1977) |website= autoevolution.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref> The Porsche 911 has been available with a turbocharged engine for the majority of the years since 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.excellence-mag.com/resources/buyers-guide/186787951 |title=Excellence :: Buyers Guide : 911 Turbo |website= Excellence |date= |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>
⚫
*'''1977:''' The [[Saab 99]] model begins Saab's long run of turbocharged passenger cars.
⚫
*'''1978:''' The "LD5" version of the [[Buick_V6_engine#LD5|Buick V6 engine]] marks the return of turbocharging to cars produced in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g-body.org/history/b/over-b.php |title=Buick History |website= g-body.org |date= |accessdate=2012-04-13}}</ref>
*'''1978-present:''' Many manufacturers have produced turbocharged cars. Since the early-2010s, many European cars have switched to smaller, turbocharged engines. This trend has since spread to manufacturers from other regions.


==Multiple turbochargers==
==Multiple turbochargers==
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====Parallel====
====Parallel====
Some engines, such as [[V engine|V-type engines]], utilize two identically sized turbos, each fed by a separate set of exhaust streams from the engine. Having two smaller turbos produce the same aggregate amount of boost as a larger single turbo allows them to reach their optimal rpm, more quickly, thus improving boost delivery. Such an arrangement of turbos is typically referred to as a [[Twin-turbo#Parallel twin-turbo|parallel twin-turbo]] system.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the main differences between a Single and Twin Turbo setup |url=https://www.turbobygarrett.com/turbobygarrett/differences_between_turbos |website=Turbobygarrett |location=US |accessdate=2018-06-11 |language=en}}</ref>
Some engines, such as [[V engine|V-type engines]], utilize two identically sized turbos, each fed by a separate set of exhaust streams from the engine. Having two smaller turbos produce the same aggregate amount of boost as a larger single turbo allows them to reach their optimal rpm, more quickly, thus improving boost delivery. Such an arrangement of turbos is typically referred to as a [[Twin-turbo#Parallel twin-turbo|parallel twin-turbo]] system.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the main differences between a Single and Twin Turbo setup |url=https://www.turbobygarrett.com/turbobygarrett/differences_between_turbos |website= Garrett Motion |location=US |accessdate=2018-06-11 |language=en}}</ref>


====Sequential====
====Sequential====
Another twin-turbo arrangement is "sequential", where one turbo is active across the entire rev range of the engine and the other activates at higher rpm.<ref name="carsdirect.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.carsdirect.com/aftermarket-parts/the-benefits-and-drawbacks-of-twin-turbos |title=The Benefits and Drawbacks of Twin Turbos |work=CarsDirect |date=2011-06-11 |accessdate=2013-03-03}}</ref> Below this rpm, both exhaust and air inlet of the secondary turbo are closed. Being individually smaller they have reduced lag<ref name="carsdirect.com"/> and having the second turbo operating at a higher rpm range allows it to get to full rotational speed before it is required. Such combinations are referred to as a [[Twin-turbo#Sequential turbos|sequential twin-turbo]]. Cars using sequential twin-turbos include the [[Porsche 959]], Mazda RX-7, Toyota Supra Subaru Legacy and the [[Ford EcoBoost]] [[V6]] engines in the [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion Sport]], [[Ford Taurus SHO]], Police Interceptor and the Ford F-150. [[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincoln]] who's parent company is [[Ford]] also have a number of models that use an EcoBoost motor. Sequential twin-turbos are usually slightly more complicated than a single or parallel twin-turbo systems because they require two sets of air intake and wastegate pipes and valves to control the direction of the exhaust gases.
Another twin-turbo arrangement is "sequential", where one turbo is active across the entire rev range of the engine and the other activates at higher rpm.<ref name="carsdirect.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.carsdirect.com/aftermarket-parts/the-benefits-and-drawbacks-of-twin-turbos |title=The Benefits and Drawbacks of Twin Turbos |website= CarsDirect |date=2011-06-11 |accessdate=2013-03-03}}</ref> Below this rpm, both exhaust and air inlet of the secondary turbo are closed. Being individually smaller they have reduced lag<ref name="carsdirect.com"/> and having the second turbo operating at a higher rpm range allows it to get to full rotational speed before it is required. Such combinations are referred to as a [[Twin-turbo#Sequential turbos|sequential twin-turbo]]. Cars using sequential twin-turbos include the [[Porsche 959]], Mazda RX-7, Toyota Supra Subaru Legacy and the [[Ford EcoBoost]] [[V6]] engines in the [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion Sport]], [[Ford Taurus SHO]], Police Interceptor and the Ford F-150. [[Lincoln Motor Company|Lincoln]] who's parent company is [[Ford]] also have a number of models that use an EcoBoost motor. Sequential twin-turbos are usually slightly more complicated than a single or parallel twin-turbo systems because they require two sets of air intake and wastegate pipes and valves to control the direction of the exhaust gases.


===Triple-turbo===
===Triple-turbo===
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===Beginnings===
===Beginnings===
The [[Offenhauser]] turbocharged engine was one of the early uses of turbocharging in motorsport, when it competed at the [[Indianapolis 500]] in 1966, with victories coming in 1968 using a [[Garrett AiResearch]] turbocharger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/254353/turbos_in_motor_sport.html |title=Turbos in motor sport |first=Keith |last=Adams |work=Classic &amp; Performance Cars |date=July 2010 |access-date=2013-03-03 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715054524/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/254353/turbos_in_motor_sport.html |archive-date=2010-07-15}}</ref><ref>[http://ucapusa.com/indy_offenhauser.htm Offy Racing Engines<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The Offenhauser turbo peaked at over {{convert|1000|hp|abbr=on}} in 1973, which led [[United States Automobile Club|USAC]] to limit boost pressure. In their turn, [[Porsche]] dominated the [[Can-Am]] series with a {{convert|1100|hp|abbr=on}} [[Porsche 917|917/30]]. Turbocharged cars dominated the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] between 1976 and 1988, and then from 2000 to 2007.
The [[Offenhauser]] turbocharged engine was one of the early uses of turbocharging in motorsport, when it competed at the [[Indianapolis 500]] in 1966, with victories coming in 1968 using a [[Garrett AiResearch]] turbocharger.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/254353/turbos_in_motor_sport.html |title=Turbos in motor sport |website= Classic Performance Car |date=July 2010 |access-date=2013-03-03 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715054524/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/254353/turbos_in_motor_sport.html |archive-date=2010-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Offy Racing Engines |url=http://uniquecarsandparts.com/indy_offenhauser.htm |website= uniquecarsandparts.com |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref> The Offenhauser turbo peaked at over {{convert|1000|hp|abbr=on}} in 1973, which led [[United States Automobile Club|USAC]] to limit boost pressure. In their turn, [[Porsche]] dominated the [[Can-Am]] series with a {{convert|1100|hp|abbr=on}} [[Porsche 917|917/30]]. Turbocharged cars dominated the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] between 1976 and 1988, and then from 2000 to 2007.


===Formula 1===
===Formula 1===
{{Listen|filename=Ferrari 126C4 M2 (1984).ogg|title=Ferrari Turbo F1 car|description=1984 Ferrari 126C4/M2 at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009. 1.5 litre turbocharged V6, 850bhp}}
{{Listen|filename=Ferrari 126C4 M2 (1984).ogg|title=Ferrari Turbo F1 car|description=1984 Ferrari 126C4/M2 at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009. 1.5 litre turbocharged V6, 850bhp}}
In [[Formula One]], in the so-called "Turbo Era" of {{F1|1977}} until {{F1|1988}}. [[Renault F1|Renault]], [[Honda F1|Honda]], [[BMW]], and [[Ferrari]] produced engines with a capacity of {{convert|1500|cc|cid|abbr=on}} able to generate {{convert|1000|to|1500|hp|kW|abbr=on}}. Renault was the first manufacturer to apply turbo technology in F1.<ref name=RS01>{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2007/7/6404.html |title=Renault 30th F1 anniversary/ Talks about the RS01 |accessdate=2008-11-04 |work=Formula1.com }}</ref> Turbocharged engines dominated and ended the [[Cosworth DFV]] era in the mid-1980s. In {{F1|1987}}, ''FIA'' decided to limit the maximum boost before the technology was banned for {{F1|1989}}. Rule changes for the {{F1|2014}} season marked a return of turbocharged engines to the sport, from the previous normally aspirated 2.4 litre V8 engines to turbocharged 1.6 litre V6 engines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12237.html |title=FIA confirms 1.6 turbo engines for 2014 |date=2011-06-29 |publisher=formula1.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702215927/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12237.html |archive-date=2011-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In [[Formula One]], in the so-called "Turbo Era" of {{F1|1977}} until {{F1|1988}}. [[Renault F1|Renault]], [[Honda F1|Honda]], [[BMW]], and [[Ferrari]] produced engines with a capacity of {{convert|1500|cc|cid|abbr=on}} able to generate {{convert|1000|to|1500|hp|kW|abbr=on}}. Renault was the first manufacturer to apply turbo technology in F1.<ref name=RS01>{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/features/2007/7/6404.html |title=Renault 30th F1 anniversary/ Talks about the RS01 |accessdate=2008-11-04 |website= Formula 1 }}</ref> Turbocharged engines dominated and ended the [[Cosworth DFV]] era in the mid-1980s. In {{F1|1987}}, ''FIA'' decided to limit the maximum boost before the technology was banned for {{F1|1989}}. Rule changes for the {{F1|2014}} season marked a return of turbocharged engines to the sport, from the previous normally aspirated 2.4 litre V8 engines to turbocharged 1.6 litre V6 engines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12237.html |title=FIA confirms 1.6 turbo engines for 2014 |date=2011-06-29 |website= Formula 1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702215927/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/6/12237.html |archive-date=2011-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


===Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft and Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters===
===Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft and Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters===
Line 46: Line 44:


===Rally===
===Rally===
During the Group B era of the 1980s, turbocharged engines producing up to {{convert|600|hp|kW|abbr=on}} dominated the World Rally Championship.<ref>[http://autospeed.com/cms/title_The-Early-Days-of-Turbo-Part-Two/A_110780/article.html AutoSpeed - The Early Days of Turbo - Part Two<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
During the Group B era of the 1980s, turbocharged engines producing up to {{convert|600|hp|kW|abbr=on}} dominated the World Rally Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Early Days of Turbo - Part Two |url=http://autospeed.com/cms/title_The-Early-Days-of-Turbo-Part-Two/A_110780/article.html |website= autospeed.com |accessdate=18 October 2019}}</ref>


For the 2012 season, WRC rally cars use a 1.6 litre turbocharged engine with a 34&nbsp;mm restrictor.<ref>[http://www.wrc.com/about-wrc/the-cars/ World Rally Championship - About WRC - The Cars<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
For the 2012 season, WRC rally cars use a 1.6 litre turbocharged engine with a 34&nbsp;mm restrictor.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIA World Rally Championship |url=http://www.wrc.com/about-wrc/the-cars/ |website= wrc.com |accessdate=18 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>


==Motorcycles==
==Motorcycles==
Line 57: Line 55:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|30em}}


[[Category:Gasoline engines]]
[[Category:Gasoline engines]]

Revision as of 21:40, 20 October 2019

Turbochargers are commonly used in passenger cars to obtain greater power output from a given engine displacement. The compact nature of a turbocharger means it is often a more space-efficient solution for increasing power output than increasing engine displacement. As an example, the turbocharged Porsche 944's acceleration performance was very similar to that of the larger-engine naturally aspirated Porsche 928. Although turbocharging is less responsive than supercharging, turbocharging is generally considered more efficient than supercharging. New techniques such as twin-turbo/biturbo (whether parallel or sequential) setups and twin-scroll turbocharger, in combination with technologies such as variable valve timing and direct fuel injection, have cut down on turbo lag.

History

1962 Turbo Jetfire engine
  • 1962: The first turbocharged production car engine was the Oldsmobile Turbo Jetfire used in the Oldsmobile Jetfire[1] (a modified version of the turbocharger setup was also used in the Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder released a month later).[2] A Garrett AiResearch turbocharger with integral wastegate was used.[3][4][5] Power was significantly increased over the naturally aspirated (non-turbo) engine, however reliability of these engines was poor and the production of the engine ceased in 1963.[2][6]
  • 1965: Beginning this year a turbocharged version of the "Comanche" 154 cubic inch inline slant four cylinder engine was an option in the International Harvester Scout. This engine developed 111 hp (83 kW) at 4,000 rpm and 166 lb⋅ft (225 N⋅m) at 3,200 rpm and was available until 1967.[7][8]
  • 1973: The next mass-produced turbocharged car was the BMW 2002 Turbo, introduced at the 1973 Frankfurt motor show and featuring a 2.0 L (120 cu in) four-cylinder engine.[9] Due to excessive turbo lag, safety concerns and the 1973/1974 oil crisis, the 2002 Turbo was discontinued in 1974.[9]
  • 1974: At the height of the oil crisis, the Porsche 911 Turbo was introduced, becoming the fastest mass-produced car at the time.[10][11] The Porsche 911 has been available with a turbocharged engine for the majority of the years since 1974.[12]
  • 1977: The Saab 99 model begins Saab's long run of turbocharged passenger cars.
  • 1978: The "LD5" version of the Buick V6 engine marks the return of turbocharging to cars produced in the United States.[13]
  • 1978-present: Many manufacturers have produced turbocharged cars. Since the early-2010s, many European cars have switched to smaller, turbocharged engines. This trend has since spread to manufacturers from other regions.

Multiple turbochargers

Twin-turbo

Main article: Twin-turbo
A pair of turbochargers mounted to an Inline 6 engine (2JZ-GTE from a MkIV Toyota Supra) in a dragster.

Parallel

Some engines, such as V-type engines, utilize two identically sized turbos, each fed by a separate set of exhaust streams from the engine. Having two smaller turbos produce the same aggregate amount of boost as a larger single turbo allows them to reach their optimal rpm, more quickly, thus improving boost delivery. Such an arrangement of turbos is typically referred to as a parallel twin-turbo system.[14]

Sequential

Another twin-turbo arrangement is "sequential", where one turbo is active across the entire rev range of the engine and the other activates at higher rpm.[15] Below this rpm, both exhaust and air inlet of the secondary turbo are closed. Being individually smaller they have reduced lag[15] and having the second turbo operating at a higher rpm range allows it to get to full rotational speed before it is required. Such combinations are referred to as a sequential twin-turbo. Cars using sequential twin-turbos include the Porsche 959, Mazda RX-7, Toyota Supra Subaru Legacy and the Ford EcoBoost V6 engines in the Ford Fusion Sport, Ford Taurus SHO, Police Interceptor and the Ford F-150. Lincoln who's parent company is Ford also have a number of models that use an EcoBoost motor. Sequential twin-turbos are usually slightly more complicated than a single or parallel twin-turbo systems because they require two sets of air intake and wastegate pipes and valves to control the direction of the exhaust gases.

Triple-turbo

BMW's diesel N57S is the only tri-turbo engine currently available.

Quad-turbo

The Bugatti Veyron uses a quad-turbo W16 engine. The Bugatti EB110 from 1991 and the concept car Ford GT90 from 1995 uses a quad-turbo V12.

Motorsport

1970 Toyota 7, twin turbocharged racing car

Beginnings

The Offenhauser turbocharged engine was one of the early uses of turbocharging in motorsport, when it competed at the Indianapolis 500 in 1966, with victories coming in 1968 using a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger.[16][17] The Offenhauser turbo peaked at over 1,000 hp (750 kW) in 1973, which led USAC to limit boost pressure. In their turn, Porsche dominated the Can-Am series with a 1,100 hp (820 kW) 917/30. Turbocharged cars dominated the 24 Hours of Le Mans between 1976 and 1988, and then from 2000 to 2007.

Formula 1

Ferrari Turbo F1 car
1984 Ferrari 126C4/M2 at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009. 1.5 litre turbocharged V6, 850bhp
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In Formula One, in the so-called "Turbo Era" of 1977 until 1988. Renault, Honda, BMW, and Ferrari produced engines with a capacity of 1,500 cc (92 cu in) able to generate 1,000 to 1,500 hp (750 to 1,120 kW). Renault was the first manufacturer to apply turbo technology in F1.[18] Turbocharged engines dominated and ended the Cosworth DFV era in the mid-1980s. In 1987, FIA decided to limit the maximum boost before the technology was banned for 1989. Rule changes for the 2014 season marked a return of turbocharged engines to the sport, from the previous normally aspirated 2.4 litre V8 engines to turbocharged 1.6 litre V6 engines.[19]

Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft and Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters

In Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft, in the so-called "Turbo Era" of 1985 until 1987, Volvo and BMW was the first manufacturer to apply turbo technology in old DTM. Turbochargers were banned at the start of 1988 season due to cost reasons. Rule changes for the 2019 new DTM season marked a return of turbocharged engines to the sport, from the previous classical normally aspirated 4.0 L (244 cu in) V8 engines to road car-based turbocharged 2.0 L (122 cu in) inline-4 engines as a regulation sharing with Japanese Super GT "Class One" regulation.

Rally

During the Group B era of the 1980s, turbocharged engines producing up to 600 hp (450 kW) dominated the World Rally Championship.[20]

For the 2012 season, WRC rally cars use a 1.6 litre turbocharged engine with a 34 mm restrictor.[21]

Motorcycles

Main article: Forced induction in motorcycles

In 1978 Kawasaki offered the Z1R-TC, a stock ZR1 fitted with an American Turbo Pak compressor to give it turbo power producing 130 hp (97 kW) @ 8,500 rpm claimed.[22]

One of the last production turbocharged motorcycles was the 1983-1985 Kawasaki GPZ750 Turbo.

References

  1. ^ "The history of turbocharging". en.turbolader.net. 1959-10-27. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  2. ^ a b "Video: Oldsmobile Jetfire, America's First Production Turbo V8". Street Muscle. 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  3. ^ "Garrett history". dwperformance.com. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  4. ^ "Honeywell Heritage: A Hallmark Throughout Turbo History " Booster Online". honeywellbooster.com. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
  5. ^ Kraus, J. "A Look Back: Genesis of the Automotive Turbocharger". Auto Universum. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
  6. ^ "Decline of the 1962-1963 Oldsmobile F-85 Jetfire". HowStuffWorks. 2007-10-04. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  7. ^ "Scout's Honor - 1965 International Scout". hemmings.com. 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  8. ^ "International Scout - Scout Evolution". trucktrend.com. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  9. ^ a b "1973 - 1974 BMW 2002 Turbo - Images, Specifications and Information". Ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  10. ^ "History - Four decades of the 911 Turbo". motor-prime.com. 2011-10-23. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  11. ^ "PORSCHE 911 Turbo (930) (1974 - 1977)". autoevolution.com. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  12. ^ "Excellence :: Buyers Guide : 911 Turbo". Excellence. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  13. ^ "Buick History". g-body.org. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
  14. ^ "What are the main differences between a Single and Twin Turbo setup". Garrett Motion. US. Retrieved 2018-06-11.
  15. ^ a b "The Benefits and Drawbacks of Twin Turbos". CarsDirect. 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  16. ^ "Turbos in motor sport". Classic Performance Car. July 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2013-03-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. ^ "Offy Racing Engines". uniquecarsandparts.com. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  18. ^ "Renault 30th F1 anniversary/ Talks about the RS01". Formula 1. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
  19. ^ "FIA confirms 1.6 turbo engines for 2014". Formula 1. 2011-06-29. Archived from the original on 2011-07-02.
  20. ^ "The Early Days of Turbo - Part Two". autospeed.com. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  21. ^ "FIA World Rally Championship". wrc.com. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  22. ^ Smith, Robert (January–February 2013). "1978 Kawasaki Z1R-TC: Turbo Power". Motorcycle Classics. 8 (3). Retrieved 2013-02-07.
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