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A '''station wagon''', also called an '''estate car''', '''estate''' or '''wagon''', is a car body style which has a [[Car body configurations#Two-box design|two-box design]], a large cargo area and a rear tailgate that is hinged to open for access to the cargo area. The body style is similar to a [[hatchback|hatchback car]], but station wagons are longer and are more likely to have the roof-line extended to the rear of the vehicle body<ref name="Hilliers">{{cite book|first=Victor |last=Hillier |first2=Peter |last2=Coombes |title=Hillier's Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology: Volume 1 |edition=5th|publisher=Nelson Thornes |year=2004|isbn= 978-0-7487-8082-2 |page=11 |quote=The estate body, also known as station wagons in some countries, has the roofline extended to the rear of the body to enlarge its internal capacity. Folding the rear seats down gives a large floor area for the carriage of luggage or goods. Stronger suspension springs are fitted at the rear to support the extra load. Hatchback: ...as with the estate, the rear seats fold down to give a flat floor for the transportation of luggage or other objects. When the tailgate is closed, the luggage compartment is usually covered with a parcel shelf. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DoYaRsNFlEYC&pg=PA11&dq=%22station+wagon%22+vs.+%22hatchback%22 |accessdate=15 January 2013 }}</ref> (resulting in a vertical rear surface to the car) to provide ample space for luggage and small cargo.
A '''station wagon''', also called an '''estate car''', '''estate''' or '''wagon''', is a car body style which has a [[Car body configurations#Two-box design|two-box design]], a large cargo area and a rear tailgate that is hinged to open for access to the cargo area. The body style is similar to a [[hatchback|hatchback car]], but station wagons are longer and are more likely to have the roof-line extended to the rear of the vehicle body<ref name="Hilliers">{{cite book|first=Victor |last=Hillier |first2=Peter |last2=Coombes |title=Hillier's Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology: Volume 1 |edition=5th|publisher=Nelson Thornes |year=2004|isbn= 978-0-7487-8082-2 |page=11 |quote=The estate body, also known as station wagons in some countries, has the roofline extended to the rear of the body to enlarge its internal capacity. Folding the rear seats down gives a large floor area for the carriage of luggage or goods. Stronger suspension springs are fitted at the rear to support the extra load. Hatchback: ...as with the estate, the rear seats fold down to give a flat floor for the transportation of luggage or other objects. When the tailgate is closed, the luggage compartment is usually covered with a parcel shelf. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DoYaRsNFlEYC&pg=PA11&dq=%22station+wagon%22+vs.+%22hatchback%22 |accessdate=15 January 2013 }}</ref> (resulting in a vertical rear surface to the car) to provide ample space for luggage and small cargo.

[[Share Taxi]]
[[Furgon]]
[[Ssangyong Actyon|Ssangyong Actyon Sports]]
[[Ssangyong Actyon|Ssangyong Actyon Sports|Ssangyong Tradie]]


The first station wagons, produced in the United States around 1910, were [[Woodie (car body style)|wood-bodied conversions]] of an existing passenger car. During the 1930s, car manufacturers in the United States, United Kingdom, and France began to produce similarly-styled models, and by the 1950s the wood rear bodywork had been replaced by an all-steel body. Station wagon and estate models sold well from the 1950s to the 1970s, after which sales declined somewhat as [[minivan]]s and [[SUV]]s have increased in popularity.
The first station wagons, produced in the United States around 1910, were [[Woodie (car body style)|wood-bodied conversions]] of an existing passenger car. During the 1930s, car manufacturers in the United States, United Kingdom, and France began to produce similarly-styled models, and by the 1950s the wood rear bodywork had been replaced by an all-steel body. Station wagon and estate models sold well from the 1950s to the 1970s, after which sales declined somewhat as [[minivan]]s and [[SUV]]s have increased in popularity.

Revision as of 22:32, 9 May 2020

Station wagons over the years (reverse chronology)
2014 Renault Clio Estate
2009 Ford Mondeo
Buick Roadmaster Estate wagon, one of the largest wagons ever made

A station wagon, also called an estate car, estate or wagon, is a car body style which has a two-box design, a large cargo area and a rear tailgate that is hinged to open for access to the cargo area. The body style is similar to a hatchback car, but station wagons are longer and are more likely to have the roof-line extended to the rear of the vehicle body[1] (resulting in a vertical rear surface to the car) to provide ample space for luggage and small cargo.

The first station wagons, produced in the United States around 1910, were wood-bodied conversions of an existing passenger car. During the 1930s, car manufacturers in the United States, United Kingdom, and France began to produce similarly-styled models, and by the 1950s the wood rear bodywork had been replaced by an all-steel body. Station wagon and estate models sold well from the 1950s to the 1970s, after which sales declined somewhat as minivans and SUVs have increased in popularity.

Name

Reflecting the original purpose of transporting people and luggage between country estates and railway/railroad stations,[2] the body style is called an "estate car" or "estate" in British English, "station wagon" in American English, and generally one of these two variants in the rest of the English-speaking world.

In the United States, early models with exposed wooden bodies became known as woodies.[3]

In Germany, the term "Kombi" is used, short for Kombinationskraftwagen ("combination motor vehicle").[citation needed]

Station wagons have been marketed using the French term "break de chasse"[citation needed] (sometimes abbreviated to "break"), which translates as "hunting break", due to shared ancestry with the shooting-brake body style.

Manufacturers may designate station wagons across various model lines with a proprietary nameplate. Examples include "Avant", "Caravan", "Kombi", "Sports Tourer", "Sports Wagon, "Tourer", "Touring" and "Variant".

Design characteristics

Comparison with hatchbacks

Typical pillar configurations of a sedan (three box), station wagon (two box) and hatchback (two box) from the same model range (Mk1 Ford Focus).

Station wagons and hatchbacks have in common a two-box design configuration, a shared interior volume for passengers and cargo[4][5] and a rear door (often called a tailgate in the case of a wagon) that is hinged at roof level.[6][7][8] Folding rear seats (in order to create a larger space for cargo) are also common on both station wagons and hatchbacks.[9]

Distinguishing features between hatchbacks and station wagons/estates are:

  • D-pillar: Station wagons and estates are more likely to have a D-pillar (hatchbacks and station wagons both have A-, B- and C-pillars).
  • Cargo volume: Station wagon and estate designs place a priority upon passenger and cargo volume — with windows beside the cargo space. Of the two body styles, a station wagon roof (viewed in profile) more likely extends to the very rearmost of the vehicle, enclosing a full-height cargo volume[5] — a hatchback roof (especially a liftback roof) might more likely rake down steeply behind the C-Pillar, prioritizing style[1] over interior volume, with shorter rear overhang and with smaller windows (or no windows) aside the cargo volume.

Other differences are more variable and can potentially include:

  • Cargo floor contour: for maximum cargo capacity, a station wagon or estate often has a fold-flat floor, whereas a hatchback is more likely to have a cargo floor with a pronounced contour.
  • Seating: Station wagons and estates may have two or three rows of seats, while hatchbacks typically only have one or two.[4] The rearmost row of seating in a station wagon is often located in the cargo area and can be either front-facing or rear-facing.
  • Rear suspension: A station wagon or estate may include reconfigured rear suspension for additional load capacity[1] and to minimize intrusion in the cargo volume.
  • Rear Door: Hatchbacks usually feature a top-hinged lift-gate for cargo access, with variations ranging from a two-part lift-gate to a complex tail gate that can function either as a full tail gate or as a trunk/boot lid. Station wagons and estates have also been equipped with numerous tailgate configurations. Hatchbacks may be called Liftbacks when the opening area is very sloped and the door is lifted up to open.[4] A design director from General Motors has described the difference as "Where you break the roofline, at what angle, defines the spirit of the vehicle", he said. "You could have a 90-degree break in the back and have a station wagon."[10]

It has become common for station wagons and estates to use a shared platform with other body styles, resulting in many shared components (such as chassis, engine, transmission, bodywork forward of the A-pillar, interior features and optional features) being used for the wagon, sedan and hatchback variants of the model range.[11]

Tail gate designs

Station wagon Renault/Dacia Logan MCV 1.5 DCI with dual side-hinged tail gate

Many modern station wagons and estates have an upward-swinging, full-width, full-height rear door supported on gas springs — often where the rear window can swing up independently. A variety of other designs have been employed in the past.

Split gate

The earliest[citation needed] common style was an upward-swinging window combined with a downward swinging tailgate. Both were manually operated. This configuration generally prevailed from the earliest origins of the wagon body style in the 1920s through the 1940s. It remained in use through to 1960 on several models offered by Ford, including the 1957-58 Del Rio two-door wagon. This style was later adopted on aftermarket camper shells for pickup trucks and coupé utility cars, as both already types of vehicle often had a bottom half tailgate as an original feature.

Retractable window

In the early 1950s, tailgates with hand-cranked roll-down rear windows began to appear. Later in the decade, electric power was applied to the tailgate window—it could be operated from the driver's seat, as well as by the keyhole in the rear door. By the early 1960s, this arrangement was common on both full-size and compact wagons.

  • Side hinge: A side hinged tailgate that opened like a door was offered on some three-seat station wagons to make it easier for the back row passengers to enter and exit their rear-facing seats. This was later supplanted by the dual-hinged tailgate.
1963 Studebaker Wagonaire with rear roof retracted

Retractable roof

These have a retractable rear roof section as well as a conventional rear tailgate which folded down to carry tall objects that would not fit otherwise. The configuration appeared on the Studebaker Wagonaire station wagon and 2003 GMC Envoy XUV.

Dual and tri-operating gates

Ford's full-size station wagons for the United States market introduced a system marketed as "Magic Doorgate" in 1966 — a conventional tailgate with retracting rear glass, where the tailgate could either fold down or pivot open on a side hinge — with the rear window retracted in either case. Competitors marketed their versions as a Drop and Swing or Dual Action Tailgate.[11] For 1969, Ford incorporated a design that allowed the rear glass to remain up or down when the door pivoted open on its side hinge, marketing the system, which had been engineered by Donald N. Frey[12] as the "Three-Way Magic Doorgate". Similar configurations became the standard on full-size and intermediate station wagons from GM, Ford, Chrysler, and AMC. GM added a notch in the rear bumper that acted as a step plate; to fill the gap, a small portion of bumper was attached to the door-gate. When opened as a swinging door, this part of the bumper moved away, allowing the depression in the bumper to provide a "step" to ease entry; when the gate was opened by being lowered or raised to a closed position, the chrome section remained in place making the bumper "whole".

1971 Buick Estate Wagon with "clam shell" tailgate

Clam shell

Full-size General Motors 1971–1976 wagons — the Chevrolet Kingswood, Townsman, Brookwood, Bel Air, Impala, and Caprice Estates; Pontiac Safari and Grand Safari; Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, and the Buick Estate models — featured a 'clam shell' design marketed as the Glide-away tail-gate, also called a "disappearing" tailgate because when open, the tailgate was completely out of view. On the clam shell design, the rear power-operated glass slid up into the roof and the lower tailgate (with either manual or optional power operation), lowered completely below the load floor. The manual lower tailgate was counterbalanced by a torque rod similar to the torque rods used in holding a trunk lid open, requiring a 35 lb push to fully lower the gate. Raising the manual gate required a 5 lb pull via a handhold integral to the top edge of the retractable gate.[13] The power operation of both upper glass and lower tail-gate became standard equipment in later model years. Station wagons with the design featured an optional third row of forward-facing seats accessed by the rear side doors and a folding second-row seat — and could accommodate a 4 x 8' sheet of plywood with rear seats folded. The clam shell design required no increased footprint or operational area to open, allowing a user to stand at the cargo opening without impediment of a door — for example, in a closed garage. Subsequent GM full-size wagons reverted to the door-gate style for its full-size wagons.

Lift-gate

A simplified, one-piece lift-gate on smaller wagons. Subsequent generation of GM's full-size station wagons returned to the upward-lifting rear window as had been used in the 1940s.

Renault Laguna II Estate with swing-up window
  • Swing-up window: An upward-lifting, full-height, full-width rear door, where the window on the rear door can be opened independently from the rear door itself. The window is also opened upwards and is held on pneumatic struts. The Renault Laguna II estate and Ford Taurus wagon featured this arrangement.
  • Fold-up number plate: Wagons (including the Volvo Amazon wagon, early models of the Range-Rover, and the Subaru Baja) had an upward folding hinged plate attached to the lower tail-gate of the split rear door. When the tailgate was folded down, the plate hung down and remained readable. The wagon versions of the Citroen DS, variously called the Break, Familiale or Safari, had a different solution: two number plates were fitted to the tailgate at right angles to each other so one would be visible in either position.

Safety equipment

Cargo barriers may be used to prevent unsecured cargo from causing injuries in the event of sudden deceleration, collision, or a rollover.[14]

Performance models

The 1994 Audi RS2, developed in conjunction with Porsche, is considered the world's first performance station wagon.[15] Prior to this, performance models of station wagons included the 1970 Ford Falcon (XY) 'Grand Sport' pack,[16] the 1973 Chevrolet Chevelle Malibu SS-454 and the 1992 BMW M5 (E34).

Several German manufacturers have produced estate versions of high-performance models, such as the Audi RS4, Audi RS6, Mercedes-AMG C63, Mercedes-AMG E63, BMW M5 (E60/E61), Volkswagen Golf R and Volkswagen Passat R36 wagons.[17][18][19]

History

Origins

Wooden-bodied station wagon: 1914 Ford Model T
Steel-bodied station wagon: 1948 Crosley CC

The first station wagons were built in around 1910, by independent manufacturers producing wooden custom bodies for the Ford Model T chassis.[20] They were originally called "depot hacks" because they worked around train depots as hacks (short for hackney carriage, as taxicabs were then known).[21] They also came to be known as "carryalls" and "suburbans".[20]

Eventually, car manufacturers began producing their own station wagon and estate designs. In 1923 Star (a division of Durant Motors) became the first car company to offer a station wagon assembled on its production line (using a wooden wagon body shipped in from an outside supplier).[22][23][24]

The framing of the wooden bodies was sheathed in steel[citation needed] and coated with tinted lacquer for protection. These wooden bodies required constant maintenance: varnishes required re-coating and expansion/contraction of the wood meant that bolts and screws required periodic re-tightening. In 1922, the Essex Closed Coach became the first mass-produced car to use a steel body (in this case, a fully enclosed sedan body style).[25] The first all-steel station wagon body was the 1935 Chevrolet Suburban.[20] As part of the overall trend in the automotive industry, wooden bodies were superseded by all-steel bodies due to their strength, cost, and durability.[26] By 1951, most station wagons were being produced with all-steel bodies.[20]

United States

1910 to 1945: woodie wagons

See also: Woodie (car body style)
1929 Ford Model A
1940 Pontiac Special Series 25

Station wagons were initially considered commercial vehicles (rather than consumer automobiles) and the framing of the early station wagons was left unsheathed, due to the commercial nature of the vehicles. The commercial vehicle status was also reflected on those vehicles' registrations, for example there were special "Suburban" license plates in Pennsylvania used well into the 1960s, long after station wagons became car-based.

Early station wagons were fixed-roof vehicles, but lacked the glass that would normally enclose the passenger compartment, and had only bench seats.[26][page needed] In lieu of glass, side curtains of canvas could be unrolled. More rigid curtains could be snapped in place to protect passengers from the elements outside. The roofs of "woodie" wagons were usually made of stretched canvas that was treated with a waterproofing dressing.

Manufacture of the wooden bodies was initially outsourced to custom body builders,[27][28] because the production of the all-wood bodies was very time-consuming. One of the first builders of wagon bodies was the Stoughton Wagon Company from Wisconsin, who begun putting custom wagon bodies on the Ford Model T chassis in 1919[26][page needed] and by 1929 the Ford Motor Company was the biggest producer of chassis' for station wagons. Since Ford owned its own hardwood forest and mills (at the Ford Iron Mountain Plant in Michigan) it began supplying the wood components for the Model A station wagon.[26][page needed] Also in 1929, J. T. Cantrell began supplying woodie bodies for Chrysler vehicles, which continued until 1931.[26][page needed]

By the 1930s, station wagons had become expensive and well-equipped vehicles.[23] When it was introduced in 1941 the Chrysler Town & Country was the most expensive car in the company's model range.

1945 to 1970: Steel-bodied station wagons

First steel-bodied station wagon: Chevrolet Carryall Suburban (1937 model shown)
1954 Plymouth Savoy Station Wagon
1958 AMC Ambassador 4-door pillarless hardtop station wagon

The first all-steel station wagon was the 1935 Chevrolet Suburban, which was built on the chassis of a panel truck.[20] However, most station wagons were produced with wooden bodies until after World War II.

When automobile production resumed after World War II, advances in production techniques made all-steel station wagon bodies more practical, eliminating the cost, noise, and maintenance associated with wood bodies.[29] The first mass-produced steel-bodied station wagon was the 1946 Willys Station Wagon, based on the chassis of the Jeep CJ-2A.[20][30][31] In 1947, Crosley introduced a steel-bodied station wagon version of the Crosley CC Four.

The first postwar station wagon to be based on a passenger car chassis was the 1949 Plymouth Suburban, which used a two-door body style. Several manufacturers produced steel and wooden-bodied station wagons concurrently for several years, for example Plymouth continued production of wooden bodied station wagons until 1950. The final wooden bodied station produced in the United States was the 1953 Buick Super Estate.

Station wagons experienced highest production levels in the United States from the 1950s through the 1970s.[citation needed]

The late 1950s through the mid-1960s was also the period of greatest variation in body styles, with models available without a B-pillar (called hardtop or pillarless models) or with a B-pillar, both in 2-door and 4-door variants.[32] The pillarless models could be expensive to produce, added wind noise, and created structural issues with body torque.[33] GM eliminated the pillarless wagon from its lineup in 1959, while AMC and Ford exited the field beginning with their 1960 and 1961 vehicles, leaving Chrysler and Dodge with the body style through the 1964 model year.

1970 to 1990: Competition from minivans

1986-1988 Plymouth Reliant station wagon

The popularity of the station wagon, particularly full-size station wagons, in the US was blunted by increased fuel prices caused by the 1973 oil crisis.[20][23] Then in 1983, the market for station wagons was further eroded by the Chrysler minivans, based on the K platform.[21][34] While the K platform was also used for station wagon models (such as the Plymouth Reliant and Dodge Aries), the minivan would soon eclipse them in popularity. The US CAFE standards provided an advantage to minivans (and later SUVs) over station wagons, because the minivans and SUVs were classified as trucks in the United States, and therefore subject to less stringent fuel economy and emissions regulations. Estate cars remained popular in Europe [35] and in locations where emissions and efficiency regulations did not distinguish between cars and light trucks.[36]

1990 to present: Competition from SUVs

1996 Buick Roadmaster Limited Wagon

The emergence and popularity of SUVs which closely approximate the traditional station wagon / estate body style was a further blow. After struggling sales, the Chevrolet Caprice and the Buick Roadmaster, the last American full-size wagons, were discontinued in 1996. Smaller station wagons remained on sale as cheaper alternatives to SUVs and minivans. Domestic wagons also remained in the Ford, Mercury, and Saturn lines, however after 2004 these compact station wagons also began to be phased out in the United States. The Ford Taurus wagon was discontinued in 2005 and the Ford Focus station wagon was discontinued in 2008. An exception to this trend is the Subaru Legacy and Subaru Outback station wagon models, which continue to be produced at the Subaru of Indiana plant. With other brands, the niche previously occupied by station wagons is now primarily filled with the similar style of Crossover SUV, which generally has a car underpinning and a wagon body.

Imported station wagons, despite remaining popular in other countries,[37] struggled in the United States. European luxury car manufacturers such as Audi, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz continued to offer station wagons in their North American product ranges (marketed using the labels "Avant", "Touring", and "Estate" respectively). However, these vehicles had fewer trim and power train levels than their 'sedan' counterparts.[34] The Mercedes-Benz E63 AMG in Estate trim is the sole performance station wagon offered in the U.S. market. The station wagon variants of the smaller Mercedes-Benz C-Class line-up were dropped in 2007 and the BMW 5 Series Touring models were discontinued in 2010, due to slow sales in the United States with only 400 wagons sold in 2009.[38] In 2012, the Volvo V50 compact station wagon was withdrawn from the U.S. market due to poor sales.

The Cadillac CTS gave rise to a station wagon counterpart, the 2010 CTS Sportwagon, which defied the trend by offering almost as many trim levels as its sedan counterpart.[34] The CTS wagon, particularly in high-performance CTS-V trim, received positive reviews until it was discontinued in 2014.[39][40]

The 2015 VW Golf Sportwagen[41] was a rare appearance of a sub-compact station wagon in the North American market. In 2016, Volvo re-introduced a large wagon to the US market with the Volvo V90, but only by special order.[42]

As of 2019, Volkswagen has announced the cancellation of the Sportwagen in the US market,[43] meaning that not a single non-luxury station wagon will be sold in the US market for the 2020 model year.

Simulated wood panelling

See also: Woodie (car body style) § Simulated woodgrain
1988 AMC Eagle Wagon with simulated wood panelling
1950 Plymouth Woodie Station Wagon

As the wooden bodies were replaced by steel bodies from 1945 to 1953, manufacturers applied wooden decorative trim to the steel-bodied wagons, as a visual link to the previous wooden style. By the late 1950s, the wooden trim was replaced by "simulated wood" in the form of stick-on vinyl coverings.[44][45]

The Ford Country Squire is a model that was easily recognized by its simulated wood trim[46][47] and the "Squire" trim level was an available option in a few different Ford model ranges, including the Falcon Squire, Fairlane Squire, and in the 1970s the Pinto Squire. The Squire was always the highest trim level of any Ford Wagon and included the signature wood grain applique, and usually additional exterior chrome, nicer interior trim, special emblems, etc. The full-size Country Squire model was the produced in much higher quantities than the other Ford models.

Other woodie-style wagon models produced in significant numbers include the 1984-1993 Jeep Grand Wagoneer,[48][49] 1957-1991 Mercury Colony Park, 1968-1998 Chrysler Town & Country, 1970-1990 Buick Estate, 1971-1992 Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser and 1969-1972 Chevrolet Kingswood Estate.

Full-size wagons

1969 Ford LTD Country Squire

From the 1950s to 1990s, many full-size American station wagons could be optioned with a third row of seating in the cargo area (over the rear axle) for a total of nine seats. Prior to 1956, the third row seats were forward facing.

Chrysler's 1957 models had a roof too low to permit a forward-facing seat in the cargo area,[citation needed] so a rear-facing seat was used for the third row.

General Motors adopted the rear-facing third row for most models during 1959-1971 and 1977–1996. However the 1964–1972 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser and 1964–1969 Buick Sport Wagon featured raised roof-lines beginning above the second-row seat and continuing all the way to the rear tailgate, resulting in the third row of seats being forward-facing. General Motors also used forward-facing seats for the third row in the 1971–1976 clam shell wagons.

The Ford and Mercury full-size wagons built after 1964 were available with four rows of seats, with the rear two rows in the cargo area and facing each other. The third and fourth rows were design for two people each (although these seats were quite narrow in later models), giving a total seating capacity of ten people.

The trend since the 1980s for smaller station wagon bodies has limited the seating to two rows, resulting in a total capacity of five people, or six people if a bench front seat is used. Since the 1990s, full-size station wagons have been largely replaced by SUVs with three-row seating, such as the Chevrolet Suburban, Ford Expedition, and Mercedes-Benz GL-Class.[50]

Two-door wagons

1958 Mercury Commuter hardtop
1971 Chevrolet Vega Kammback

The first two-door station wagon was the 1946 Willys Jeep Station Wagon.[51] Other early two-door station wagons were the 1951 Nash Rambler[52] and the 1954 Studebaker Conestoga.[53] In 1956, Studebaker introduced three new two-door wagons in Pelham, Parkview, and Pinehurst trims.[54]

General Motors began producing two-door station wagons in 1955 with the "Chevrolet Handyman" and the "Pontiac Chieftan".[55] General Motors also introduced the sportier Chevrolet Nomad and Pontiac Safari to their lineup in 1955. Ford began production of steel-bodied two-door station wagons in 1952 with the Ford Ranch Wagon. In 1956 Ford responded to the Nomad and Safari with its own sporty two-door wagon, The Ford Parklane. The Parklane was a one-year only model, succeeded by the Ford Del Rio in 1957.

After the merger of Nash and Hudson, the new company, American Motors (AMC) reintroduced the two-door wagon in the "new" Rambler American line in 1958.[56] It was "recycling" with only a few modifications from the original version and targeted buyers looking for "no-frills" economy.[57] American Motors' strategy of reintroducing an old design made for two distinct model runs, one of few examples where such a strategy has been successful for an automobile manufacturer.[58]

The Chevrolet Vega Kammback, introduced in September 1970, was the first U.S.-made four-seat wagon[citation needed] and the first two-door wagon from GM in six years. It shared its wheelbase and length with Vega coupe versions and was produced in the 1971–1977 model years.

The last two-door wagon available in America, the Volkswagen Fox,[citation needed] was discontinued in 1991.

United Kingdom

1930s to 1960s

1954-1957 Hillman Husky

Early[when?] estate cars were after-market conversions, with the new bodywork using a wooden frame and either steel or wooden panels. These wooden-bodied cars, produced until the 1960s, were amongst the most expensive vehicles at the time. Since the 1930s, the term shooting-brake (originally a term for hunting vehicles) has been an alternative, if now rarely used, term for estate cars in the UK.

Later estate cars were produced by vehicle manufacturers and include the 1937 Commer (based on the Hillman Minx Magnificent),[59] 1952 Morris Minor Traveller, 1952 Morris Oxford Traveller, 1954 Hillman Husky, 1954 Austin A30 Countryman and 1955 Ford Squire. The majority of these models were two-door wagons and several models were built on the chassis of relatively small cars.

Manufacturers often chose a specific model name to apply to all their estate cars as a marketing exercise — for example Austin used the Countryman name and Morris estates were called Travellers. Some estates were closely derived from existing commercial van models, such as the Austin A30/35 Countryman and the Hillman Husky. Others, such as the Morris Travellers, the Austin Cambridge Countryman and the Standard Ten Companion were bespoke.

Rover and Austin produced 4×4 canvas-topped utility vehicles in the 1950s that were available in estate car body styles that were sold as "Station Wagons". They incorporated better seating and trim than standard editions with options such as heaters. Early advertising for the Land Rover version took the name literally, showing the vehicle collecting people and goods from a railway station.

Despite the popularity of station wagons in America, station wagon offerings in the U.K. from Ford and Vauxhall were limited to factory-approved aftermarket conversions of the Ford Consul and Vauxhall Cresta, until the factory-built Vauxhall Victor wagon was introduced in 1958.

1960s to present

Ford Granada L Estate

One of the smallest estate cars ever made was the Morris Mini Traveller / Austin Mini Countryman, introduced in 1960.

Ford's first factory-built wagon was the 1963 Ford Cortina.

The 1967 Hillman Husky station wagon version of the Hillman Imp was unusual in being a rear-engined estate car.

Ford and Vauxhall produced factory-built estate variants of all three of their respective core models (small-, mid- and large-size cars) by the 1970s. The FD- and FE-Series Vauxhall Victors, built between 1966–78, were very large cars by British standards and featured estate models in the style of an American station wagon with front and rear bench seats and large-capacity petrol engines.

Other estate cars sold in the United Kingdom included the Morris 1100 (introduced in 1966), Vauxhall Viva (introduced 1967), Ford Escort (introduced in 1968) and Vauxhall Chevette (introduced 1976).

Germany

2014 Mercedes-Benz C Class station wagon

Germany is the largest market for station wagons and estate cars in the world, with some 600–700,000 vehicles sold each year - amounting to 20% of all car sales.[60] German-designed station wagons and estates are currently produced by Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen. Some larger estate models are available with a third row of seats, such as the rear-facing jump seat for two passengers in the cargo area of the Mercedes-Benz E-Class wagon.[61]

In 1961, Volkswagen introduced the two-door "Variant" body style of the Volkswagen Type 3 (also known as the Volkswagen 1500 - later the Volkswagen 1600). The Type 3's rear-engine layout was retained for the estate models, but the engine profile was flattened, resulting in a small car offering interior room, as well as trunk space in the front. The model was offered through the 1973 model year.

Estates produced in East Germany include the 1956–1965 Wartburg 311/312/313, the 1963–1990 Trabant 601 Universal and the 1966–1988 Wartburg 353 Tourist.

France

1963 Peugeot 404 Break
1972 Citroën DS Break

In France, almost all station wagon / estate models are called a "Break", although the spelling is different to the English shooting brake.

The first estate produced by a French manufacturer was the Citroën Traction Avant Familiale model introduced in 1935.[62] The first Peugeot station wagon was the Peugeot 203, introduced in 1950.[63]

In 1958, the Citroën ID Break (known as the Safari in English-speaking countries) was introduced, being larger than other French estate models and of similar size to the contemporary full-size station wagons from the United States. It had a seating capacity of eight people, consisting of two front-facing bench seats and two folding inward-facing seats in the cargo area. The 'Familiale' version had a front bench seat, a forward-facing three-space bench seat in the middle and a folding forward-facing three-seat bench in the rear, providing a versatile nine-seat car. The Citroën ID also had a two-part tailgate and hydropneumatic suspension, which allowed a self-levelling ride-height and automatic brake biasing regardless of the load carried. The car could also 'kneel' to the ground for easy loading of heavy or large items. The successors to the ID, the Citroën CX and Citroën XM continued to be amongst the largest estate cars produced in Europe, but the model was discontinued in 2000 and an estate version was not available for its Citroën C6 successor.

The Peugeot 404, introduced in 1960, offered a conventional alternative to the innovative Citroëns for buyers wanting a large estate car. Its replacement, the 505 was available in both five-seat and seven-seat 'Familiale' versions. As with the Citroëns, changing demands in the French car market led to the end of the large Peugeot estate models in the mid-1990s, with the smaller Peugeot 406 becoming the largest estate model in the range from 1995. In a similar situation to the United States, the decline of traditional Break and Familiale models in France was in no small part due to the introduction of the minivan in the form of the Renault Espace in 1984.

Sweden

1952-1960 Volvo Duett
1993 Volvo 240 wagon

The first station wagon / estate produced in Sweden was the Volvo Duett, introduced in 1953.[64] The Duett two-door wagon was conceived as a dual-function delivery van and people-carrier, and is based on the chassis of the PV444 and PV544 sedans.

Saab began producing estates in 1959, in the form of the Saab 95 two-door wagon, which was based on the Saab 93 sedan.[65]

In 1962, the Volvo Duett was replaced by larger Amazon, which has a four-door body and a horizontal split tailgate. Volvo continued production of station wagons through the Volvo 145 (introduced in 1967), then the Volvo 200 Series (introduced in 1974) and the Volvo 700 Series (introduced in 1985). In many markets, the station wagon models of the 700 Series significantly outsold the sedan models.[citation needed] In 1990, the 700 Series was replaced by the Volvo 900 Series, which was sold alongside the smaller Volvo 850 wagon that was introduced one year later. The 900 Series ended production in 1998 and its successor (the Volvo S80) did not include any wagon models. Volvo station wagons produced since the mid 1990s are the Volvo V40, Volvo V50, Volvo V60, Volvo V70 and Volvo V90, with the V40 and V90 models currently in production.[64]

Saab — following a hiatus in estate production since the Saab 95 ended production in 1978 — introduced the four-door Saab 9-5 estate in 1997, which was produced until 2010.[66]

Switzerland

In 1983, estates represented 15% of the passenger car market,[67] reflecting a trend throughout Europe of increasing popularity through the 1980s, with the vehicles becoming less cargo-oriented.

Japan

1963-1968 Mazda Familia
2019 Toyota Corolla Touring Sports

The first Japanese station wagon was the 1969 Isuzu Bellel four-door wagon, based on a compact sedan chassis. This was followed by the 1963 Mazda Familia, 1966 Toyota Corolla, 1967 Isuzu Florian, 1969 Mitsubishi Galant, 1973 Mitsubishi Lancer and 1974 Honda Civic wagons. However, Japanese manufacturers did not build station wagons in large volume until recently.

Models marketed as passenger station wagons in export markets were often sold as utilitarian "van" models in the home market. Some were not updated for consecutive generations in a model's life in Japan, for example a sedan might have a model life of four years but the wagon was not updated for up to eight years (such as the Toyota Corolla wagon built from 1979-1987) and the 1987-1996 Mazda Capella wagon). Station wagons remain popular in Japan, although they are in slow decline as the SUVs and minivans have taken over a large portion of this market.

Korea

South Korean manufacturer Kia produce both the Cee'd and Optima estates designated as Sportswagons with sister company Hyundai offering estate versions of the i30 and i40.

Australia

2014 Holden Commodore (VF) Sportwagon

The first Australian-designed car was built in 1948 but locally designed station wagons did not appear until nine years later, when the 1957 Holden FE was introduced. The Holden's main competitor, the Ford Falcon (XK) introduced wagon models in 1960.

Ford and Holden produced wagon models based on each generation of their large sedan platforms until 2010. Other wagons produced in Australia include the Toyota Camry and Mitsubishi Magna. The large Ford and Holden wagons were usually built on a longer wheelbase than their sedan counterparts, until the introduction of the Holden Commodore (VE) which switched to sharing the sedan's shorter wheelbase.

Ford ceased production of wagons in Australia when the Ford Falcon (BF) ended production in 2010, largely due to the declining station wagon and large car market, but also following the 2004 introduction and sales success of the Ford Territory SUV.[68] Production of wagons in Australia ceased altogether in 2017 when the Holden Commodore (VF) ended production.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Station wagons.

References

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