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===Style===
===Style===
[[File:Mudgarpani Yaksha, Mathura, 100 BCE (hem).jpg|thumb|Detail of the "Hellenistic" drapery.<ref name="JB112"/>]]
[[File:Mudgarpani Yaksha, Mathura, 100 BCE (hem).jpg|thumb|Detail of the "Hellenistic" drapery.<ref name="JB112"/>]]
It is often suggested that the style of the colossal Yaksha statuary had an important influence on the creation of later divine images and human figures in India.<ref>"The folk art typifies an older plastic tradition in clay and wood which was now put in stone, as seen in the massive Yaksha statuary which are also of exceptional value as models of subsequent divine images and human figures." in {{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva Sharana |title=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A. D |date=1965 |publisher=Prithivi Prakashan |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=dfrpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> The female equivalent of the Yashas were the [[Yashi]]nis, often associated with trees and children, and whose voluptuous figures became omnipresent in Indian art.<ref name="RD"/> A relief is also known from the Mathura Museum, which shown the Mudgarpani with the same attributes.<ref name="books.google.com">Fig. 85 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=Fig.85, p.365 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA365 |language=en}}</ref>
It is often suggested that the style of the colossal Yaksha statuary had an important influence on the creation of later divine images and human figures in India.<ref>"The folk art typifies an older plastic tradition in clay and wood which was now put in stone, as seen in the massive Yaksha statuary which are also of exceptional value as models of subsequent divine images and human figures." in {{cite book |last1=Agrawala |first1=Vasudeva Sharana |title=Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A. D |date=1965 |publisher=Prithivi Prakashan |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=dfrpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> The female equivalent of the Yakshas were the [[Yakshi]]nis, often associated with trees and children, and whose voluptuous figures became omnipresent in Indian art.<ref name="RD"/> A relief is also known from the Mathura Museum, which shown the Mudgarpani with the same attributes.<ref name="books.google.com">Fig. 85 in {{cite book |last1=Quintanilla |first1=Sonya Rhie |title=History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004155374 |page=Fig.85, p.365 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=X7Cb8IkZVSMC&pg=PA365 |language=en}}</ref>


Some [[Hellenistic]] influence, such as the geometrical folds of the drapery or the walking stance of the statues, has been suggested.<ref name="JB112"/> According to [[John Boardman (art historian)|John Boardman]], the hem of the dress in the monumental early Yaksha statues is derived from Greek art.<ref name="JB112"/> Describing the drapery of one of these statues, John Boardman writes: "It has no local antecedents and looks most like a Greek Late Archaic mannerism", and suggests it is possibly derived from the [[Hellenistic art]] of nearby [[Greco-Bactrian kingdom|Bactria]] where this design is known.<ref name="JB112">{{cite book |last1=Boardman |first1=John |title=The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity |date=1993 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691036802 |page=112 |url= |language=en}}</ref> Under the [[Indo-Greeks]], the cult of the Yakshas may also have been associated with the [[Bacchic]] cult of [[Dionysos]].<ref>"We have no way of knowing whether there was any direct association between the cult of the Yashas and Dionysos during the Indo-Greek era, but this is a distinct possibility" in {{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Martha L. |title=Dionysiac Aspects of Kushān Art |journal=Ars Orientalis |date=1968 |volume=7 |pages=141 |jstor=4629244 |issn=0571-1371}}</ref>
Some [[Hellenistic]] influence, such as the geometrical folds of the drapery or the walking stance of the statues, has been suggested.<ref name="JB112"/> According to [[John Boardman (art historian)|John Boardman]], the hem of the dress in the monumental early Yaksha statues is derived from Greek art.<ref name="JB112"/> Describing the drapery of one of these statues, John Boardman writes: "It has no local antecedents and looks most like a Greek Late Archaic mannerism", and suggests it is possibly derived from the [[Hellenistic art]] of nearby [[Greco-Bactrian kingdom|Bactria]] where this design is known.<ref name="JB112">{{cite book |last1=Boardman |first1=John |title=The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity |date=1993 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691036802 |page=112 |url= |language=en}}</ref> Under the [[Indo-Greeks]], the cult of the Yakshas may also have been associated with the [[Bacchic]] cult of [[Dionysos]].<ref>"We have no way of knowing whether there was any direct association between the cult of the Yashas and Dionysos during the Indo-Greek era, but this is a distinct possibility" in {{cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Martha L. |title=Dionysiac Aspects of Kushān Art |journal=Ars Orientalis |date=1968 |volume=7 |pages=141 |jstor=4629244 |issn=0571-1371}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:02, 18 May 2020

"Mudgarpani" Yaksha
Mathura, 100 BCE
Mudgarpani ("Mace-holder") Yaksha from Bharana Kalan, northwest of Mathura. Art of Mathura, 100 BCE.[1] This colossal statue in the round is 1.96 meters tall.[1] The right hand holds a sword, the left hand used to support a small standing devotee or child joining hands in prayer.[2] Mathura Museum, GMM 87.145
Relief of a similar Mudgarpani Yaksha holding mudgar and child or small worshipper in anjali mudra. Art of Mathura, 100 BCE.[3]

Mudgarpani was a Yaksha deity in ancient India. His name means "Mudgar-holder", the Mudgar being an ancient form of heavy cub, usually made of wood, but it can also be made of iron.[4][5]

A Yaksha

Yakshas seem to have been the object of an important cult in the early periods of Indian history, many of them being known such as Kubera, king of the Yakshas, Manibhadra or Mudgarpani.[6] The Yakshas are a broad class of nature-spirits, usually benevolent, but sometimes mischievous or capricious, connected with water, fertility, trees, the forest, treasure and wilderness,[7][8] and were the object of popular worship.[9] Many of them were later incorporated into Buddhism, Jainism or Hinduism.[6]

Sculptures

Some of the earliest works of art of the Mathura school of art are the Yakshas, monumental sculptures of earth divinities that have been dated to the 2nd-1st century BCE. Yakshas became the focus of the creation of colossal cultic images, typically around 2 meters or more in height, which are considered as probably the first Indian anthropomorphic productions in stone.[10][6] Although few ancient Yaksha statues remain in good condition, the vigor of the style has been applauded, and expresses essentially Indian qualities.[10] They are often pot-bellied, two-armed and fierce-looking.[6] The Yashas are often depicted with weapons or attributes, such as the Yaksha Mudgarpani.[citation needed]

Mudgarpani ("Mace-holder") Yaksha from Bharana Kalan

A statue of Mudgarpani ("Mace-holder") Yaksha from Bharana Kalan, visible in the Mathura Museum, is dated to circa 100 BCE.[11] It was discovered in Bharana Kalan, 32 kilometers northwest of Mathura.[11] In the right hand he holds a mudgar mace, and in the left hand he used to hold the figure of a small standing devotee or child joining hands in prayer.[12][2][6]

The inscription in Brahmi script on the base of the statue is in very bad condition, but has been partly deciphered. Some parallels with the contemporary Agnipani statue, probably dedicated by the same person, also helped interpretation:

amatyena prati[har](e)[na]...
(?)[jayagh](o)[s](ena).....[to]prai
.......(no)

"...by Jayaghosa, the minister in charge of the gate-keepers (?)..."[13]

A relief in the Mathura Museum also shows a similar Mudgarpani, dated to the same period, but with clearer attributes: especially the figure of a small standing devotee or child joining hands in prayer is much more visible.[2][12]

Style

Detail of the "Hellenistic" drapery.[10]

It is often suggested that the style of the colossal Yaksha statuary had an important influence on the creation of later divine images and human figures in India.[14] The female equivalent of the Yakshas were the Yakshinis, often associated with trees and children, and whose voluptuous figures became omnipresent in Indian art.[6] A relief is also known from the Mathura Museum, which shown the Mudgarpani with the same attributes.[2]

Some Hellenistic influence, such as the geometrical folds of the drapery or the walking stance of the statues, has been suggested.[10] According to John Boardman, the hem of the dress in the monumental early Yaksha statues is derived from Greek art.[10] Describing the drapery of one of these statues, John Boardman writes: "It has no local antecedents and looks most like a Greek Late Archaic mannerism", and suggests it is possibly derived from the Hellenistic art of nearby Bactria where this design is known.[10] Under the Indo-Greeks, the cult of the Yakshas may also have been associated with the Bacchic cult of Dionysos.[15]

In the production of colossal Yaksha statues carved in the round, which can be found in several locations in northern India, the art of Mathura is considered as the most advanced in quality and quantity during this period.[16]

Stories and later history

An ancient Jain story named the Antagadadasao tell the story of a man named Ajjunaka who was worshipping the image of the "Yaksa who held a mace", when he was attacked by five bandits, an event which shaked is devotion to the Yashka. Afterwards the Yaksa possessed Ajjunaka, giving him the strength to kill the five bandits.[9]

Nowadays, for training purposes when using Indian clubs, one or two wooden gada ("mudgar"), reaching up to 70 kilograms in weight, can be used: they can be swung behind the back in several different ways; this is particularly useful for building grip strength and shoulder endurance.[17][18]

Exemples

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mudgarpani Yaksha.
  • Mudgarpani Yaksha (rear view).
    Mudgarpani Yaksha (rear view).
  • Mudgarpani Yaksha (3/4).
    Mudgarpani Yaksha (3/4).
  • Portrait of the Mudgarpani Yaksha.
    Portrait of the Mudgarpani Yaksha.
  • Detail of the "Herakles" knot.[19]
    Detail of the "Herakles" knot.[19]
  • Mudgarpani pedestal inscription in Brahmi
    Mudgarpani pedestal inscription in Brahmi

References

  1. ^ a b Dated 100 BCE in Fig.88 in Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 368, Fig. 88. ISBN 9789004155374.
  2. ^ a b c d Fig. 85 in Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. Fig.85, p.365. ISBN 9789004155374.
  3. ^ Dated 100 BCE in Fig. 85 Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. Fig.85, p.365. ISBN 9789004155374.
  4. ^ Bulletin of the Victoria Memorial. Trustees of the Victoria Memorial. 1973. p. 49.
  5. ^ Handa, Devendra; Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). Ratna-chandrikā: Panorama of Oriental Studies : Shri R.C. Agrawala Festschrift. Harman Publishing House. p. 90. ISBN 978-81-85151-29-8.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Dalal, Roshen (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin Books India. pp. 397–398. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
  7. ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 430. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
  8. ^ "yaksha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
  9. ^ a b Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994). The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum. D.K. Printworld. p. 76. ISBN 978-81-246-0015-3.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Boardman, John (1993). The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. Princeton University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0691036802.
  11. ^ a b Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 84. ISBN 978-90-04-15537-4.
  12. ^ a b Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 121. ISBN 978-90-04-15537-4.
  13. ^ Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 258. ISBN 978-90-04-15537-4.
  14. ^ "The folk art typifies an older plastic tradition in clay and wood which was now put in stone, as seen in the massive Yaksha statuary which are also of exceptional value as models of subsequent divine images and human figures." in Agrawala, Vasudeva Sharana (1965). Indian Art: A history of Indian art from the earliest times up to the third century A. D. Prithivi Prakashan. p. 84.
  15. ^ "We have no way of knowing whether there was any direct association between the cult of the Yashas and Dionysos during the Indo-Greek era, but this is a distinct possibility" in Carter, Martha L. (1968). "Dionysiac Aspects of Kushān Art". Ars Orientalis. 7: 141. ISSN 0571-1371. JSTOR 4629244.
  16. ^ "With respect to large-scale iconic statuary carved in the round (...) the region of Mathura not only rivaled other areas but surpassed them in overall quality and quantity throughout the second and early first century BCE." in Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. p. 24. ISBN 9789004155374.
  17. ^ Kasulis, Thomas P.; Aimes, Roger T.; Dissanayake, Wimal (1993). Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791410806.
  18. ^ "Mudgar exercise-club". British Museum. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  19. ^ Stoneman, Richard (2019). The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks. Princeton University Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-691-18538-5.
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