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'''Cenk Kadir Uygur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|k|_|ˈ|juː|g|ər}}; {{IPA-tr|ˈdʒeɲc kaˈdiɾ ˈujɡuɾ|lang}}; born March 21, 1970) is a Turkish-American journalist, activist, and far left political commentator. Uygur is the creator of ''[[The Young Turks]]'' (TYT),<ref name="Fish59139"/> an American progressive sociopolitical news and commentary program. Before beginning his career as a political commentator, he worked briefly as an associate attorney in [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[New York City]]. As a young man, Uygur supported [[social conservative]] positions but as his views changed he began to identify as a [[Progressivism in the United States#Progressivism in the 21st century|progressive]]. He is also the cofounder of [[Justice Democrats]].
'''Cenk Kadir Uygur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|ŋ|k|_|ˈ|juː|g|ər}}; {{IPA-tr|ˈdʒeɲc kaˈdiɾ ˈujɡuɾ|lang}}; born March 21, 1970) is a Turkish-American journalist, activist, and left-wing political commentator. Uygur is the creator of ''[[The Young Turks]]'' (TYT),<ref name="Fish59139"/> an American progressive sociopolitical news and commentary program. Before beginning his career as a political commentator, he worked briefly as an associate attorney in [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[New York City]]. As a young man, Uygur supported [[social conservative]] positions but as his views changed he began to identify as a [[Progressivism in the United States#Progressivism in the 21st century|progressive]]. He is also the cofounder of [[Justice Democrats]].


In addition to hosting ''The Young Turks'',<ref name="Dagnes146152195202">{{cite book|last=Dagnes|first=Alison|title=A conservative walks into a bar: The politics of political humor|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137270344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikd6VrcMPUcC&pg=PP1&dq=A+Conservative+Walks+Into+a+Bar:+The+Politics+of+Political+Humor#v=onepage|pages=146, 152, 195, 202|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="PaoGhuHar2639">{{cite web|last1=Paolillo|first1=John|last2=Ghule|first2=Sharad|last3=Harper|first3=Brian|date=2019|title=A network view of social media platform history: Social structure, dynamics and content on Youtube|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/59701/0261.pdf|publisher=Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences|accessdate=February 23, 2020|pages=2639|ref=harv}}</ref> Uygur appeared on [[MSNBC]]<ref name="Karpf125"/><ref name="Marmura100"/> as a political commentator. From January to June 2011, he hosted a weeknight commentary show on the network; he was replaced by [[Al Sharpton]].<ref name="sharpton appears" /> After leaving MSNBC, Uygur secured another weeknight commentary show on [[Current TV]], which aired from December 5, 2011, to August 15, 2013.<ref name="currenttv">{{cite news |url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/current-tv-hires-cenk-ugyur/ |title=Current TV Hires Cenk Uygur |author=Stelter, Brian |work=The New York Times |date=September 20, 2011 |access-date=September 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922010124/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/current-tv-hires-cenk-ugyur/ |archive-date=September 22, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> From 2012 to 2013, he was the chief news officer at Current TV, succeeding [[Keith Olbermann]].<ref name="guardian" /><ref name="mediabistro">{{cite news |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/cache/a10892.asp?c=mbennf |title=Hey, How'd You Draw 250 Million Viewers to Your Web Show, The Young Turks? |quote=On January 21, 2010, MSNBC announced he would be substitute hosting a one-hour news show for the station at 6 P.M. Eastern on weeknights [[Mediabistro.com]] |date=May 25, 2010 |accessdate=May 26, 2010 |first=Andrea K. |last=Hammer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529153719/http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/cache/a10892.asp?c=mbennf |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In addition to hosting ''The Young Turks'',<ref name="Dagnes146152195202">{{cite book|last=Dagnes|first=Alison|title=A conservative walks into a bar: The politics of political humor|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137270344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikd6VrcMPUcC&pg=PP1&dq=A+Conservative+Walks+Into+a+Bar:+The+Politics+of+Political+Humor#v=onepage|pages=146, 152, 195, 202|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="PaoGhuHar2639">{{cite web|last1=Paolillo|first1=John|last2=Ghule|first2=Sharad|last3=Harper|first3=Brian|date=2019|title=A network view of social media platform history: Social structure, dynamics and content on Youtube|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/59701/0261.pdf|publisher=Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences|accessdate=February 23, 2020|pages=2639|ref=harv}}</ref> Uygur appeared on [[MSNBC]]<ref name="Karpf125"/><ref name="Marmura100"/> as a political commentator. From January to June 2011, he hosted a weeknight commentary show on the network; he was replaced by [[Al Sharpton]].<ref name="sharpton appears" /> After leaving MSNBC, Uygur secured another weeknight commentary show on [[Current TV]], which aired from December 5, 2011, to August 15, 2013.<ref name="currenttv">{{cite news |url=http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/current-tv-hires-cenk-ugyur/ |title=Current TV Hires Cenk Uygur |author=Stelter, Brian |work=The New York Times |date=September 20, 2011 |access-date=September 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922010124/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/current-tv-hires-cenk-ugyur/ |archive-date=September 22, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> From 2012 to 2013, he was the chief news officer at Current TV, succeeding [[Keith Olbermann]].<ref name="guardian" /><ref name="mediabistro">{{cite news |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/cache/a10892.asp?c=mbennf |title=Hey, How'd You Draw 250 Million Viewers to Your Web Show, The Young Turks? |quote=On January 21, 2010, MSNBC announced he would be substitute hosting a one-hour news show for the station at 6 P.M. Eastern on weeknights [[Mediabistro.com]] |date=May 25, 2010 |accessdate=May 26, 2010 |first=Andrea K. |last=Hammer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529153719/http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/cache/a10892.asp?c=mbennf |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:28, 2 June 2020

Cenk Uygur
Cenk Uygur hosting The Young Turks in 2015
Born
Cenk Kadir Uygur

(1970-03-21) March 21, 1970 (age 54)
Istanbul, Turkey
EducationEast Brunswick High School
Alma materUniversity of Pennsylvania (BS)
Columbia University (JD)
Occupation(s)Activist, columnist, entrepreneur, political pundit
Known forThe Young Turks
TelevisionMSNBC (2010–2011)
Current TV (2011–2013)
Political partyRepublican (before 2000)[1]
Independent (2000–2016)
Democratic (2016–present)
SpouseWendy Lang
Children2

Cenk Kadir Uygur (/ˈdʒɛŋk ˈjuːɡər/; Turkish: [ˈdʒeɲc kaˈdiɾ ˈujɡuɾ]; born March 21, 1970) is a Turkish-American journalist, activist, and left-wing political commentator. Uygur is the creator of The Young Turks (TYT),[2] an American progressive sociopolitical news and commentary program. Before beginning his career as a political commentator, he worked briefly as an associate attorney in Washington, D.C. and New York City. As a young man, Uygur supported social conservative positions but as his views changed he began to identify as a progressive. He is also the cofounder of Justice Democrats.

In addition to hosting The Young Turks,[3][4] Uygur appeared on MSNBC[5][6] as a political commentator. From January to June 2011, he hosted a weeknight commentary show on the network; he was replaced by Al Sharpton.[7] After leaving MSNBC, Uygur secured another weeknight commentary show on Current TV, which aired from December 5, 2011, to August 15, 2013.[8] From 2012 to 2013, he was the chief news officer at Current TV, succeeding Keith Olbermann.[9][10]

Uygur was a candidate for California's 25th congressional district in the 2020 special election to succeed former Representative Katie Hill, who resigned in 2019, but was defeated in the primary, coming in fourth with 6.6% share of the vote.[11][12][13][14]

In early May 2020, Uygur announced his upcoming book, Justice Is Coming - How Progressives Are Going to Take Over the Country and America Is Going to Love It,[15][16] scheduled for release on January 19, 2021 – the day before Inauguration Day.

Early life and education

Uygur was born in Istanbul, Turkey, and immigrated with his family to the United States when he was eight years old.[17] He spent the remainder of his upbringing in East Brunswick, New Jersey, and graduated from East Brunswick High School. Uygur was raised in a secular Muslim household, but became more religious during college before becoming agnostic. He graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1992, where he majored in management[18] and was on the Student Activities Council representing the Turkish Students Association.[19] He then received a Juris Doctor degree from Columbia Law School.[20]

Career

After graduating from law school, Uygur worked as an associate attorney at the law firms of Drinker Biddle & Reath in Washington, D.C. and Hayes & Liebman in New York City.[21] He first was a talk show host on a weekend radio show on WWRC in Washington, D.C., and on WRKO in Boston, Massachusetts. He later wrote for, produced, and appeared on the WAMI-TV news show, The Times in Miami, Florida, then started The Young Turks on Sirius Satellite Radio.[22] In the 2000s, Uygur maintained a weekly blog on The Huffington Post and wrote entries that were critical of the 2003 Iraq war.[23][24]

The Young Turks

Main article: The Young Turks
Uygur in 2016

Uygur created the talk show The Young Turks with the goal of starting a liberal-leaning political and entertainment show.[2][25][26][9][27] It launched on the Sirius Satellite Radio network on February 14, 2002[28] and was also on the Air America radio network[25][29][30] between 2006–2008. Uygur and his co-host Ana Kasparian applied a populist left branding and programming strategy that made TYT a successful global online organization, with larger numbers of YouTube subscribers than several other notable news networks like CNN.[31]

The Young Turks started a daily news video show on YouTube in 2015, and claims to have been the first on the streaming service.[32] Uygur regularly states that The Young Turks is the largest online news show in the world, and has claimed so since at least 2011.[33] It has amassed over 7.5 billion views on YouTube, and over 4 million subscribers.[34] Leveraging the strength of The Young Turks talk show, Uygur expanded it into a network of channels and shows, beginning with Pop Trigger on July 5, 2007.[35] As a network, The Young Turks has amassed over 8 billion views and over 13 million subscribers across all the platforms which they stream.[36] Video of the show is streamed daily on its website, as well as on YouTube, YouTubeTV, via various streaming platforms, broadcast on a handful of local television channels throughout the US, and is available as a podcast.[37][38]

On September 20, 2011, Current TV announced that The Young Turks would launch a weeknight TV edition of the show[2] at 7 p.m. EST (M–F) on the network beginning sometime in the fourth quarter of 2011. According to the show's website, the show was introduced as The Young Turks with Cenk Uygur to differentiate itself from the popular web series.[39] The show had a progressive perspective and encouraged engagement from its viewership with Uygur and Current TY promoting the program as independent content.[40][41] The show on Current TV ended on August 15, 2013, with the end of all live programming on Current TV.

On May 17, 2018, The Young Turks launched its own TV format 24 hour channel on YouTube TV which includes both live and prerecorded programming.[42] During December 2017, TYT launched Rebel HQ, a show hosted by Uygur that features interviews with political candidates, where policies and other related topics are discussed.[43]

MSNBC

As a result of exposure on the Air America radio network, MSNBC hired Uygur[5] as a contributor and substitute anchor for the network on October 21, 2010. On January 21, 2011, Uygur was made the host of the 6 p.m. Eastern slot on MSNBC as the anchor of a new prime time edition of MSNBC Live, after the network parted ways with Keith Olbermann, resulting in a rearrangement of the time slots of MSNBC's other prime time shows. Uygur filled the time slot vacated by Ed Schultz,[44][45] from late January through June 2011, earning first among people 18–34 in the second quarter.

Management saw the style of several hosts, including Uygur, as off base from MSNBC's branding objectives that resulted in their demotion.[46] According to Uygur, Phil Griffin, the President of MSNBC disliked his "aggressive style" and told him the network's audience "require different manners of speaking".[46] MSNBC denied Uygur's statements that the network desired censorship of his anti-corporate stances and both sides agreed that their main differences of opinion were about the style of communication.[46] His contract was ended when he was offered to move to weekend slot, but declined.[46][7][47] After leaving cable news, Uygur devoted his attention to TYT.[46] Uygur over time became disillusioned with traditional media establishments.[6]

Political work

Wolf-PAC

Uygur speaking at the People's Climate March in Washington, D.C. in April 2017
Main article: Wolf-PAC

Over the years Uygur has supported the removal of corporate donations from the political system and he states that "Campaign finance reform" is the "only one issue" in the US.[48][49] Several Supreme Court rulings (1976, 1978, 2010) on campaign finance motivated Uygur[50][51] in the midst of the Occupy Wall Street movement to launch a long term project, a political action committee named Wolf-PAC on October 19, 2011, in New York City.[52][53] Wolf-PAC aims to lobby state legislators to pass resolutions calling for a Convention of the States under Article V of the US Constitution. Its slogan is "A super-PAC to end all super-PACs". The aim of the convention would be to pass an amendment to the United States Constitution that would end corporate personhood and publicly finance all elections in the United States.[54] As of 2017, five states have passed the resolution thus calling for such a convention, though not all states have used identical language in their convention call.[55]

Justice Democrats

Uygur is critical of establishment politics.[56] He has called for the US Democratic Party to undergo a revitalization process.[6] On January 23, 2017, three days after the inauguration of President Donald Trump, Uygur co-founded the Justice Democrats.[57][58][59] The group seeks to steer the Democratic Party in the strongly progressive, social democratic or democratic socialist[59] direction espoused by U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders. They do this by running progressive candidates in primaries against those whom they consider moderate and conservative Democrats[60][59] such as Joe Manchin,[61] Joe Crowley,[62] and Dianne Feinstein.[63]

Uygur resigned from his position in Justice Democrats on December 22, 2017, after the discovery of blog posts he had written in the early 2000s, in which he made statements that were described by Justice Democrat leadership as "sexist and racist".[64][65][66] The next day, Uygur apologized and denounced his past statements in a video on The Young Turks channel on YouTube, and in an interview with TheWrap said he deleted the “ugly” posts a decade ago because “I don’t stand by them.”[67] “The stuff I wrote back then was really insensitive and ignorant,” Uygur said. “If you read that today, what I wrote 18 years ago, and you’re offended by it, you’re 100 percent right. And anyone who is subjected to that material, I apologize to. And I deeply regret having written that stuff when I was a different guy.”[67] Uygur said he wrote the posts while he was still a conservative, before he underwent a political transformation into a liberal, "I had not yet matured and I was still a conservative who thought that stuff was politically incorrect and edgy."[67] His news organization, The Young Turks, now offers left-leaning stories and commentary. “If someone said that today, I would heavily criticize them on the show and rightfully so, and I have. I’ve criticized myself over the years,” he added.[67][68]

Congressional candidacy

Further information: 2020 California's 25th congressional district special election
Uygur with Bernie Sanders at a campaign rally in California in 2016

In mid-November 2019, Uygur filed to run for Congress in California's 25th district, a seat recently vacated by the resignation of Katie Hill, an office also being pursued by Democratic Assemblywoman Christy Smith and former Trump campaign aide George Papadopoulos.[69][70][71] Uygur is running in two primary elections on March 3: the special election primary to fill the vacant seat through January 2021 and the Democratic primary for the next full term (decided in the 2020 November election). Uygur raised over $100,000 in small donations in the first 3 hours since announcing his candidacy.[72] That figure rose to $796,000 in the remainder of the quarter.[73]

Uygur has positioned himself as a progressive, supporting single-payer healthcare, raising the minimum wage to $15 an hour, and overturning Citizens United v. FEC. In the wake of the Saugus High School shooting, he supports tighter gun control laws.[74] He has criticized his Democratic opponent, Christy Smith, for her opposition to Medicare for All.[75][76] Uygur's primary issue was to get money out of politics.[77] He also opposes war with Iran and supports passing the Green New Deal.[78][79][80]

Uyger came in fourth place out of 12 candidates with a 6.6% share of the vote. As no candidate earned 50 percent of the vote or more, the top two vote-earners, California Assembly member Christy Smith and navy officer Mike Garcia, advanced to the runoff.[81]

Personal life

Uygur was born and raised in a Muslim family, but now describes himself as agnostic atheist.[82][83] In 2010, along with Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Uygur accepted the "Emperor Has No Clothes Award" from the Freedom From Religion Foundation[84] and later the Humanist Media Award from the American Humanist Association.[85]

He is married to Wendy Lang, a marriage and family therapist, and they have two children.[86]

Uygur, once a Republican, slowly transitioned away from the Republican Party and conservative politics, citing the decision to invade Iraq as a "seminal moment" in that transition.[87] He is now a progressive.[88][89] Uygur is a supporter of Bernie Sanders.[66][90]

References

  1. ^ Cenk Uygur Goes #OffTheGrid – Jesse Ventura Off The Grid – Ora TV. YouTube. April 10, 2014. Archived from the original on December 28, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Fish, Adam (2017). Technoliberalism and the end of participatory culture in the United States. Springer. pp. 59, 139. ISBN 9783319312569. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  3. ^ Dagnes, Alison (2012). A conservative walks into a bar: The politics of political humor. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 146, 152, 195, 202. ISBN 9781137270344. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  4. ^ Paolillo, John; Ghule, Sharad; Harper, Brian (2019). "A network view of social media platform history: Social structure, dynamics and content on Youtube" (PDF). Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. p. 2639. Retrieved February 23, 2020. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  5. ^ a b Karpf, David (2012). The MoveOn Effect: The Unexpected Transformation of American Political Advocacy. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780199942879. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  6. ^ a b c Marmura 2018, p. 100.
  7. ^ a b Brian Stelter (July 20, 2011). "Sharpton Appears to Win Anchor Spot on MSNBC". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  8. ^ Stelter, Brian (September 20, 2011). "Current TV Hires Cenk Uygur". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
  9. ^ a b Madlena, Chavala (April 26, 2010). "Cenk Uygur on the success of The Young Turks". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  10. ^ Hammer, Andrea K. (May 25, 2010). "Hey, How'd You Draw 250 Million Viewers to Your Web Show, The Young Turks?". Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010. On January 21, 2010, MSNBC announced he would be substitute hosting a one-hour news show for the station at 6 P.M. Eastern on weeknights Mediabistro.com
  11. ^ "Final Official Election Results - Congressional District 25 | California Secretary of State".
  12. ^ Ecarma, Caleb (November 13, 2019). "Cenk Uygur Files to Run For Congress in Katie Hill's District". Mediaite. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  13. ^ Wulfsohn, Joseph (November 13, 2019). "Liberal host Cenk Uygur files for congressional run in Katie Hill's former district". Fox News. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  14. ^ "Live: California State Primary Election Results 2020". Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020 – via NYTimes.com.
  15. ^ UYGUR, CENK. (2021). JUSTICE IS COMING : how progressives are going to take over the country and america is going to... love it. [S.l.]: ST MARTIN'S PRESS. ISBN 978-1-250-27279-9. OCLC 1151071730.
  16. ^ Cenk Wrote A Book! Preorder Now: JUSTICEISCOMINGBOOK.COM, retrieved May 6, 2020
  17. ^ Tolan, Casey (October 21, 2017). "Liberal online news host Cenk Uygur considering Senate run in California". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  18. ^ Cenk Uygur (October 18, 1991). "Where are the White Christians?". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
  19. ^ Drew W Zoller (April 25, 1991). "Turk, Armenian dispute raised at SAC". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved July 22, 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  20. ^ "Cenk Uygur". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
  21. ^ Siddiqi, Ayesha R. (April 9, 2010). "Interview with Huffington Post's Cenk Uygur". Diskord. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  22. ^ Uygur, Cenk (c. 2007). "User Profile for Cenk Uygur (cuygur)". Confabb. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
  23. ^ Puschmann, Cornelius (2010). "Thank you for thinking we could: Use and function of interpersonal pronouns in corporate web logs". In Dorgeloh, Heidrun; Wanner, Anja (eds.). Syntactic variation and genre. Walter de Gruyter. p. 178. ISBN 9783110226478. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  24. ^ Kavka, Misha (2012). Reality TV. Edinburgh University Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780748654352. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  25. ^ a b Grigoryan & Suetzl 2019, p. 185
  26. ^ Greenwood, Sue (2017). Future Journalism: Where we are and where we're going. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 9781317192664. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  27. ^ Stein, Sam (August 19, 2011). "'Professional Left' Saga Says More About Media Than Obama". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 23, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  28. ^ Tina Dupuy, "Cenk Uygur Sets Out to Take Down Traditional Television" Archived December 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Fast Company (December 1, 2009). Retrieved March 9, 2011
  29. ^ Conway, Kyle (2017). Little Mosque on the Prairie and the Paradoxes of Cultural Translation. University of Toronto Press. p. 85. ISBN 9781487520557. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  30. ^ Dagnes, Alison (2019). Super Mad at Everything All the Time: Political Media and Our National Anger. Springer. p. 179. ISBN 9783030061319. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  31. ^ Peck 2019, pp. 105, 108
  32. ^ Network, TYT. "TYT Network". tyt.com. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  33. ^ "Meet The Host Of "The Largest Online News Show In The World"". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  34. ^ "The Young Turks". YouTube. Archived from the original on September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  35. ^ "Pop Trigger". YouTube. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  36. ^ TYT Taking Over The Galaxy. The Young Turks. July 24, 2018. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  37. ^ "The Young Turks: Rebel Headquarters : News : Politics : Commentary". Archived from the original on March 1, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  38. ^ "The Young Turks: Welcome to The Young Turks Podcasting : News : Politics : Commentary". Archived from the original on January 6, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  39. ^ "Cenk Uygur at the RNC & DNC". July 5, 2016. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  40. ^ Fish, Adam (2012). Reforming the American Public Sphere: The Media Reform Models of Progressive Television Journalists in the Era of Internet Convergence and Neoliberalism (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of California. pp. 7–9, 60–61, 76, 132, 165–166, 168. Retrieved February 24, 2020. {{cite thesis}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  41. ^ Fish, Adam (2016). "The Moral Technical Imaginaries of Internet Convergence in an American Television Network". In O'Neil, Mathieu; Frayssé, Olivier (eds.). Digital Labour and Prosumer Capitalism: The US Matrix. Springer. pp. 85, 98. ISBN 9781137473905. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  42. ^ Spangler, Todd (May 17, 2018). "YouTube TV Launches Tastemade, TYT Network 24-Hour Linear Channels". Variety. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  43. ^ Grigoryan & Suetzl 2019, pp. 190–191
  44. ^ "Keith Olbermann leaves MSNBC, speculation follows". The Washington Post. January 4, 2011. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
  45. ^ "Cenk Uygur Exits MSNBC" Archived July 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine "Hollywood Reporter" (July 20, 2011). Retrieved July 21, 2011
  46. ^ a b c d e Peck, Reece (2019). Fox populism: Branding conservatism as working class. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9781108496766. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  47. ^ "Cenk Uygur, host of "MSNBC Live" since January, will be leaving MSNBC after declining a shift to another timeslot". Reuters. July 20, 2011.
  48. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (2011). Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress-and a Plan to Stop It. Hachette UK. p. 5. ISBN 9780446576420. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  49. ^ Solaiman, Barry (2017). Evaluating Lobbying in the United Kingdom: Moving from a Corruption Framework to 'Institutional Diversion' (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Cambridge. pp. xxi. Retrieved February 24, 2020. {{cite thesis}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  50. ^ "In Supreme Court Ruling on Campaign Finance, the Public Dissents". ABC News. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  51. ^ Uygur, Cenk (February 26, 2017). "Politics and Populism: Interview with Cenk Uygur". Harvard Political Review (Interview). Interviewed by Sam Kessler. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  52. ^ Blumenthal, Paul (October 20, 2011). "Cenk Uygur Launches New Effort To Separate Money And Politics". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  53. ^ Wieciech, Tomasz (2018). "An Article V Convention of States as a Constitutional Initiatiave at the Federal Level" (PDF). TEKA of Political Science and International Relations. 13 (1): 80. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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Further reading

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