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Revision as of 09:42, 23 August 2020

This article is about the politician. For other uses of the name, see Rajiv Gandhi (disambiguation).

Rajiv Gandhi
Gandhi in 1987
6th Prime Minister of India
In office
31 October 1984 – 2 December 1989
PresidentZail Singh
R. Venkataraman
Preceded byIndira Gandhi
Succeeded byV. P. Singh
Leader of the Opposition
In office
18 December 1989 – 23 December 1990
Prime MinisterV. P. Singh
Preceded byVacant
Succeeded byL. K. Advani
President of the Indian National Congress
In office
1985–1991
Preceded byIndira Gandhi
Succeeded byP. V. Narasimha Rao
Member of Parliament
for Amethi
In office
17 August 1981 – 21 May 1991
Preceded bySanjay Gandhi
Succeeded bySatish Sharma
Personal details
Born
Rajiv Ratna Gandhi

20 August 1944
Bombay, Bombay Presidency, British India
Died21 May 1991(1991-05-21) (aged 46)
Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
Manner of deathAssassination
Monuments
Political partyIndian National Congress
Spouse
​
(m. 1968⁠–⁠1991)​
RelationsSee Nehru–Gandhi family
Children
Parent(s)Feroze Gandhi
Indira Gandhi
Alma materTrinity College, Cambridge (dropped out)
Imperial College London (dropped out)
AwardsBharat Ratna (1991)

Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (/ˈrɑːdʒiːv ˈɡɑːndiː/ ⓘ; 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991) was an Indian politician who served as the 6th Prime Minister of India from 1984 to 1989. He took office after the 1984 assassination of his mother, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, to become the youngest Indian Prime Minister at the age of 40.

Gandhi was from the politically powerful Nehru–Gandhi family, which had been associated with the Indian National Congress party. For much of his childhood, his maternal grandfather Jawaharlal Nehru was Prime Minister. Gandhi attended college in the United Kingdom. He returned to India in 1966 and became a professional pilot for the state-owned Indian Airlines. In 1968, he married Sonia Gandhi; the couple settled in Delhi to a domestic life with their children Rahul Gandhi and Priyanka Gandhi Vadra. For much of the 1970s, his mother Indira Gandhi was prime minister and his brother Sanjay Gandhi an MP; despite this, Rajiv Gandhi remained apolitical. After Sanjay's death in a plane crash in 1980, Gandhi reluctantly entered politics at the behest of Indira. The following year he won his brother's Parliamentary seat of Amethi and became a member of the Lok Sabha—the lower house of India's Parliament. As part of his political grooming, Rajiv was made general secretary of the Congress party and given significant responsibility in organising the 1982 Asian Games.

On the morning of 31 October 1984, his mother was assassinated by one of her bodyguards; later that day, Gandhi was appointed Prime Minister. His leadership was tested over the next few days as organised mobs rioted against the Sikh community, resulting in anti-Sikh riots in Delhi. That December, Congress party won the largest Lok Sabha majority to date, 411 seats out of 542. Rajiv Gandhi's period in office was mired in controversies; perhaps the greatest crises were the Bhopal disaster, Bofors scandal and Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum. In 1988, he reversed the coup in Maldives, antagonising militant Tamil groups such as PLOTE, intervening and then sending peacekeeping troops to Sri Lanka in 1987, leading to open conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In mid-1987, the Bofors scandal damaged his corruption-free image and resulted in a major defeat for his party in the 1989 election.

Gandhi remained Congress President until the elections in 1991. While campaigning for the elections, he was assassinated by a suicide bomber from the LTTE. His widow Sonia became the president of the Congress party in 1998 and led the party to victory in the 2004 and 2009 parliamentary elections. His son Rahul Gandhi is a Member of Parliament and was the President of the Indian National Congress till 2019. In 1991, the Indian government posthumously awarded Gandhi the Bharat Ratna, the country's highest civilian award. At the India Leadership Conclave in 2009, the Revolutionary Leader of Modern India award was conferred posthumously on Gandhi.[1]

Early life and career

Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajiv Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi, Indira Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi

Rajiv Gandhi was born in Bombay on 20 August 1944 to Indira and Feroze Gandhi. In 1951, Rajiv and Sanjay were admitted to Shiv Niketan school, where the teachers said Rajiv was shy and introverted, and "greatly enjoyed painting and drawing".[2]

He was admitted to the Welham Boys' School, Dehradun and Doon School, Dehradun in 1954, where Sanjay joined him two years later.[3] Rajiv was sent to London in 1961 to study A-levels. Rajiv was also educated at the Ecole D'Humanité, an international boarding school in Switzerland.[4] From 1962 to 1965 he studied engineering at Trinity College, Cambridge, but did not obtain a degree.[5][6] In 1966 he began a course in mechanical engineering at Imperial College London, but did not complete it. Gandhi really was not studious enough, as he went on to admit later.[7]

Gandhi returned to India in 1966, the year his mother became Prime Minister. He went to Delhi and became a member of the Flying Club, where he was trained as a pilot. In 1970, he was employed as a pilot by Air India; unlike Sanjay, he did not exhibit any interest of joining politics.[8] In 1968, after three years of courtship, he married Edvige Antonia Albina Màino, who changed her name to Sonia Gandhi and made India her home. Their first child, a son, Rahul Gandhi was born in 1970. In 1972, the couple had a daughter, Priyanka Gandhi, who married Robert Vadra.[9]

Entry into politics

On 23 June 1980, Rajiv's younger brother Sanjay Gandhi died unexpectedly in an aeroplane crash. At that time, Rajiv Gandhi was in London as part of his foreign tour. Hearing the news, he returned to Delhi and cremated Sanjay's body.[10] As per Agarwal, in the week following Sanjay's death, Shankaracharya Swami Shri Swaroopanand, a saint from Badrinath, visited the family's house to offer his condolences.[11] He advised Rajiv not to fly aeroplanes and instead "dedicate himself to the service of the nation".[12] 70 members of the Congress party signed a proposal and went to Indira, urging Rajiv to enter politics. Indira told them it was Rajiv's decision whether to enter politics. When he was questioned about it, he replied, "If my mother gets help from it, then I will enter politics".[12] Rajiv entered politics on 16 February 1981, when he addressed a national farmers' rally in Delhi.[13] During this time, he was still an employee of Air India.[14]

Participation in active politics

On 4 May 1981, Indira Gandhi presided over a meeting of the All India Congress Committee. Vasantdada Patil proposed Rajiv as a candidate for the Amethi constituency, which was accepted by all members at the meeting. A week later, the party officially announced his candidacy for the constituency. He then paid the party membership fees of the party and flew to Sultanpur to file his nomination papers and completed other formalities.[15] He won the seat, defeating Lok Dal candidate Sharad Yadav by a margin of 237,000 votes.[16] He took his oath on 17 August as Member of Parliament.[14]

Rajiv Gandhi's first political tour was to England, where he attended the wedding ceremony of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981.[17] In December the same year, he was put in charge of the Indian Youth Congress.[17] He first showed his organisational ability by "working round the clock" on the 1982 Asian Games.[citation needed] He was one of 33 members of the Indian parliament who were part of the Games' organising committee; sports historian Boria Majumdar writes that being "son of the prime minister he had a moral and unofficial authority" over the others.[18] The report submitted by the Asian Games committee mentions Gandhi's "drive, zeal and initiative" for the "outstanding success" of the games.[18]

Rajiv Gandhi during a medal ceremony

Indira Gandhi's death

Main article: 1984 anti-Sikh riots
Meeting Russian Hare Krishna devotees in 1989.

On 31 October 1984, the Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi's mother Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards, which led to violent riots against Sikhs.[19] At a Boat Club rally 19 days after the assassination, Gandhi said, "Some riots took place in the country following the murder of Indiraji. We know the people were very angry and for a few days it seemed that India had been shaken. But, when a mighty tree falls, it is only natural that the earth around it does shake a little".[20] According to Verinder Grover, the statement made by Gandhi was a "virtual justification" of the riots.[19] Congress leader Mani Shankar Aiyar wrote, "Did it constitute an incitement to mass murder?" He also criticised Gandhi for his reluctance to bring the army from Meerut to handle the mob.[21]

Prime Minister of India

Rajiv Gandhi was in West Bengal on 31 October 1984 when his mother, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, to avenge the military attack on the Golden Temple during Operation Blue Star. Sardar Buta Singh and President Zail Singh pressed Rajiv to succeed his mother as Prime Minister within hours of her murder. Commenting on the anti-Sikh riots in Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi said, "When a giant tree falls, the earth below shakes";[22] a statement for which he was widely criticised. Many Congress politicians were accused of orchestrating the violence.[23]

Indian politics got the youngest ever Prime minister in Rajiv Gandhi. This phenomenon attracted attention the world over. . . his winsome smile, charm and decency were his valuable personal assets. . . A senior opposition member, while talking to me, conceded that . . . he could not conceal his feeling that Rajiv Gandhi would be invincible for the opposition.

— Satyendra Narayan Sinha[24]

Soon after assuming office, Gandhi asked President Singh to dissolve Parliament and hold fresh elections, as the Lok Sabha had completed its five-year term. Gandhi officially became the President of the Congress party, which won a landslide victory with the largest majority in history of the Indian Parliament, giving Gandhi absolute control of government. He benefited from his youth and a general perception of being free of a background in corrupt politics.[25] Gandhi took his oath on 31 December 1984; at 40, he was the youngest Prime Minister of India.[26] Historian Meena Agarwal writes that even after taking the Prime Ministerial oath, he was a relatively unknown figure, "novice in politics" as he assumed the post after being an MP for three years.[27]

Cabinet ministers

Main article: Rajiv Gandhi ministry

After his swearing-in as Prime Minister, Gandhi appointed his fourteen-member cabinet. He said he would monitor their performance and would "fire ministers who do not come to the mark".[citation needed] From the Third Indira Gandhi ministry, he removed two powerful figures; Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee and Railway Minister A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury. Mohsina Kidwai became the Minister of Railways; she was the only female figure in the cabinet. Former Home Minister PV Narasimha Rao was put in charge of defence.[26] V.P. Singh who was initially appointed as the Finance Minister, was given the Defence Ministry in 1987.[28] During his tenure as Prime Minister, Gandhi frequently shuffled his cabinet ministers, drawing criticism from the magazine India Today, which called it a "wheel of confusion". The West Bengal chief minister Jyoti Basu said, "The Cabinet change reflects the instability of the Congress (I) Government at the Centre".[29]

Anti-defection law

Gandhi's first action as Prime Minister was passing the anti-defection law in January 1985. According to this law, an elected Member of Parliament or legislative assembly could not join an opposition party until the next election. Historian Manish Telikicherla Chary calls it a measure of curbing corruption and bribery of ministers by switching parties so they could gain majority.[30] Many such defections occurred during the 1980s as elected leaders of the Congress party joined opposition parties.[31]

Shah Bano case

Main article: Shah Bano case

In 1985, the Supreme Court of India ruled in favour of Muslim divorcee Shah Bano, declaring that her husband should give her alimony. Some Indian Muslims treated it as an encroachment upon Muslim Personal Law and protested against it. Gandhi agreed to their demands.[32] In 1986, the Parliament of India passed The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986, which nullified the Supreme Court's judgment in the Shah Bano case. The Act diluted the Supreme Court judgment and allowed maintenance payments to divorced women only during the period of Iddah, or until 90 days after the divorce, according to the provisions of Islamic law. This was in contrast to Section 125 of the Code.[33][34] Indian magazine Business and Economics called it a minority appeasement by Gandhi.[35] Lawyer and former Law Minister of India, Ram Jethmalani, called the Act "retrogressive obscurantism for short-term minority populism".[36] Gandhi's colleague Arif Mohammad Khan, who was then a Member of Parliament, resigned in protest.[37]

Economic policy

Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi with Ram Kishore Shukla in 1988.

In his election manifesto for the 1984 general election, he did not mention any economic reforms, but after assuming office he tried to liberalise the country's economy.[38] He did so by providing incentives to make private production profitable. Subsidies were given to corporate companies to increase industrial production, especially of durable goods. It was hoped this would increase economic growth and improve the quality of investment.[39] But according to Professor Atul Kohli of Princeton University in a book published by Cambridge University, Gandhi faced stiff opposition from Congress leadership who thought "it would open the economy to external economic influences".[38] Rural and tribal people protested because they saw them as "pro-rich" and "pro-city" reforms.[38]

Gandhi increased government support for science, technology and associated industries, and reduced import quotas, taxes and tariffs on technology-based industries, especially computers, airlines, defence and telecommunications. In 1986, he announced a National Policy on Education to modernise and expand higher education programs across India. In 1986, he founded the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya System, which is a Central government-based education institution that provides rural populations with free residential education from grades six to twelve.[40] His efforts created MTNL in 1986, and his public call offices—better known as PCOs—helped develop the telephone network in rural areas.[41] He introduced measures to significantly reduce the Licence Raj after 1990, allowing businesses and individuals to purchase capital, consumer goods and import without bureaucratic restrictions.[42]

Foreign policy

President Ronald Reagan, Sonia Gandhi, First Lady Nancy Reagan and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, during a state dinner for Prime Minister Gandhi. June 1985.

According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of Indian foreign policy and an ideologue of Congress party, Rajiv Gandhi's vision for a new world order was premised on India's place in its front rank.[43] According to Laskar, the "whole gamut" of Rajiv Gandhi's foreign policy was "geared towards" making India "strong, independent, self-reliant and in the front rank of the nations of the world." [43] According to Laskar, Rajiv Gandhi's diplomacy was "properly calibrated" so as to be "conciliatory and accommodating when required" and "assertive when the occasion demanded." [43]

In 1986, by request of the President of Seychelles France-Albert René, Gandhi sent India's navy to Seychelles to oppose an attempted coup against René. The intervention of India averted the coup. This mission was codenamed as Operation Flowers are Blooming.[44] In 1987, India re-occupied the Quaid Post in the disputed Siachen region of the Indo-Pakistani border after winning what was termed Operation Rajiv.[45] In the 1988 Maldives coup d'état, the Maldives president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom asked for help from Gandhi. He dispatched 1500 soldiers and the coup was suppressed.[46]

On Thursday, 9 June 1988, at the fifteenth special session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at Headquarters, New York, Gandhi made vocal his views on a world free of nuclear weapons, to be realised through an, 'Action Plan for Ushering in a Nuclear-Weapon Free and Non-Violent World Order.'[47][48]

He said:

Alas, nuclear weapons are not the only weapons of mass destruction. New knowledge is being generated in the life sciences. Military applications of these developments could rapidly undermine the existing convention against the military use of biological weapons. The ambit of our concern must extend to all means of mass annihilation.

This was based on his prior historic speech before the Japanese National Diet on 29 November 1985, in which he said:

Let us remove the mental partitions which obstruct the ennobling vision of the human family linked together in peace and prosperity. The Buddha's message of compassion is the very condition of human survival in our age.[49][50][51]

The foiled bid of India recently to enter the Nuclear Suppliers Group, echoed his policy of non-proliferation to be linked to universal disarmament, which the World Nuclear Association refuses to recognise; non-proliferation being seen by India as essentially a weapon of the arms control regime, of the big nuclear powers as United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China.[52][53]

Pakistan

In February 1987, the Pakistani President Zia-ul-Haq visited Delhi, where he met Gandhi to discuss "routine military exercises of the Indian army" on the borders of Rajasthan and Punjab. Gandhi reciprocated, in December 1988, by visiting Islamabad and meeting the new Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto, to reaffirm the 1972 Shimla agreement.[54]

Sri Lanka

See also: Sri Lankan civil war and Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War

The Sri Lankan Civil War broke out with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which was demanding an independent Tamil state in Sri Lanka. Gandhi discussed the matter with the Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa at the SAARC meeting in 1986. In that year, the Sri Lankan army blockaded the Tamil majority district of Jaffna; Gandhi ordered relief supplies to be dropped into the area by parachute because the Sri Lankan navy did not allow the Indian Navy to enter.[55]

Gandhi signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in July 1987. The accord "envisaged a devolution of power to the Tamil-majority areas", dissolved the LTTE, and designated Tamil as an official language of Sri Lanka.[56] Gandhi said:

The Government of India believe that, despite some problems and delays, many of which were foreseen but unavoidable in the resolution of an issue of this magnitude and complexity, this Agreement represents the only way of safeguarding legitimate Tamil interests and ensuring a durable peace in Sri Lanka. Some have chosen to criticise the Agreement. None has shown a better way of meeting the legitimate aspirations of the Tamils in Sri Lanka, restoring peace in that country and of meeting our own security concern in the region. We have accepted a role which is difficult, but which is in our national interests to discharge. We shall not shrink our obligations and commitments. This is a national endeavour.[56]

Chanderasekar withdrew the IPKF in 1989.[54]

Assault by Sri Lankan guard

On 30 July 1987, a day after Gandhi went to Sri Lanka and signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, an honour guard named Vijitha Rohana hit him on his shoulder with his rifle; Gandhi's quick reflexes saved him from injury. The guard was then dragged off by his security personnel.[57][58] The guard said his intention was to kill Gandhi because of "the damage he had caused" to Sri Lanka. Wijemuni was imprisoned for two-and-a-half years for the assault.[57] Gandhi later said about the incident:

When I was inspecting the guard of honour and as I walked past one person, I saw through the corner of my eye some movement. I ducked down a little bit in a reflex action. By my ducking, he missed my head and the brunt of the blow came on my shoulder below the left ear.[58]

Regional issues

Rajiv Gandhi (left) congratulates Indian Army explorers for reaching the South Pole.

Punjab

Soon after assuming office, Gandhi released the leaders of the Akali Dal who had been imprisoned since 1984's Operation Blue Star during Indira Gandhi's prime ministership. He lifted the ban on All India Sikh Students Federation and filed an inquiry into the 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots. He also held a closed-door meeting with senior Akali Dal leaders to find a solution to the Punjab problem. Despite Akali opposition, in January 1985, Gandhi signed the Rajiv-Longowal Accord with Akali leader HS Longowal. Punjab's state assembly election was scheduled in September 1985, but Longowal died and was replaced by Surjit Singh Barnala, who formed the government. After two years, in 1987, Barnala resigned his office because of a breakdown of law and order, leading to the implementation of President's rule in the state.[59]

In May 1988, Gandhi launched the Operation Black Thunder to clear the Golden Temple in Amritsar of arms and gunmen. Two groups called National Security Guard and Special Action Group were created; they surrounded the temple in a 10-day siege during which the extremists' weapons were confiscated. Congress leader Anand Sharma said, "Operation Black Thunder effectively demonstrated the will of Rajiv Gandhi's government to take firm action to bring peace to Punjab".[60]

Northeast India

Gandhi's prime-ministership marked an increase of insurgency in northeast India. Mizo National Front demanded independence for Mizoram. In 1987, Gandhi addressed this problem; Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were given the status of states that were earlier union territories.[61] Gandhi also ended the Assam Movement, which was launched by Assamese people to protest against the alleged illegal migration of Bangladeshi Muslims and immigration of other Bengalis to their state, which had reduced the Assamese to a minority there. He signed the Assam Accord on 15 August 1985. According to the accord, foreigners who came to the state between 1951 and 1961 were given full citizenship but those who arrived there between 1961 and 1971 did not get right to vote for the next ten years.[62]

Technology

Gandhi employed former Rockwell International executive Sam Pitroda as his adviser on public information infrastructure and innovation. During Gandhi's time in office, public sector telecom companies MTNL and VSNL was developed.[63] According to Pitroda, Gandhi's ability to resist pressure from multi-national companies to abandon his plan to spread telecommunication services has been an important factor in India's development. According to news website Oneindia, "About 20 years ago telephones were considered to be a thing for the use of the rich, but credit goes to Rajiv Gandhi for taking them to the rural masses".[64] Pitroda also said their plan to expand India's telephone network succeeded because of Gandhi's political support. According to Pitroda, by 2007 they were "adding six million phones every month".[64] Gandhi's government also allowed the import of fully assembled motherboards, which led to the price of computers being reduced.[65] According to some commentators, the seed for the information technology (IT) revolution was also planted during Rajiv Gandhi's time.[65]

Bofors scandal, HDW scandal and 1989 elections defeat

Main article: Bofors scandal

Rajiv Gandhi's finance minister, V. P. Singh, uncovered compromising details about government and political corruption, to the consternation of Congress leaders. Transferred to the Defence Ministry, Singh uncovered what became known as the Bofors scandal, which involved millions of US dollars and concerned alleged payoffs by the Swedish arms company Bofors through Italian businessman and Gandhi family associate Ottavio Quattrocchi, in return for Indian contracts. Upon discovering the scandal, Singh was dismissed from office and later resigned his Congress membership. Gandhi was later personally implicated in the scandal when the investigation was continued by Narasimhan Ram and Chitra Subramaniam of The Hindu newspaper, damaging his image as an honest politician. In 2004, he was posthumously cleared of this allegation.[66]

In an interview in July 2005, V.P.Singh explained that his fall out with Rajiv Gandhi was not due to the Bofors deal, but rather due to the HDW deal. Courtesy a contract signed with the Germany company HDW in 1981, the Indian government had agreed to purchase two ready submarines built in Germany by HDW and two submarines in CKD form to be assembled in Mazagaon docks. V.P.Singh had received a telegram from the Indian ambassador in Germany, stating that an Indian agents had received commissions in the HDW submarine deal. He told Rajiv Gandhi about this and instituted an enquiry. This led to differences and V.P.Singh resigned from the cabinet.[67]

In his book, Unknown Facets of Rajiv Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Indrajit Gupta, released in November 2013, former CBI director Dr. A P Mukherjee wrote that Gandhi wanted commission paid by defence suppliers to be used exclusively for meeting running expenses of the Congress party.[68] Mukherjee said Gandhi explained his position in a meeting between the two at the Prime Minister's residence on 19 June 1989.[69] In May 2015, Indian president Pranab Mukherjee said the scandal was a "media trial" as "no Indian court has as yet established it as a scandal".[70]

Opposition parties Lok Dal, Indian National Congress (Socialist) and Jan Morcha united under Singh to form the Janata Dal.[71] Singh led the National Front coalition to victory in 1989 elections and he was sworn in as Prime Minister. Though the coalition won 143 seats compared to Congress's 197, it gained majority in the lower house of the parliament through outside support from the Bharatiya Janta Party under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani and the left parties such as the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the Communist Party of India.[72] Eminent lawyer and politician, former Law Minister of India Ram Jethmalani said that as Prime Minister, Gandhi was "lacklustre and mediocre".[36]

Later years

Allegations of black money

In November 1991, Schweizer Illustrierte magazine published an article on black money held in secret accounts by Imelda Marcos and 14 other rulers of Third World countries. Citing McKinsey as a source, the article stated that Rajiv Gandhi held 2.5 billion Swiss francs in secret Indian accounts in Switzerland.[73][74] Several leaders of opposition parties in India raised the issue, citing the Schweizer Illustrierte article. In December 1991, Amal Datta raised the issue in the Indian Parliament; the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Shivraj Patil, expunged Rajiv Gandhi's name from the proceedings.[75] In December 2011, Subramanian Swamy wrote to the director of the Central Bureau of Investigation, citing the article and asking him to take action on black money accounts of the Nehru-Gandhi family.[76] On 29 December 2011, Ram Jethmalani made an indirect reference to the issue in the Rajya Sabha, calling it a shame that one of India's former Prime Ministers was named by a Swiss magazine. This was met by an uproar and a demand for withdrawal of the remark by the ruling Congress party members.[77]

Funding from KGB

In 1992, the Indian newspapers Times of India and The Hindu published reports alleging that Rajiv Gandhi had received funds from the KGB.[75] The Russian government confirmed this disclosure and defended the payments as necessary for Soviet ideological interest.[78] In their 1994 book The State Within a State, journalists Yevgenia Albats and Catherine Fitzpatrick quoted a letter signed by Viktor Chebrikov, head of the KGB, in the 1980s. The letter says the KGB maintained contact with Gandhi, who expressed his gratitude to the KGB for benefits accruing to his family from commercial dealings of a controlled firm. A considerable portion of funds obtained from this channel were used to support his party.[79] Albats later said that in December 1985, Chebrikov had asked for authorisation from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to make payments to family members of Rajiv Gandhi, including Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi.[75][78] The payments were authorised by a resolution and endorsed by the USSR Council of Ministers, and had been paid since 1971.[78] In December 2001, Subramanian Swamy filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court; the Court ordered CBI to ascertain the truth of the allegations in May 2002. After two years, the CBI told the Court Russia would not entertain such queries without a registered FIR.[clarification needed][78]

Assassination

Main article: Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

Rajiv Gandhi's last public meeting was on 21 May 1991, at Sriperumbudur, a village approximately 40 km (25 miles) from Madras (present-day Chennai), where he was assassinated while campaigning for the Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha Congress candidate. At 10:10 pm, a woman later identified as Thenmozhi Rajaratnam approached Gandhi in public and greeted him. She then bent down to touch his feet and detonated a belt laden with 700 g (1.5 lb) of RDX explosives tucked under her dress.[80]

Veer Bhumi at Delhi, where Rajiv Gandhi was cremated

The explosion killed Gandhi, Rajaratnam, and at least 14 other people.[81] The assassination was captured by a 21-year-old local photographer, whose camera and film were found at the site. The cameraman, named Haribabu, died in the blast but the camera remained intact.[82] Gandhi's mutilated body was airlifted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in New Delhi for post-mortem, reconstruction and embalming.[83]

A state funeral was held for Gandhi on 24 May 1991; it was telecast live and was attended by dignitaries from over 60 countries.[84] He was cremated at Veer Bhumi, on the banks of the river Yamuna near the shrines of his mother Indira Gandhi, brother Sanjay Gandhi, and grandfather Jawaharlal Nehru.

Aftermath

The Rajiv Gandhi Memorial, at Sriperumbudur

The Supreme Court judgement, by Justice K. T. Thomas, confirmed that Gandhi was killed because of personal animosity by the LTTE chief Prabhakaran arising from his sending the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka and the alleged IPKF atrocities against Sri Lankan Tamils.[85] The Gandhi administration had already antagonised other Tamil militant organisations like PLOTE for reversing the 1988 military coup in Maldives. The judgement further cites the death of Thileepan in a hunger strike and the suicide by 12 LTTE cadres in a vessel in Oct 1987.[86]

In the Jain Commission report, various people and agencies are named as suspects in the murder of Rajiv Gandhi. Among them, the cleric Chandraswami was suspected of involvement, including financing the assassination.[87][88][89] Nalini Sriharan, the only surviving member of the five-member squad behind the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, is serving life imprisonment. Arrested on 14 June 1991, she and 25 others were sentenced to death by a special court on 28 January 1998. The court confirmed the death sentences of four of the convicts, including Nalini, on 11 May 1999.[90] Nalini was a close friend of an LTTE operative known as Sriharan alias Murugan, another convict in the case who has been sentenced to death. Nalini later gave birth to a girl, Harithra, in prison. Nalini's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in April 2000.[91] Rajiv's widow, Sonia Gandhi, intervened and asked for clemency for Nalini on the grounds of the latter being a mother.[92] Later, it was reported that Gandhi's daughter, Priyanka Gandhi Vadra, had met Nalini at Vellore Central Prison in March 2008.[93] Nalini regrets the killing of Gandhi and said the real conspirators have not been caught yet.[94][95]

In August 2011, the President of India rejected the clemency pleas of Murugan and two others on death row—Suthendraraja, alias Santhan, and Perarivalan, alias Arivu.[96] The execution of the three convicts was scheduled for 9 September 2011. However, the Madras High Court intervened and stayed their executions for eight weeks based on their petitions. In 2010, Nalini had petitioned the Madras High Court seeking release because she had served more than 20 years in prison. She argued that even life convicts were released after 14 years. The state government rejected her request.[97][98][99] Murugan, Santhan and Perarivalan have said they are political prisoners rather than ordinary criminals.[100][101][102] On 18 February 2014, the Supreme Court of India commuted the death sentences of Murugan, Santhan and Perarivalan to life imprisonment, holding that the 11-year-long delay in deciding their mercy petition had a dehumanising effect on them.[103][104] On 19 February 2014 Tamil Nadu government decided to release all seven convicts in Rajiv Gandhi's assassination case, including A. G. Perarivalan and Nalini.[105] The Government of India challenged this decision before the Supreme Court, which referred the case to a Constitution Bench.[106]

The report of the Jain Commission created controversy when it accused the Tamil Nadu chief minister Karunanidhi of a role in the assassination, leading to Congress withdrawing its support for the I. K. Gujral government and fresh elections in 1998. LTTE spokesman Anton Balasingham told the Indian television channel NDTV the killing was a "great tragedy, a monumental historical tragedy which we deeply regret".[107][108] A memorial called Veer Bhumi was constructed at the place of Gandhi's cremation in Delhi. In 1992, the Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award was instituted by the Indian National Congress Party.

Since his death, 21 May has been declared Anti-Terrorism Day in India.[109]

Institutions named after Gandhi

Main article: List of things named after Rajiv Gandhi

A Right to Information (RTI) request filed in August 2009 found that more than 450 government projects and schemes are named after the Gandhi-Nehru family.[110] In May 2012, Zee News reported there were 16 government schemes named after Gandhi, including Rajiv Awas Yojana and Rajiv Gandhi Udyami Mitra Yojana.[111] In March 2015, Haryana sports minister Anil Vij said that at that time there were 232 rural stadia in India, with 226 of them being named after him. He said the government was "planning to rename" all the stadia in Haryana state named after him. Vij drew criticism from Congress leader Kuldeep Sharma, who said it was an "insult to their national leaders".[112]

Adaptation

A movie titled Madras Cafe showed the planning of an intelligence agency to stop the assassination and catch the LTTE leader. However, at the end, they were unable to save Rajiv Gandhi.

Notes

  1. ^ "Special award bestowed on Rajiv Gandhi". The Hindu. 27 September 2009.
  2. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi". www.mid-day.com. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  3. ^ Agarwal, p. 17
  4. ^ Singh, Rani (13 September 2011). Sonia Gandhi: An Extraordinary Life, An Indian Destiny. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-230-34053-4.
  5. ^ "Rahul first in three generations with a world university degree". Tribune India. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  6. ^ "Rahul first in three generations with a world university degree". The Tribune. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  7. ^ 'GANDHI, Rajiv', Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2016; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014; online edn, April 2014 accessed 2 April 2017
  8. ^ Agarwal, p. 18
  9. ^ Khan, p. 76
  10. ^ Agarwal, p. 20
  11. ^ Agarwal, p. 21
  12. ^ a b Agarwal, p. 22
  13. ^ Agarwal, p. 23
  14. ^ a b Kirusna Anant (2010). India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics. Pearson Education India. p. 257. ISBN 9788131725672.
  15. ^ Agarwal, p. 24
  16. ^ Satinder Sharma, Indra Sharma. Rajiv Gandhi: an annotated bibliography, 1944–1982. University of Michigan. p. 65.
  17. ^ a b Agarwal, p. 25
  18. ^ a b Boria Majumdar (18 June 2012). Olympics - The India Story. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 9789350295090.
  19. ^ a b Verinder Grover (1997). Indian Political System: Trends and Challenges. Deep and Deep Publications. p. 366. ISBN 9788171008834.
  20. ^ Indu Prakash Singh. The aborted revolution. University of Michigan. p. 235.
  21. ^ Aiyar, p. 194
  22. ^ "Back to the dynasty". Frontline. Hinduonnet.com. 6 March 1998. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  23. ^ "World | South Asia | Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots". BBC News. 8 August 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  24. ^ Palanithurai, G (2009). Memorable Quotes from Rajiv Gandhi and on Rajiv Gandhi. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. ISBN 978-81-8069-587-2. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  25. ^ "1984: Rajiv Gandhi wins landslide election victory". BBC News. 29 December 1984. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  26. ^ a b "Rajiv Gandhi takes oath as India's prime minister". The Deseret News. 31 December 1984. p. 1. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  27. ^ Agarwal, p. 28
  28. ^ "Shri Vishwanath Pratap Singh : Biography". VP Singh. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  29. ^ "Wheel of confusion". India Today. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  30. ^ Chary, p. 129
  31. ^ "Provisions of Anti-Defection Law in India". Elections. 27 January 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  32. ^ "Shah Bano – Rajiv Gandhi". Homepages.uc.edu. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  33. ^ "From Shah Bano to Salma". Indian Express. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  34. ^ "The Shah Bano legacy". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  35. ^ "The ghost of Shah Bano". Business and Economy. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  36. ^ a b "Cementing of dynastic democracy". Sunday Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  37. ^ Bipan Chandra; Aditya Mukherjee; Mridula Mukherjee (1 January 2008). Penguin Books India (ed.). India Since Independence. India: Penguin Books India. p. 362. ISBN 978-0143104094.
  38. ^ a b c Kohli, p. 103
  39. ^ Kohli, p. 102
  40. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi aimed at value based education in rural India through JNVs". Pressbrief. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  41. ^ "MTNL Letter" (PDF). 16 September 2009. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  42. ^ "Unequal effects of Liberalisation – Dismantling the license raj in India" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  43. ^ a b c Laskar, Rejaul (September 2014). "Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance". Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist. 2 (9): 46. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  44. ^ "Modi to the land where India staged 'Operation Wild Flowers are Blooming'". Asian News International. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  45. ^ "1987 Siachen hero passes away". Times of India. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  46. ^ Agarwal, p. 141
  47. ^ Rajiv Gandhi Plan: a valuable solution
  48. ^ PM Rajeev Gandhi at the Fifteenth special session of United Nations General Assembly[1]
  49. ^ Japanese National Diet on 29 November 1985 [2] Archived 8 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ Documents related to Japan - South Asia Relations
  51. ^ Speech by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India at the Joint Session of the Japanese Upper and Lower Houses [3]
  52. ^ India’s NSG bid foiled – China stands tall, Switzerland ‘backstabs’
  53. ^ China foils India’s bid to join NSG
  54. ^ a b Sharma, p. 16
  55. ^ Sharma, p. 14
  56. ^ a b Sharma, p. 15
  57. ^ a b "No regrets for attack on Rajiv, says Lankan guard". New Indian Express. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  58. ^ a b "Sri Lankan in Honour Guard Attacks Gandhi". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  59. ^ Sharma, p. 10
  60. ^ Sharma, p. 11
  61. ^ Sharma, p. 12
  62. ^ Sharma, p. 13
  63. ^ Marcus F. Franda (2002). China and India Online: Information Technology Politics and Diplomacy in the. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 137. ISBN 9780742519466.
  64. ^ a b "Telecom revolution driving development; credit to Rajiv". One India. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  65. ^ a b "Economic Milestone: Ushering in Telecom Reforms (1985)". Forbes India. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  66. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery". BBC News. 4 February 2004. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  67. ^ Gupta, Shekhar (1 July 2005). "Walk the talk - an interview with V.P.Singh". NDTV. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  68. ^ Rajiv Gandhi told me to use arms deal payoffs for party funds: Ex-CBI chief. Indian Express (13 November 2013). Retrieved on 21 May 2014.
  69. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi wanted Bofors money to run Congress: Ex-CBI chief". The Times of India. 14 November 2013.FTP ACCESS
  70. ^ "Bofors scandal more of a media trial: Pranab Mukherjee". India Today. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  71. ^ "Janata Parivar: Can 'socialist' Mulayam and co stop the Modi wave?". First Post. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  72. ^ "History of Lok Sabha elections". SME Times. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  73. ^ Jethmalani, Ram (17 December 2010). "Dacoits have looted India". India Today. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  74. ^ Gisler, Daniela (11 November 1991). "Fluchtgelder – Die Schweizer Konten der Diktatoren" [Flight capital – the Swiss accounts of the dictators] (PDF). Schweizer Illustrierte (in German) (46). Zürich, Switzerland: Ringier AG: 38–41. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  75. ^ a b c Gurumurthy, S (30 January 2011). "Zero tolerance, secret billions". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  76. ^ "Dr Subramanian Swamy asks CBI to take action on Rajiv Gandhi's family's black money accounts". Moneylife. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  77. ^ "Lokpal debate: Ram Jethmalani creates ruckus in Rajya Sabha". India Today. 29 December 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  78. ^ a b c d Puri, Rajinder (15 August 2006). "How Free Is India?". Outlook India. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  79. ^ Albats, Yevgenia; Fitzpatrick, Catherine (1999) [1994]. The State Within a State: The KGB and its Hold on Russia-Past, Present, and Future. London, United Kingdom: Macmillan. p. 223. ISBN 9780374527389. Retrieved 30 December 2011. A letter signed by Viktor Chebrikov, who replaced Andropov as the KGB head in 1982 noted: "the USSR KGB maintains contact with the son of the Premier Minister Rajiv Gandhi [of India] ... R Gandhi expresses deep gratitude for the benefits accruing to the Prime Minister's family from the commercial dealings of the firm he controls in co-operation with the Soviet foreign trade organisations. R Gandhi reports confidentially that a substantial portion of the funds obtained through this channel are used to support the party of R Gandhi."
  80. ^ Ramesh Vinayak (1 February 1999). "The Nation: Terrorism: The RDX Files". India-today.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  81. ^ "1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi". BBC News. 21 May 1991. Archived from the original on 27 July 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  82. ^ "Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi". Iconic Photos. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  83. ^ Ahluwalia, Meenakshi (1 January 1991). Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi – Shashi Ahluwalia, Meenakshi Ahluwalia. ISBN 9788170993155. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  84. ^ Essay (21 May 1991). "Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and its aftermath". Knowledge Hub. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  85. ^ State of Tamil Nadu through Superintendent of Police, CBI/SIT vs. Nalini & 25 Ors., Death Ref. Case No. 1 of 1998 (@ D.No.1151 of 1998) per K.T. Thomas Archived 2 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine, para. 163
  86. ^ Singh, Sushant. "Operation Cactus: The Indian military was asked to intervene in the Maldives 30 years ago as well". Scroll.in.
  87. ^ outlookindia.com
  88. ^ Rtiu Sarin (11 July 1998). "Probe Chandraswami's role in Rajiv case—Jain report". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  89. ^ [4] Archived 28 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ State of Tamil Nadu through Superintendent of Police, CBI/SIT vs. Nalini & 25 Ors., Death Ref. Case No. 1 of 1998 (@ D.No.1151 of 1998) per D.P. Wadhwa and S.S.M. Quadri
  91. ^ G.O.Ms.No.406, Home Department, dated 24 April 2000
  92. ^ "BBC News - SOUTH ASIA - Gandhi pleads for husband's killer". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  93. ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News". tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
  94. ^ PTI. "I regret Rajiv Gandhi's assassination: Nalini - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  95. ^ "My sins washed away, says Nalini Sriharan". dna. 16 April 2008.
  96. ^ "Nalini meets hubby on death row - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 11 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  97. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi assassin Nalini Sriharan not to be freed : Latest Headlines, News - India Today". Indiatoday.intoday.in. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  98. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi's assassin Nalini gets back 'A' class jail facilities - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  99. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi's killer Nalini breaks down". NDTV.com. 7 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  100. ^ "Nalini Sriharan back in Vellore - India - DNA". Dnaindia.com. 7 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  101. ^ "Nalini shifted from Vellore jail to Puzhal - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  102. ^ A Subramani, TNN 21 January 2010, 01.27am IST. "After 19 yrs in jail for Rajiv murder, Nalini may be freed - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 27 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  103. ^ V. Sriharan @ Murugan vs. Union of India & Ors., T.C. (Crl.) Nos. 1-3 of 2012 citing Shatrughan Chauhan & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors., W.P. (Crl.) No. 55 of 2013
  104. ^ "Supreme Court commuted Death Sentence of Rajiv Gandhi's Killers to Life Imprisonment". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. 18 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  105. ^ "TN to release all Rajiv convicts". 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  106. ^ Union of India vs. V. Sriharan @ Murugan & Ors., W.P. (Crl.) 48 of 2014
  107. ^ "We deeply regret Rajiv's death: LTTE". The Indian Express. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  108. ^ "Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi". BBC News. 27 June 2006. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  109. ^ "Assam observes Anti-Terrorism Day on Rajiv Gandhi's death anniversary". The Economic Times. 21 May 2005. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  110. ^ "Use Indira, Rajiv names sparingly while announcing schemes: Cabinet Secretary". NDTV. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  111. ^ "16 govt schemes named after Rajiv Gandhi". Zee News. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  112. ^ "Why is everything in India named after just Rajiv or Indira Gandhi, asks Haryana Minister". IBN Live. Retrieved 27 May 2015.

References

Further reading
  • Shourie, Arun (1992). These lethal, inexorable laws: Rajiv, his men and his regime. Delhi: South Asia Books.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajiv Gandhi.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Rajiv Gandhi.

] [[Category:Finance Ministers of India]

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