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==Expansion==
==Expansion==
Jobs stated that because "customization really is mostly software now ... most of the options in other computers are in Mac", unlike the Apple II the Macintosh 128K did not need slots, which he described as costly and requiring larger size and more power.<ref name="byteinterview198402">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks#page/n59/mode/2up/ | title=An Interview: The Macintosh Design Team | work=BYTE | date=February 1984 | accessdate=7 July 2016 | pages=58–80 | interviewer=Lemmons, Phil }}</ref> It was not officially upgradable by the user and only Apple service centers were permitted to open the case.<ref name="williams198402">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks#page/n31/mode/2up | title=The Apple Macintosh Computer | work=BYTE | date=February 1984 | accessdate=October 22, 2013 | author=Williams, Gregg | page=30}}</ref> There were third parties that did offer RAM upgrades and even memory and CPU upgrades, allowing the original 128K Macintosh to be expanded to a 4MB 32 bit data path, 68020 CPU (16Mhz), 68881 FPU (16Mhz), 68851 MMU (16Mhz) with an external SCSI port (with a ribbon cable out the clock battery door, internal SCSI hard drive (20Mb Rodime) and a piezo electric fan for kooling. This upgrade was featured on a Macworld magazine cover titled "Fster then a Vax" in August 1986<ref>{{cite web |title=Text archive of Macworld August 1986 article |url=https://archive.org/stream/MacWorld_8608_August_1986/MacWorld_8608_August_1986_djvu.txt |accessdate=21 October 2020}}</ref>. All accessories were external, such as the [[MacCharlie]] that added [[IBM PC compatible|IBM PC compatibility]].<ref name="sandbergdiment19850924">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/24/science/personal-computers-linking-mac-to-the-ibm-pc.html | title=Linking Mac to the IBM PC | work=The New York Times | date=September 24, 1985 | accessdate=October 27, 2013 | author=Sandberg-Diment, Erik | type=review}}</ref> There was no provision for adding internal storage, more RAM or any upgrade cards, however some of the Macintosh engineers objected to Jobs's ideas and secretly developed workarounds for them. As an example, the Macintosh was supposed to have only 17 address lines on the motherboard, enough to support 128k of system RAM, but the design team added an additional two address lines without Jobs's knowledge, making it possible to expand the computer to 512k, although the actual act of upgrading system RAM was difficult and required piggybacking additional RAM chips overtop the onboard 4164 chips. In September 1984, after months of complaints over the Mac's inadequate RAM, Apple released an official 512k machine. Although this had always been planned from the beginning, Steve Jobs maintained if the user desired more RAM than the Mac 128 provided, he should simply pay extra money for a Mac 512 rather than upgrade the computer himself. When the Mac 512 was released, Apple rebranded the original model as "Macintosh 128k" and modified the motherboard to allow easier RAM upgrades. Improving on the hard-wired RAM thus required a motherboard replacement (which was priced similarly to a new computer), or a third-party chip replacement upgrade, which was not only expensive but would void Apple's warranty. The difficulty of fitting software into its limited free memory, coupled with the new interface and [[event driven programming]] model, discouraged software vendors from supporting it, leaving the 128K with a relatively small software library. Whereas the [[Macintosh Plus]], and to a lesser extent the [[Macintosh 512K]], are compatible with much later software, the 128K is limited to specially crafted programs. A stock Mac 128K with the original 64K ROM is neither compatible with Apple's external 800 KB drive with HFS nor with Apple's [[Hard Disk 20]]. A Mac 128K that has been upgraded with the newer 128K ROM (called a Macintosh 128Ke) can use internal and external 800 KB drives with HFS, as well as the HD20. Both can print on an AppleShare network, but neither can do file sharing because of their limited RAM.
Jobs stated that because "customization really is mostly software now ... most of the options in other computers are in Mac", unlike the Apple II the Macintosh 128K did not need slots, which he described as costly and requiring larger size and more power.<ref name="byteinterview198402">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks#page/n59/mode/2up/ | title=An Interview: The Macintosh Design Team | work=BYTE | date=February 1984 | accessdate=7 July 2016 | pages=58–80 | interviewer=Lemmons, Phil }}</ref> It was not officially upgradable by the user and only Apple service centers were permitted to open the case.<ref name="williams198402">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks#page/n31/mode/2up | title=The Apple Macintosh Computer | work=BYTE | date=February 1984 | accessdate=October 22, 2013 | author=Williams, Gregg | page=30}}</ref> There were third parties that did offer RAM upgrades and even memory and CPU upgrades, allowing the original 128K Macintosh to be expanded to a 4MB 32 bit data path, 68020 CPU (16Mhz), 68881 FPU (16Mhz), 68851 MMU (16Mhz) with an external SCSI port (with a ribbon cable out the clock battery door, internal SCSI hard drive (20Mb Rodime) and a piezo electric fan for cooling. This upgrade was featured on a Macworld magazine cover titled "Fster then a Vax" in August 1986<ref>{{cite web |title=Text archive of Macworld August 1986 article |url=https://archive.org/stream/MacWorld_8608_August_1986/MacWorld_8608_August_1986_djvu.txt |accessdate=21 October 2020}}</ref>. All accessories were external, such as the [[MacCharlie]] that added [[IBM PC compatible|IBM PC compatibility]].<ref name="sandbergdiment19850924">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/24/science/personal-computers-linking-mac-to-the-ibm-pc.html | title=Linking Mac to the IBM PC | work=The New York Times | date=September 24, 1985 | accessdate=October 27, 2013 | author=Sandberg-Diment, Erik | type=review}}</ref> There was no provision for adding internal storage, more RAM or any upgrade cards, however some of the Macintosh engineers objected to Jobs's ideas and secretly developed workarounds for them. As an example, the Macintosh was supposed to have only 17 address lines on the motherboard, enough to support 128k of system RAM, but the design team added an additional two address lines without Jobs's knowledge, making it possible to expand the computer to 512k, although the actual act of upgrading system RAM was difficult and required piggybacking additional RAM chips overtop the onboard 4164 chips. In September 1984, after months of complaints over the Mac's inadequate RAM, Apple released an official 512k machine. Although this had always been planned from the beginning, Steve Jobs maintained if the user desired more RAM than the Mac 128 provided, he should simply pay extra money for a Mac 512 rather than upgrade the computer himself. When the Mac 512 was released, Apple rebranded the original model as "Macintosh 128k" and modified the motherboard to allow easier RAM upgrades. Improving on the hard-wired RAM thus required a motherboard replacement (which was priced similarly to a new computer), or a third-party chip replacement upgrade, which was not only expensive but would void Apple's warranty. The difficulty of fitting software into its limited free memory, coupled with the new interface and [[event driven programming]] model, discouraged software vendors from supporting it, leaving the 128K with a relatively small software library. Whereas the [[Macintosh Plus]], and to a lesser extent the [[Macintosh 512K]], are compatible with much later software, the 128K is limited to specially crafted programs. A stock Mac 128K with the original 64K ROM is neither compatible with Apple's external 800 KB drive with HFS nor with Apple's [[Hard Disk 20]]. A Mac 128K that has been upgraded with the newer 128K ROM (called a Macintosh 128Ke) can use internal and external 800 KB drives with HFS, as well as the HD20. Both can print on an AppleShare network, but neither can do file sharing because of their limited RAM.


==OEM upgrades==
==OEM upgrades==

Revision as of 14:31, 12 November 2020

Macintosh 128K
A Macintosh 128K
Also known asApple Macintosh
ManufacturerApple Computer, Inc.
Product familyCompact Macintosh
Release dateJanuary 24, 1984; 40 years ago (1984-01-24)[1][2]
Introductory priceUS$2,495 (equivalent to US$7,300 in 2023)
DiscontinuedOctober 1, 1985 (1985-10-01)[3]
Operating systemSystem Software 1.0[4]
CPUMotorola 68000 @ 7.8336 MHz (6 MHz effectively)[5]
Memory128 KB RAM (built-in)
DimensionsHeight: 13.6 inches (35 cm)
Width: 9.6 inches (24 cm)
Depth: 10.9 inches (28 cm)
Mass16.5 pounds (7.5 kg)
PredecessorApple Lisa
SuccessorMacintosh 512K
External image
image icon Apple Macintosh 128K in trilogy «Back to the Future»

The Macintosh 128K, originally released as the Apple Macintosh, is the original Apple Macintosh personal computer. Its beige case consisted of a 9 in (23 cm) CRT monitor and came with a keyboard and mouse. A handle built into the top of the case made it easier for the computer to be lifted and carried. It had an initial selling price of $2,495 (equivalent to $7,317 in 2023). The Macintosh was introduced by the now-famous $370,000 (equivalent to $1,085,112 in 2023) television commercial directed by Ridley Scott, "1984", that aired on CBS during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984.[6] Sales of the Macintosh were strong from its initial release on January 24, 1984, and reached 70,000 units on May 3, 1984.[7] Upon the release of its successor, the Macintosh 512K, it was rebranded as the Macintosh 128K. The computer is Model M0001.[clarification needed]

Processor and memory

The heart of the computer was a Motorola 68000 microprocessor running at 7.8336 MHz, connected to 128 KB RAM shared by the processor and the display controller. The boot procedure and some operating system routines were contained in an additional 64 KB ROM chip. Apple did not offer RAM upgrades. Unlike the Apple II, no source code listings of the Macintosh system ROMs were offered.

The RAM in the Macintosh consisted of sixteen 4164 64k×1 DRAMs. The 68000 and video controller took turns accessing DRAM every four CPU cycles during display of the frame buffer, while the 68000 had unrestricted access to DRAM during vertical and horizontal blanking intervals. Such an arrangement reduced the overall performance of the CPU as much as 35% for most code as the display logic often blocked the CPU's access to RAM. This caused the computer to run slower than several of its competitors, despite the nominally high clock rate.[5]

Back case of an unaltered original Macintosh (sold January–November 1984). The majority of 128k machines made after November 1984 have the label "Macintosh 128K" on the back of the case.

Peripherals

The built-in display was a one-bit black-and-white, 9-inch (23 cm) CRT with a fixed resolution of 512 × 342 pixels, establishing the desktop publishing standard of 72 PPI.[8] Expansion and networking were achieved using two non-standard RS-422 DE-9 serial ports named "printer" and "modem"; they did not support hardware handshaking. An external floppy disk drive could be added using a proprietary connector (19-pin D-sub). The keyboard and mouse used simple proprietary protocols, allowing some third-party upgrades. The original keyboard had no arrow keys, numeric keypad or function keys. This was an intentional decision by Apple, as these keys were common on older platforms and it was thought that the addition of these keys would encourage software developers to simply port their existing applications to the Mac, rather than design new ones around the GUI paradigm.[9] Later, Apple made a numeric keypad available for the Macintosh 128K. The keyboard sold with the newer Macintosh Plus model included the numeric keypad and arrow keys, but still no function keys. As with the Apple Lisa before it, the mouse had a single button. Standard headphones could also be connected to a monaural jack. Apple also offered their 300 and 1200 bit/s modems originally released for the Apple II line. Initially, the only printer available was the Apple ImageWriter, a dot matrix printer which was designed to produce 144 dpi WYSIWYG output from the Mac's 72 dpi screen. Eventually, the LaserWriter and other printers were capable of being connected using AppleTalk, Apple's built-in networking system.

Storage

The Macintosh contained a single 400 KB, single-sided 3+1⁄2-inch floppy disk drive, dedicating no space to other internal mechanical storage. The Mac OS was disk-based from the beginning, as RAM had to be conserved, but this "Startup Disk" could still be temporarily ejected. (Ejecting the root filesystem remained an unusual feature of the classic Mac OS until System 7.) One floppy disk was sufficient to store the System Software, an application and the data files created with the application. Indeed, the 400 KB drive capacity was larger than the PC XT's 360 KB 5.25-inch drive. However, more sophisticated work environments of the time required separate disks for documents and the system installation. Due to the memory constraints (128 KB) of the original Macintosh, and the fact that the floppies could hold 400 KB, users frequently had to swap disks in and out of the floppy drive. For this reason, external floppy drives were frequently used. The Macintosh External Disk Drive (mechanically identical to the internal one, piggybacking on the same controller) was a popular add-on at US$495. Third-party hard drives were considerably more expensive and usually connected to the slower serial port (as specified by Apple), though a few manufacturers chose to use the faster nonstandard floppy port. The 128K can only use the original Macintosh File System for storage.

Macintosh motherboard

Cooling

The unit did not include a fan, relying instead on convection cooling, which made it quiet while in operation. Steve Jobs insisted that the Macintosh ship without a fan, which persisted until the introduction of the Macintosh SE in 1987. This was allegedly a source of many common, costly component failures in the first four Macintosh models. This was enough of a problem to prompt the introduction of a third-party, external cooling fan. This fan unit fitted inside the Macintosh's carrying-handle slot and produced a forced draft through the computer's existing ventilation holes.[10]

Software

The Macintosh shipped with the very first System and Finder application, known to the public as "System 1.0" (formally known as System 0.97 and Finder 1.0). The original Macintosh saw three upgrades to both before it was discontinued. Apple recommends System 2.0 and Finder 4.2, with System 3.2 and Finder 5.3 as the maximum. System 4.0 officially dropped support for the Macintosh 128K because it was distributed on 800 KB floppy disks, which could not be used by the 128K.

The applications MacPaint and MacWrite were bundled with the Mac. Other programs available included MacProject, MacTerminal and Microsoft Word. Programming languages available at the time included MacBASIC, MacPascal[11] and the Macintosh 68000 Development System.[12] The Macintosh also came with a manual and a unique guided tour cassette tape which worked together with the guided tour diskette as a tutorial for both the Macintosh itself and the bundled applications, since most new Macintosh users had never used a mouse before, much less manipulated a graphical user interface.

Back case label of a Macintosh made after November 1984

Models

The computer was released in January 1984 as simply the Apple Macintosh. Following the release of the Macintosh 512K in September, which expanded the memory from 128 KB to 512 KB, the original Macintosh was re-branded Macintosh 128K and nicknamed the "thin Mac." The new 512K model was nicknamed the "fat Mac." While functionally the same, as closed systems, the Macintosh and Macintosh 128K were technically two different computers, with the re-badged 128K containing a completely redesigned logic board to easily accommodate both 128 KB and 512 KB RAM configurations during manufacturing. Though the RAM was still permanently soldered to the logic board, the new design allowed for easier (though unsanctioned) third-party upgrades to 512 KB. In addition, most of the newer models contained the 1984 revision B of the ROM to accommodate changes in the 400 KB floppy disk drive.[13] System software contains support for an unreleased Macintosh 256K.[14]

The increased RAM of the 512K was vitally important for the Macintosh as it finally allowed for more powerful software applications, such as the then-popular program Microsoft Multiplan. However, Apple continued to market the 128K for over a year as an entry-level computer, the mid-level 512K and high-end Lisa (and claiming that it could be easily expanded should the user ever need more RAM).

Expansion

Jobs stated that because "customization really is mostly software now ... most of the options in other computers are in Mac", unlike the Apple II the Macintosh 128K did not need slots, which he described as costly and requiring larger size and more power.[15] It was not officially upgradable by the user and only Apple service centers were permitted to open the case.[16] There were third parties that did offer RAM upgrades and even memory and CPU upgrades, allowing the original 128K Macintosh to be expanded to a 4MB 32 bit data path, 68020 CPU (16Mhz), 68881 FPU (16Mhz), 68851 MMU (16Mhz) with an external SCSI port (with a ribbon cable out the clock battery door, internal SCSI hard drive (20Mb Rodime) and a piezo electric fan for cooling. This upgrade was featured on a Macworld magazine cover titled "Fster then a Vax" in August 1986[17]. All accessories were external, such as the MacCharlie that added IBM PC compatibility.[18] There was no provision for adding internal storage, more RAM or any upgrade cards, however some of the Macintosh engineers objected to Jobs's ideas and secretly developed workarounds for them. As an example, the Macintosh was supposed to have only 17 address lines on the motherboard, enough to support 128k of system RAM, but the design team added an additional two address lines without Jobs's knowledge, making it possible to expand the computer to 512k, although the actual act of upgrading system RAM was difficult and required piggybacking additional RAM chips overtop the onboard 4164 chips. In September 1984, after months of complaints over the Mac's inadequate RAM, Apple released an official 512k machine. Although this had always been planned from the beginning, Steve Jobs maintained if the user desired more RAM than the Mac 128 provided, he should simply pay extra money for a Mac 512 rather than upgrade the computer himself. When the Mac 512 was released, Apple rebranded the original model as "Macintosh 128k" and modified the motherboard to allow easier RAM upgrades. Improving on the hard-wired RAM thus required a motherboard replacement (which was priced similarly to a new computer), or a third-party chip replacement upgrade, which was not only expensive but would void Apple's warranty. The difficulty of fitting software into its limited free memory, coupled with the new interface and event driven programming model, discouraged software vendors from supporting it, leaving the 128K with a relatively small software library. Whereas the Macintosh Plus, and to a lesser extent the Macintosh 512K, are compatible with much later software, the 128K is limited to specially crafted programs. A stock Mac 128K with the original 64K ROM is neither compatible with Apple's external 800 KB drive with HFS nor with Apple's Hard Disk 20. A Mac 128K that has been upgraded with the newer 128K ROM (called a Macintosh 128Ke) can use internal and external 800 KB drives with HFS, as well as the HD20. Both can print on an AppleShare network, but neither can do file sharing because of their limited RAM.

OEM upgrades

By early 1985 much Macintosh software required 512K of memory. Apple sold an official memory upgrade for the Macintosh 128K, which included a motherboard replacement effectively making it a Macintosh 512K, for the price of US$995.[19][20][21] Additionally, Apple offered an 800 KB floppy disk drive kit, including updated 128K ROMs. Finally, a Mac 128K could be upgraded to a Macintosh Plus by swapping the logic board as well as the case back (to accommodate the slightly different port configuration) and optionally adding the Macintosh Plus extended keyboard. Any of the kits could be purchased alone or together at any time, for a partial or full upgrade for the Macintosh 128K. All upgrades were required to be performed by professional Apple technicians,[22] who reportedly refused to work on any Macintosh upgraded to 512K without Apple's official upgrade, which at US$700 was much more expensive than about $300 for third-party versions.[23]

Credits

Signatures inside the Macintosh 128K case

The original Macintosh was unusual in that it included the signatures of the Macintosh Division as of early 1982 molded on the inside of the case. The names were Peggy Alexio, Colette Askeland, Bill Atkinson, Steve Balog, Bob Belleville, Mike Boich, Bill Bull, Matt Carter, Berry Cash, Debi Coleman, George Crow, Donn Denman, Christopher Espinosa, Bill Fernandez, Martin Haeberli, Andy Hertzfeld, Joanna Hoffman, Rod Holt, Bruce Horn, Hap Horn, Brian Howard, Steve Jobs, Larry Kenyon, Patti King, Daniel Kottke, Angeline Lo, Ivan Mach, Jerrold Manock, Mary Ellen McCammon, Vicki Milledge, Mike Murray, Ron Nicholson Jr., Terry Oyama, Benjamin Pang, Jef Raskin, Ed Riddle, Brian Robertson, Dave Roots, Patricia Sharp, Burrell Smith, Bryan Stearns, Lynn Takahashi, Guy "Bud" Tribble, Randy Wigginton, Linda Wilkin, Steve Wozniak, Pamela Wyman and Laszlo Zidek.

The Macintosh 128/512K models also included Easter eggs in the OS ROM. If the user went to the system debugger and typed G 4188A4, a graphic reading "Stolen from Apple Computers" would appear in the upper left corner of the screen. This was designed to prevent unauthorized cloning of the Macintosh after numerous Apple II clones appeared, many of which simply stole Apple's copyrighted system ROMs. Steve Jobs allegedly planned that if a Macintosh clone appeared on the market and a court case happened, he could access this Easter egg on the computer to prove that it was using pirated Macintosh ROMs.[24] The Macintosh SE later augmented this Easter Egg with a slideshow of 4 photos of the Apple design team when G 41D89A was entered.[24]

Reception

Erik Sandberg-Diment of The New York Times in January 1984 stated that Macintosh "presages a revolution in personal computing". Although preferring larger screens and calling the lack of color a "mistake", he praised the "refreshingly crisp and clear" display and lack of fan noise.[25] While unsure whether it would become "a second standard to Big Blue", Ronald Rosenberg of The Boston Globe wrote in February of "a euphoria that Macintosh will change how America computes. Anyone that tries the pint-size machine gets hooked by its features".[26] Gregg Williams of BYTE that month found the hardware and software design (which it predicted would be "imitated but not copied") impressive, but criticized the lack of a standard second disk drive. He predicted that the computer would popularize the 3½-inch floppy disk drive standard, that the Macintosh would improve Apple's reputation, and that it "will delay IBM's domination of the personal computer market." Williams concluded that the Macintosh was "the most important development in computers in the last five years. [It] brings us one step closer to the ideal of computer as appliance."[16] In the May 1984 issue Williams added, "Initial reaction to the Macintosh has been strongly, but not overpoweringly, favorable. A few traditional computer users see the mouse, the windows, and the desktop metaphor as silly, useless frills, and others are outraged at the lack of color graphics, but most users are impressed by the machine and its capabilities. Still, some people have expressed concern about the relatively small 128K-byte RAM size, the lack of any computer language sent as part of the basic unit, and the inconvenience of the single disk drive."[27]

Jerry Pournelle, also of BYTE, added that "The Macintosh is a bargain only if you can get it at the heavily discounted price offered to faculty and students of the favored 24 universities in the Macintosh consortium." He noted, however, that the Macintosh attracted people "who previously hated computers ... There is, apparently, something about mice and pull-down menus and icons that appeal to people previously intimidated by A> and the like".[28]

Timeline of Compact Macintosh models
Power MacintoshMacintosh LC 520PowerBookMacintosh LCMacintosh PortableMacintosh II seriesApple IIeMacintosh Color ClassicMacintosh Classic IIMacintosh SEMacintosh SE/30Macintosh ClassicMacintosh PlusMacintosh SEMacintosh PlusMacintosh XLMacintosh SEMacintosh 512KeMacintosh 128KApple LisaMacintosh 512KMacintosh 128K
See also: List of Mac models and Compact Macintosh
See also: Compact Macintosh

See also

References

  1. ^ Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0. No Starch Press. p. 113. ISBN 1-59327-010-0.
  2. ^ "The Macintosh Product Introduction Plan". Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010.
  3. ^ "Macintosh 128K: Technical Specifications". apple.com. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  4. ^ "Official Apple Support". apple.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
  5. ^ a b "Byte Magazine Volume 09 Number 02 - Benchmarks". Internet Archive.
  6. ^ Burnham, David (March 4, 1984). "The computer, the consumer and privacy". The New York Times. Washington, D.C. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  7. ^ Polsson, Ken (July 29, 2009). "Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers". Archived from the original on July 10, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  8. ^ "Macintosh / Macintosh 128K". The Mac 512. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  9. ^ "History of computer design: Apple Macintosh". landsnail.com.
  10. ^ "The Fanny Mac System Saver fan for 1984 Macintosh 128k 512k Plus M0001 Rare!". Worthpoint.com. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
  11. ^ "Mac GUI". macgui.com.
  12. ^ "Mac GUI". macgui.com.
  13. ^ "400K Drive Problem/Cure: Fails to Read/Write or MacTest". apple.com.
  14. ^ Small, David (1989). Spectre GCR. Gadgets by Small. p. 75.
  15. ^ "An Interview: The Macintosh Design Team". BYTE. Interviewed by Lemmons, Phil. February 1984. pp. 58–80. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  16. ^ a b Williams, Gregg (February 1984). "The Apple Macintosh Computer". BYTE. p. 30. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
  17. ^ "Text archive of Macworld August 1986 article". Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  18. ^ Sandberg-Diment, Erik (September 24, 1985). "Linking Mac to the IBM PC". The New York Times (review). Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  19. ^ Sandberg-Diment, Erik (March 19, 1985). "Apple Might Learn a Thing or Two from I.B.M." The New York Times. p. C4. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 3, 2017.
  20. ^ "Mac GUI". macgui.com.
  21. ^ "Mac GUI". macgui.com.
  22. ^ Macintosh Plus: Description (Discontinued) The Macintosh Plus Logic Board Kit
  23. ^ Webster, Bruce (September 1985). "West Coast Faire, Mac Stuff, and the Amiga". BYTE. p. 401. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  24. ^ a b SE Easter Egg
  25. ^ Sandberg-Diment, Erik (January 24, 1984). "Personal Computers; Hardware Review: Apple Weighs in with Macintosh". The New York Times.
  26. ^ Rosenberg, Ronald (February 28, 1984). "Doubts Raised About PCjr". The Boston Globe.
  27. ^ "Update on Apple Macintosh and Lisa 2" (PDF).
  28. ^ Pournelle, Jerry (August 1984). "Between Conventions". BYTE. p. 313. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
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