Galanin receptor 2

GALR2
Identifiers
Aliases	GALR2, GAL2-R, GALNR2, GALR-2, Galanin receptor 2
External IDs	OMIM: 603691; MGI: 1337018; HomoloGene: 2863; GeneCards: GALR2; OMA:GALR2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human) Band 17q25.1 Start 76,074,781 bp End 76,077,537 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse) Band 11 E2|11 81.1 cM Start 116,171,765 bp End 116,174,764 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in muscle layer of sigmoid colon transverse colon smooth muscle tissue granulocyte monocyte bone marrow hypothalamus small intestine appendix gastric mucosa Top expressed in embryo embryo morula calvaria skin of external ear lip body of femur dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell ileum gastrula More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function G protein-coupled receptor activity neuropeptide binding signal transducer activity galanin receptor activity protein binding peptide hormone binding G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity Cellular component integral component of membrane membrane plasma membrane integral component of plasma membrane intracellular anatomical structure cilium Biological process negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity muscle contraction adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway phosphatidylinositol metabolic process positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration inositol phosphate metabolic process multicellular organism development cell surface receptor signaling pathway feeding behavior learning or memory neuron projection development positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II signal transduction G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway galanin-activated signaling pathway neuropeptide signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 8811 14428 Ensembl ENSG00000182687 ENSMUSG00000020793 UniProt O43603 O88854 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003857 NM_010254 RefSeq (protein) NP_003848 NP_034384 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 76.07 – 76.08 Mb Chr 11: 116.17 – 116.17 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Galanin receptor 2, (GAL₂) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the GALR2 gene.

Function

Galanin is an important neuromodulator present in the brain, gastrointestinal system, and hypothalamopituitary axis. It is a 30-amino acid non-C-terminally amidated peptide that potently stimulates growth hormone secretion, inhibits cardiac vagal slowing of heart rate, abolishes sinus arrhythmia, and inhibits postprandial gastrointestinal motility. The actions of galanin are mediated through interaction with specific membrane receptors that are members of the 7-transmembrane family of G protein-coupled receptors. GALR2 interacts with the N-terminal residues of the galanin peptide. The primary signaling mechanism for GALR2 is through the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway (via Gq), in contrast to GALR1, which communicates its intracellular signal by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. However, it has been demonstrated that GALR2 couples efficiently to both the Gq and Gi proteins to simultaneously activate 2 independent signal transduction pathways.

See also

• Galanin receptor

Further reading

• Bloomquist BT, Beauchamp MR, Zhelnin L, Brown SE, Gore-Willse AR, Gregor P, Cornfield LJ (Feb 1998). "Cloning and expression of the human galanin receptor GalR2". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 243 (2): 474–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8133. PMID 9480833.
• Fathi Z, Battaglino PM, Iben LG, Li H, Baker E, Zhang D, McGovern R, Mahle CD, Sutherland GR, Iismaa TP, Dickinson KE, Zimanyi IA (Jul 1998). "Molecular characterization, pharmacological properties and chromosomal localization of the human GALR2 galanin receptor". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 58 (1–2): 156–69. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00116-8. PMID 9685625.
• Kolakowski LF, O'Neill GP, Howard AD, Broussard SR, Sullivan KA, Feighner SD, Sawzdargo M, Nguyen T, Kargman S, Shiao LL, Hreniuk DL, Tan CP, Evans J, Abramovitz M, Chateauneuf A, Coulombe N, Ng G, Johnson MP, Tharian A, Khoshbouei H, George SR, Smith RG, O'Dowd BF (Dec 1998). "Molecular characterization and expression of cloned human galanin receptors GALR2 and GALR3". Journal of Neurochemistry. 71 (6): 2239–51. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71062239.x. PMID 9832121. S2CID 1318986.
• Borowsky B, Walker MW, Huang LY, Jones KA, Smith KE, Bard J, Branchek TA, Gerald C (1999). "Cloning and characterization of the human galanin GALR2 receptor". Peptides. 19 (10): 1771–81. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(98)00133-8. PMID 9880084. S2CID 28895936.
• Berger A, Tuechler C, Almer D, Kogner P, Ratschek M, Kerbl R, Iismaa TP, Jones N, Sperl W, Kofler B (Feb 2002). "Elevated expression of galanin receptors in childhood neuroblastic tumors". Neuroendocrinology. 75 (2): 130–8. doi:10.1159/000048229. PMID 11867941. S2CID 46848351.
• Berger A, Lang R, Moritz K, Santic R, Hermann A, Sperl W, Kofler B (Feb 2004). "Galanin receptor subtype GalR2 mediates apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells". Endocrinology. 145 (2): 500–7. doi:10.1210/en.2003-0649. PMID 14592962.
• Belfer I, Hipp H, Bollettino A, McKnight C, Evans C, Virkkunen M, Albaugh B, Max MB, Goldman D, Enoch MA (Jul 2007). "Alcoholism is associated with GALR3 but not two other galanin receptor genes". Genes, Brain and Behavior. 6 (5): 473–81. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00275.x. PMID 17083333. S2CID 20809912.

External links

• "Galanin Receptors: GAL₂". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.