Brothers' Circle
The Brothers' Circle or Bratski Krug (Russian: Братский круг) is a term used to refer to Russian organized crime, commonly the Russian mafia. It is a loose translation of the Russian term "Bratva" (Russian: Братва), which can also be loosely translated as “brotherhood” or “band of brothers". The term "bratva" received its wide dissemination in the 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and was used as an informal address among the members of many gangs which spread throughout post-soviet republics. Today the term is used as an informal way of addressing close friends. This form of address and lack of proper interpretation resulted in its name being used in connection to Russian organized crime.
U.S. Department of the Treasury officials suggest that it operates in the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and the United States,[1] and is controlled by Vladislav Leontyev, a Russian man from Nizhny Novgorod.[2] In 2011 the group was defined by the Obama administration of the United States in the "Strategy on Combating Transnational Organized Crime",[3] as "A multiethnic criminal group composed of leaders and senior members of several criminal organizations largely based in countries of Europe. Many Brothers' Circle's members share a common ideology based on the thief in law tradition, which seeks to spread their brand of criminal influence around the world."[4]
Debate over existence
Mark Galeotti, an expert on Eurasian security, has stated that: "I have not found anyone in Russian law enforcement or elsewhere who actually says 'yes, the Brothers' Circle is an organization and it exists. As such the label Brothers' Circle could be seen as an attempt to connect disparate criminal gangs."[2] In June 2012, with the designation of five more kingpins, Galeotti restated his opinion that the Brothers' Circle did not exist as a specific gang, but noted that the sanctions were in fact targeting members of Aslan Usoyan's criminal network.[5]
Alleged members
- Zakhar Kalashov[6]
- Vasiliy Khristoforov[7]
- Kamchy Kolbayev[7][8]
- Vladislav Leontyev[7]
- Gafur Rakhimov[7]
- Lazar Shaybazyan[7]
- Alexey Zaytsev[7]
- Vladimir Tyurin[9]
See also
References
- ^ "Russian mafia most powerful in the world?" Archived 2012-07-11 at the Wayback Machine, 7 November 2011, pravda.ru
- ^ a b "What is the Brothers’ Circle?" Archived 2013-11-04 at the Wayback Machine, 12 March 2012, Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
- ^ Hopkins, Valerie (26 July 2011). "U.S. Attempts to Combat "Dark Side of Globalization"". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011.
- ^ "Remarks at White House Release of Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime". whitehouse.gov. 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021 – via National Archives.
- ^ "Another Go Round the 'Brothers' Circle'". In Moscow's Shadows. 7 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ "Treasury Designates Key Members of the Brothers' Circle Criminal Organization". Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
- ^ a b c d e f "Obama Calls "Brothers' Circle" a National Security Threat...But Who Are They?". Hetq.am. Yerevan, Republic of Armenia: HETQ investigative journalists. 15 March 2012. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ "Treasury Imposes Sanctions On Key Members Of The Yakuza And Brothers' Circle Criminal Organizations". US Department of the Treasury. 2012-02-23. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^ Петелин, Герман (Petelin, German); Баринов, Владимир (Barinov, Vladimir) (February 29, 2012). "Генпрокуратура не выдала Испании вора в законе Тюрика: Влиятельный «законник» Владимир Тюрин смог доказать, что является гражданином России. А на родине к нему нет претензий" [The Prosecutor General's Office did not extradite thief in law Tyurik to Spain: Influential thief in law Vladimir Tyurin was able to prove that he is a citizen of Russia. And in his homeland there are no complaints about him]. Izvestia (iz.ru) (in Russian). Archived from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)