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2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks

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2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks
Part of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict and the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war
An exploded device is on the ground with its components visible.
A device that exploded during the attack
LocationLebanon and Syria
Date17–18 September 2024
TargetHezbollah members[1][2]
WeaponsPagers, walkie-talkies, solar panels, radios, intercoms, car batteries amongst other devices rigged with explosives
Deaths37[a]
Injured3,450+
Perpetrator Israel, Mossad[7] (alleged)

On 17 and 18 September 2024, thousands of handheld pagers and hundreds of walkie-talkies used by Hezbollah, a Lebanese political party and militia, exploded in simultaneous attacks across Lebanon and Syria.[8][9][10] As of 19 September, 37 people had been killed,[11] including at least 12 civilians.[12] Israeli intelligence services had intercepted the deliveries of the devices and had rigged them with explosive material.[13] The incident was described as the organization's biggest security breach since the start of the conflict.[14][15]

The 17 September explosions, which involved pagers and took place around 15:30 EEST, killed at least 12 people and wounded more than 2,750,[16] primarily Hezbollah members[15][17] but also some civilians.[10][18][19] The 18 September explosions of ICOM[20] walkie-talkies killed at least 25 people and injured 708.[5][21] Other electronics such as fingerprint biometric devices were also reported to have exploded, but it is not confirmed if those devices caught fire from other explosions or detonated themselves.[22][23][24][25] A Reuters security source said Hezbollah bought the pagers and radios about five months before the attack.[26]

The blasts affected several areas in Lebanon, including Beirut's Dahieh suburb, southern Lebanon, and the Beqaa Valley on the border with Syria, which are considered to have a Hezbollah presence.[27][28][29] Explosions were also reported in several locations in Syria.[30][31] It is unclear whether only Hezbollah members were carrying the pagers.[32] Around 150 hospitals across Lebanon received victims of the attack, which saw chaotic scenes.[33][34] Among those killed were two Hezbollah operatives and two children.[14][35][36] Iran's ambassador in Lebanon was injured by an exploding pager.[37] International officials and law of war scholars questioned the legality of the pager attacks under the Protocol on Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices.[38][39][40]

In February 2024, the secretary-general of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, told the group's members to use pagers instead of cell phones, claiming that Israel had infiltrated their cell phone network.[41][42] Hezbollah then bought a new brand of pagers, Gold Apollo AR924 models imported from Taiwan.[18][43][44] Nasrallah, responding to the explosions, described them as an act of war[45] and arguably a declaration of war by Israel.[46] Hezbollah vowed to retaliate.[28] Following the explosions, Israeli defence minister Yoav Gallant announced a "new phase" of the war against the Axis of Resistance, with a focus on the north of Israel (which borders Lebanon).[47]

Background

Main article: Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)

A day after Hamas launched its 7 October attacks on Israel, Hezbollah[48] joined the conflict in support of Hamas[49] by firing on Israeli towns like Safed and Nahariya,[48] and other Israeli positions.[50] Since then, Hezbollah and Israel have been involved in cross-border military exchanges that have displaced entire communities in Israel and Lebanon, with significant damage to buildings and land along the border. Over 96,000 people in Israel have been displaced[51] and over 111,000 in Lebanon.[52] As of 24 August 2024, there were 564 confirmed deaths in Lebanon including 133 civilians.[52] Israel and Hezbollah have maintained their attacks at a level that causes harm without escalating into a full-scale war.[53] Hezbollah has said it will not stop attacking Israel until Israel ceases its attacks in Gaza,[54] where more than 40,000 Palestinians have been killed.[55][56]

Earlier on 17 September 2024, just a few hours before the explosions, the Security Cabinet of Israel established a new war objective: the safe return of displaced residents to the north. This goal was added to the two existing objectives: dismantling Hamas and securing the release of hostages taken during the 7 October attacks.[57][58] Israel's domestic security agency, Shin Bet, announced it had thwarted a Hezbollah plot to assassinate a former senior defense official using an explosive device.[59][60]

Use of pagers

Some Hezbollah members had used pagers for years before the 7 October attacks, but more members began using them after February 2024, when Hezbollah secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah called on members to stop using smartphones, citing Israel's capability to infiltrate them.[41][42] Hezbollah subsequently ordered the pagers, which were imported to Lebanon in the months before to the explosion.[43][18] It was reported that the devices were compromised in Iran before being sent to Lebanon.[61]

The exploding pagers were the AR924 model by Gold Apollo, a Taiwanese company, but made and sold under a three-year licensing agreement by BAC Consulting KFT, which is based in Budapest, Hungary.[44][62][63][64][65] Gold Apollo said in a statement that they were made and sold by BAC Consulting KFT.[66][67][68] Gold Apollo founder Hsu Ching-Kuang said that BAC's payments had been "very strange", having been paid via the Middle East.[69] Taiwanese police opened an investigation into Gold Apollo's involvement.[70]

BAC's Chief Executive, Cristiana Bársony-Arcidiacono, acknowledged working with Gold Apollo, but stated "I don't make the pagers. I am just the intermediate."[71] Hungarian government spokesperson Zoltán Kovács said that BAC Consulting "is a trading intermediary, with no manufacturing or operational site in Hungary. It has one manager registered at its declared address, and the referenced devices have never been in Hungary."[72]

The New York Times reported that BAC was in fact an Israeli intelligence shell corporation, created alongside two other fake companies.[73]

Sky News reported a Lebanese security source which said that Hezbollah had ordered 5,000 devices.[74] Israeli agencies have previously carried out operations involving explosive communication devices, notably the assassination of Hamas operative Yahya Ayyash in 1996.[75]

Explosions

First wave

Security camera footage showing exploding pager in Beirut

On 17 September 2024 at around 15:30 EEST,[16] many communication pagers across Lebanon and Syria unexpectedly exploded in an apparent coordinated attack on Hezbollah members, many of whom were seriously wounded.[8][28][14] According to the Lebanese Health Ministry, most of the casualties presented at the hospitals were in civilian clothing, and their Hezbollah membership was unclear.[76]

An Associated Press report indicated that the devices were possibly rigged with explosives prior to arriving in Lebanon.[16] The New York Times also reported that Israeli intelligence services intercepted the deliveries and rigged the pagers with small amounts of explosives.[13] Reuters reported an anonymous Lebanese source as claiming the devices had a board inserted into them which could detonate up to three grams of explosive upon receiving a code.[77][78] Facial and eye injuries were the most common effect of the explosions and, according to Tracy Chamoun, the pagers emitted a sound to encourage users to pick the devices up and lift them to their heads.[79] Other reports say that the device vibrated and showed an error message on the screen, and only detonated when the user pressed a button to clear the error, increasing the chance that the operator of the device would be holding it.[16]

The explosions occurred in several areas where Hezbollah has a strong presence,[16] including its stronghold of Dahieh in Beirut; southern Lebanon; and the Beqaa Valley near the Syrian border,[28][14][29] where explosions were reported in the towns of Aali en Nahri and Riyaq.[29] In Syria, explosions of pagers were also reported in Damascus and its vicinity.[80][81] There were early reports that 19 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members had been killed in Syria,[31] but the IRGC later released a statement saying none of its members had been killed.[82] Blasts reportedly continued to occur for up to 30 minutes after the initial detonations, intensifying the resulting chaos.[27]

Witnesses reported seeing multiple individuals bleeding from their wounds in the aftermath of the blasts.[28] In one instance, an explosion occurred inside the trouser pockets of a man standing outside a shop.[83] Photos and videos circulating on social media and local media from Beirut's southern suburbs showed individuals lying on the ground with injuries on their hands or near their pockets.[84]

Around 150 hospitals received victims of the attack, which saw chaotic scenes.[34][33] Hospitals in southern Lebanon, the Beqaa Valley, and Beirut's southern suburbs were overwhelmed with patients, many suffering from injuries to the face, hands and waist.[85][86] In response, the Ministry of Health advised individuals with pagers to dispose of them and instructed hospitals to remain on "high alert".[29] It also called on health workers to report to work and asked them not to use wireless devices.[16][18] The state-run National News Agency appealed for blood donations.[87] Ambulance crews were deployed from the northern cities of Tripoli and Al-Qalamoun to help in Beirut.[18]

The attack came just a day after the Biden administration's special envoy Amos Hochstein visited Israel and warned Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu against provoking a major escalation in Lebanon.[88]

Second wave

About 24 hours after the initial explosions, a second wave of device explosions occurred in Lebanon. Hezbollah stated that handheld radios were involved.[89] The devices affected were reported as Icom IC-V82 VHF walkie-talkies, which are known to be used by Hezbollah militants.[90] Manufacture of the IC-V82 model ceased in 2014,[91] and Icom had previously issued an advisory warning about counterfeit radios, including the IC-V82,[92] and said on 19 September that it was conducting an investigation.[93] A sales executive at the company's U.S. subsidiary said the transceivers involved appeared to be "knockoff" products.[94]

Explosions were reported in Beirut, the Bekaa Valley, and southern Lebanon.[95] The explosions also caused fires in at least two homes.[96] Other explosions occurred at a funeral held in Beirut for three Hezbollah members and a child, who had been killed by the initial explosions.[97] Smartphones, solar panels, radios, intercoms and car batteries were amongst other devices that reportedly also exploded on that day.[98][99] Lebanese Civil Defense said it responded to fires that erupted in 60 homes and shops, including a lithium battery store in Majdel Selm, as well as 15 cars and numerous motorcycles. These fires were triggered by the explosion of radios and two fingerprinting devices in various locations across Nabatieh Governorate.[100] One compromised device was discovered inside an ambulance outside the American University of Beirut Medical Center and neutralized in a controlled explosion by the Lebanese Army.[101]

In the aftermath of the second wave of explosions, a group of men attacked UNIFIL vehicles in Tyre, before Lebanese armed forces intervened.[102][103] Hezbollah supporters reportedly prevented journalists from filming.[104][105] The Lebanese Red Cross dispatched 30 ambulances to transport victims.[106]

Casualties

A car fire allegedly caused by an exploding pager

The total death toll from the attacks stood at 37,[107] and included at least 12 civilians killed.[108]

At least twelve people were killed in the first wave of attacks;[1] more than 2,750 were wounded.[16] In the first wave, civilians were killed,[10][18][19] including a 9-year-old girl and an 11-year-old boy.[109][110] At least two health workers were also killed,[111] along with the son of Lebanese MP Ali Ammar, a member of Hezbollah; Prime Minister Najib Mikati visited southern Beirut to pay respects to him.[41] It was initially unclear if only Hezbollah members were carrying the pagers[32] but Hassan Nasrallah during his speech clarified the exploded pages were those distributed to lower ranking members while the leaders didn't use the model.[112] In the second wave on 18 September, at least 25 people were killed and 708 injured.[5][3][16]

Health Minister Firass Abiad said the vast majority of those being treated in emergency rooms were in civilian clothing and their Hezbollah affiliation was unclear.[113] He added the casualties included elderly people as well as young children. According to the Health Ministry, healthcare workers were also injured and it advised all healthcare workers to discard their pagers.[76][114]

Mojtaba Amani, Iran's ambassador to Lebanon, was wounded; according to The New York Times, quoting unnamed members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, he lost one eye and suffered severe injuries in the other.[115][116] Two staff of the Iranian embassy were also injured.[29] Al-Hadath reported that 19 IRGC members were killed and another 150 were injured in Deir ez-Zor, Syria, but the IRGC denied any casualties.[117]

International law

Josep Borrell, the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, questioned the legality of the attacks due to their high collateral damage among civilians, including the deaths of children. Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon, also raised concerns that the attacks were illegal. Belgian deputy prime minister Petra De Sutter went further, calling it a "terror attack".[38]

Indiscriminate

United Nations experts said the attack was indiscriminate in nature. It argued that given thousands of devices exploded simultaneously, meant the attacker failed to verify that each target and distinguish between those who can be targeted and those who cannot.[118] Alonso Gurmendi-Dunkelberg, of the London School of Economics, also argued in order to meet the principle of distinction, Israel would have had to verify if each individual device was in the possession of a military target and not a civilian one. He opines, it is unlikely Israel did that given that thousands of devices were detonated simultaneously.[119]

Professor William Boothby wrote in Lieber Institute for Law & Warfare that the targets appeared to be persons to whom the pagers were issued and it was "probably reasonable" to assume pagers would be in possession of their users. He did caution that the attack would be illegal if it was known that the pagers were also issued to non-combatant members of Hezbollah, for example its diplomatic, political, or administrative staff.[39] Boothby wrote that additional concern was whether the incidental injury from these larger number of explosions was proportional to the military advantage expected.[39]

Brian Finucane of the Reiss Center on Law and Security questioned whether the explosions constituted an indiscriminate attack, which are either not directed at a specific military objective, or employ a method which cannot be directed at a military objective.[40] Professor Toby Walsh argued the attack was indiscriminate in nature, given that the pagers can't be tracked.[120]

Booby traps

Booby traps are mostly outlawed under the Protocol on Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices ("Amended Protocol II") of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons,[38] to which Israel is a party.[39] Article 7, paragraph 2 of Amended Protocol II prohibits the use of "booby-traps or other devices in the form of apparently harmless portable objects which are specifically designed and constructed to contain explosive material."[38][39][121] The rules of engagement of some countries, such as the United Kingdom, also ban explosive devices disguised as harmless items.[38][122] The United States Department of Defense Law of War Manual gives watches, cameras, tobacco pipes, and headphones as examples of such items,[39] which are prohibited to "prevent the production of large quantities of dangerous objects that can be scattered around and are likely to be attractive to civilians, especially children".[38][123]

Law of war professor William H. Boothby wrote in the Lieber Institute for Law & Warfare's Articles of War that "The information in the early reports suggests that once the arming signal has been sent, the devices used against Hezbollah in Lebanon fall within Article 7(2) and are therefore prohibited on that basis ... it would appear, considering what is currently known and assumed, to be an unlawful weapon."[39]

Brian Finucane also questioned whether the pagers constituted prohibited booby traps under Amended Protocol II.[40]

Reactions

Lebanon

A senior Lebanese security source told Al-Hadath that Israel had infiltrated the communication systems of individual devices, leading to their detonation.[27] The office of Prime Minister Mikati said the incident was a criminal "violation of Lebanese sovereignty" by Israel.[41] The Lebanese government contacted the United Nations and certain countries, asking them to hold Israel responsible for the attack.[18] Lebanon's health minister, Firas Abiad [ar; de], praised the Lebanese health system's response, characterizing the response as "good" and noting that the system was able to "get care to those who needed it, especially for those with serious injuries".[124]

Lebanese journalist Mohammad Barakat, known for his anti-Hezbollah views, called the pager attacks a "Lebanese 9/11".[125] The Lebanese newspaper Al-Akhbar reported that "the enemy succeeded in directing its harshest blows to the body of the Islamic Resistance since the beginning of the conflict with the enemy, in an exceptional security operation in terms of the ability to reach targets and means."[126]

Hezbollah

Hezbollah blamed Israel for the explosions, which it described as "criminal aggression" and pledged a "just retribution".[85] Those close to the group describe a state of shock following the explosions.[75] In his address on 19 September, Hassan Nasrallah called the attack a “severe blow”, adding that Israel had crossed a “red line”.[127] Nasrallah claimed that there were 4,000 pager holders and all of them were Hezbollah members but criticized Israel for being indifferent towards Hezbollah members being in civilian areas when they exploded, describing the explosions as a massacre. He challenged the IDF to invade Lebanon claiming Hezbollah was ready and claimed that Israelis displaced in the north would only be allowed to return if Israel ceased the invasion of Gaza.[128]

Israel

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) initially declined to comment when approached by the Associated Press.[16] Israeli Chief of Staff Herzi Halevi held a meeting with Israeli generals to discuss "preparation for defensive and offensive operations on all fronts".[41] The next day, Halevi made the following statement: "We have many capabilities that we have not yet activated... we have seen some of these things, it seems to me that we are well prepared and we are preparing these plans going forward." He also said that Israel will move further in stages, with each stage more painful for Hezbollah, and stated that the IDF is determined to allow displaced citizens in northern Israel to safely return to their homes.[129]

According to Axios, Israeli officials said they are aware that a major escalation on the northern border is possible after the explosions and said that the IDF was on high alert for a possible retaliatory response by Hezbollah.[88] The Israeli news website Walla, citing unnamed Israeli officials, reported that "Israeli intelligence services assessed before the operation that Hezbollah might respond with a significant counterattack against Israel."[130]

Israel's Defense Minister Yoav Gallant announced the beginning of a "new phase", and that the IDF is redirecting forces and resources to the North to confront Hezbollah.[131]

On the day of the first wave of attacks, Israeli opposition leader Yair Lapid was in the on a trip to the United States talking to US government officials about a "ceasefire-for-hostages deal between Israel and Hamas". He cut his trip short and returned to Israel in response to the attack.[18]

Multi-national organizations

Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, the United Nations special coordinator for Lebanon, condemned the attack, saying "civilians are not a target and must be protected at all times".[132] Stéphane Dujarric, the Secretary-General's spokesperson, said the organization deplored the civilian casualties and warned of the risks of escalation in the region.[133][134] Speaking on 18 September, Secretary-General António Guterres stressed that "civilian objects" should not be weaponized.[135] The Security Council has scheduled a meeting for 20 September to address the situation.[25] Volker Türk, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, issued a statement saying that "Simultaneous targeting of thousands of individuals, whether civilians or members of armed groups, without knowledge as to who was in possession of the targeted devices, their location and their surroundings at the time of the attack, violates international human rights law and, to the extent applicable, international humanitarian law."[136]

European Union foreign affairs chief Josep Borrell condemned the attack.[137]

Non-governmental organizations

Pro-Iranian Kata'ib Hezbollah and Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba in Iraq offered medical and military assistance to Hezbollah.[138][139]

The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention condemned the incident as "terrorist attacks against Lebanese people".[140]

Governments

Middle East

  •  Egypt: Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, during a meeting with US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, reaffirmed Lebanon's security, stability, and sovereignty and said that his government rejects any "attempts to escalate the conflict and expand its scope regionally", calling on all parties to act responsibly.[141]
  •  Hamas: The Palestinian organization Hamas, which governs the Gaza Strip, blamed Israel for the pager explosions, which it called a "crime that defies all laws". In a statement, Hamas praised Hezbollah's "efforts and sacrifices" and said "this terrorist act is part of the Zionist enemy's larger aggression on the region".[142] The Palestinian Authority denounced the attack, fearing an escalation in Lebanon.[143]
  •  Houthis: The spokesperson of the Houthis, who govern much of Yemen, Mohammed Abdelsalam, called the attacks "a heinous crime and a violation of Lebanese sovereignty" and assured that "Lebanon is capable of facing all challenges, and has a resistance movement capable of deterring the Zionist enemy entity and making it pay a heavy price for any escalation it may undertake against Lebanon."[142] Hours after the explosions and two days after firing a supersonic ballistic missile at Tel Aviv, the deputy head of the Houthis' media authority, Nasr Al-Din Amer, said that the group is ready to support Hezbollah and send thousands of fighters to Lebanon should a war break out with Israel.[144]
  •  Iran: Iran referred to the attacks as "Israeli terrorism" and pledged to provide medical assistance to those affected.[18] Foreign ministry spokesman Nasser Kanaani called the attack as an "example of mass murder" by the "Zionist regime".[145] Iran dispatched a medical team of twelve doctors, twelve nurses and the president of the Iranian Red Crescent to Lebanon to provide medical assistance. Iraq also dispatched a military aircraft carrying medical aid which landed at Beirut.[3] Jordan, Turkey, Syria and Egypt also offered medical assistance.[18][146]
  •  Iraq: The Iraqi government provided medical supplies to Lebanese hospitals following the first wave of attacks. The government also said that it will strengthen controls at its borders to avoid any "infiltration" or security risk with the imports of electronic equipment.[100]
  •  Syria: Syria expressed solidarity with the Lebanese people and said it "stands by their side in their right to defend themselves" while condemning the blasts. The Syrian foreign ministry issued a statement carried by state news agency SANA accusing Israel of "its desire to expand the scope of the war and its thirst to shed more blood". It called on nations to "unequivocally condemn this aggression".[142]
  •  Turkey: Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticized Israel during a phone call with Lebanese Prime Minister Mikati, saying that its attempts to spread conflicts in the region are "extremely dangerous" and that Turkey's efforts to stop "Israeli aggression" will continue.[147]

International

Impact

Lebanon

The Guardian quoted Lebanese health minister Firas Abiad [ar; de]'s assessment that the scale of the attack was greater than the 2020 Beirut explosion, which was the largest artificial non-nuclear explosion in history.[155] The head of Lebanon's disaster response committee also compared the pager attack with the Beirut explosion, in terms of the sudden influx of casualties and the strain imposed on Lebanon's emergency response system.[156] Many Lebanese doctors who were treating the injured concurred that the level of injuries was greater than that they treated after the port explosion.[157]

Schools were closed in Lebanon on 18 September.[18]

On 19 September, the Lebanese Civil Aviation Authority imposed an indefinite ban on carrying pagers and walkie-talkies inside checked luggage and carry-on items on flights at Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport.[158] Air France and Lufthansa suspended flights to Beirut (along with Tel Aviv and Tehran), citing the security situation caused by the attacks.[18][159]

The Lebanese army announced it was conducting controlled blasts in various areas to destroy any suspicious pagers or remote devices.[160]

Hezbollah

CNN suggested that the operation was likely intended to instill paranoia among Hezbollah members, undermine their recruitment efforts, and weaken confidence in Hezbollah's leadership and its ability to protect its operations and personnel.[161] John Miller, CNN's Chief Law Enforcement and Intelligence Analyst, stated the message for Hezbollah was: "We can reach you anywhere, anytime, at the day and moment of our choosing and we can do it at the press of a button."[161]

The Economist suggested several interpretations of the attack. One theory is that the pager-bombs were a precursor to a larger Israeli offensive aimed at disrupting Hezbollah's command and communications in preparation for a potential invasion. Alternatively, the attack might be the full extent of Israel's operation, delivering a significant impact beyond previous retaliatory measures. Lina Khatib of Chatham House suggests the breach could paralyze Hezbollah's military and instill fear, making the group more cautious with its communications. Another theory is that Israel acted preemptively to prevent Hezbollah from discovering the vulnerability.[75]

Lebanese journalist Kim Ghattas, who also contributes to The Atlantic, spoke to CNN, suggesting that the incident could be an effort "to cow Hezbollah into submission, and make clear that an increase of their attacks against Israel will be met with even further violence." She noted that it might act as a precursor to a large-scale Israeli campaign, especially as Hezbollah contends with the chaos from this "science-fiction-like attack" on its operatives.[161]

Jewish-American political scientist Eliot A. Cohen wrote in The Atlantic that the explosions represented "a strategic win for Israel" beyond the death and injuries sustained by Hezbollah. According to Cohen, Hezbollah would not be able to trust electronic forms of communication, and an organization cannot function without them. He also opined that the explosions serve as a "morale boost" for Israel, after the killings of Hersh Goldberg-Polin and five other hostages three weeks prior.[162]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ First wave: 12[3][4]
    Second wave: 25[5][6]

References

  1. ^ a b "What to know about the deadly pager explosions targeting Hezbollah". Associated Press. 18 September 2024.
  2. ^ "Exploding pagers injure thousands in Lebanon in attack targeting Hezbollah". Al Jazeera.
  3. ^ a b c Jamal, Urooba; Marsi, Federica (18 September 2024). "Hezbollah vows retaliation after blaming Israel for pager blasts". Al Jazeera. Lebanon's Minister of Health Firass Abiad has held a media conference in Beirut on the situation in the aftermath of the pager blasts. Abiad said many of those carrying the pagers were civilians. At least 12 people have been killed, including four medical staff, an eight-year-old girl and an 11-year-old boy.
  4. ^ "Second wave of blasts hits Lebanon as Israel declares 'new phase' of war". Al Jazeera. 18 September 2024. Hezbollah says it will continue its "operations to support Gaza, its people, and its resistance" after simultaneous explosions of pagers used by its members killed 12 people and wounded thousands across Lebanon. Several wounded in neighbouring Syria.
  5. ^ a b c Marsi, Federica (19 September 2024). "Death toll in Lebanon blasts rises to 37". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 September 2024. The following day, 25 people were killed and 708 injured, including 61 who remain in the intensive care unit.
  6. ^ "More deadly explosions hit Lebanon, a day after Hezbollah pager blasts". Al Jazeera. 18 September 2024.
  7. ^ Najjar, Farah (18 September 2024). "Israel's war on Gaza updates: New blasts in Lebanon kill 20, wound 450". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  8. ^ a b "Video shows pagers exploding in Lebanon attack". The New York Times. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  9. ^ "Pagers explosion: Thousands hurt across Lebanon, health minister says". BBC News. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  10. ^ a b c "Exploding pagers belonging to Hezbollah kill 8 and injure more than 2,700 in Lebanon". NBC News. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  11. ^ https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1427756/nasrallah-we-suffered-a-hard-blow-but-israel-failed.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ News, A. B. C. "20 more dead, 450 injured as new round of explosions rocks Lebanon: Health officials". ABC News. Retrieved 20 September 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  13. ^ a b Frenkel, Sheera (17 September 2024). "Israel Planted Explosives in Pagers Sold to Hezbollah, Officials Say". The New York Times.
  14. ^ a b c d "Dozens of Hezbollah members reportedly hurt by exploding pagers". BBC. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Hezbollah vows retaliation after exploding pagers kill at least nine and hurt almost 3,000". The Guardian. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Hezbollah hit by a wave of exploding pagers in Lebanon and Syria. At least 9 dead, hundreds injured". Associated Press. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  17. ^ "Lebanon exploding pagers latest: Israel strikes southern Lebanon as Hezbollah leader warns 'red lines' crossed". BBC News. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024. Due to security concerns, we were not allowed to talk to the patients or their families, as they're mainly members of Hezbollah.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Edwards, Christian; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (17 September 2024). "Pagers explode across Lebanon in attack targeting Hezbollah members, source says: Live updates". CNN. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  19. ^ a b "Hezbollah Pagers Explode in Apparent Attack Across Lebanon". The Wall Street Journal. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  20. ^ "What are the ICOM IC-V82 radios exploding in Lebanon?". The Jerusalem Post. 18 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  21. ^ Chao-Fong, Léonie; Sedghi, Amy; Belam, Martin; Yerushalmy, Jonathan (18 September 2024). "Nine killed and more than 300 injured, says Lebanon health ministry, after walkie-talkies explode – Middle East live". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  22. ^ "تزامناً مع سلسلة انفجارات جديدة في لبنان، نتنياهو يقول: سنعيد مواطني الشمال إلى ديارهم" [As a new series of explosions in Lebanon occurs, Netanyahu says: We will return the citizens of the north to their homes]. BBC News Arab (in Arabic). 18 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  23. ^ Lebanon: Panic as two solar panel systems explode amidst pager, walkie-talkie blasts in Beirut targeting Hezbollah, The Week
  24. ^ Marsi, Urooba Jamal, Federica. "Multiple explosions heard in Lebanon a day after deadly pager blasts". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 18 September 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ a b Chao-Fong, Léonie; Sedghi, Amy; Belam, Martin; Yerushalmy, Jonathan; Sedghi, Léonie Chao-Fong (now); Amy; Yerushalmy (earlier), Jonathan (18 September 2024). "Dozens reported injured as new wave of explosions across Lebanon targets Hezbollah walkie-talkies – Middle East live". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 September 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Bassam, L.; Gebeily, M. (18 September 2024). "Hezbollah hand-held radios detonate across Lebanon". Reuters. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  27. ^ a b c "Hundreds of Hezbollah members wounded in Lebanon in mass pager hack". The Jerusalem Post. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  28. ^ a b c d e "Dozens of Hezbollah members wounded in Lebanon when pagers exploded, sources and witnesses say". Reuters. 17 September 2024.
  29. ^ a b c d e Kent, Lauren (17 September 2024). "Israel behind deadly pager explosions that targeted Hezbollah and injured thousands in Lebanon". CNN. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  30. ^ "Hezbollah pager explosions: At least 14 wounded in Syria as death toll mounts in Lebanon". WION. 17 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  31. ^ a b "Pager explosions killed 19 IRGC members in Syria - report". The Jerusalem Post. 18 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  32. ^ a b "Hezbollah hit by a wave of exploding pagers and blames Israel. At least 9 dead, thousands injured". ABC News. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
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