User:Chaccocat/Periodic trends
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Lead: Effective Nuclear Charge vs. Nuclear Charge
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Lead: Discovery of Periodic Trends
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Lead: Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity
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Electrophilicity is defined as an electron-deficient species, an electrophile, and its affinity for accepting electrons.[1]
Nucleophilicity is defined as an electron-rich species, a nucleophile, and its affinity to donate electrons to another species [2]
Lead: Electron Affinity
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The energy released when an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom to form an anion is known as electron affinity. Trend-wise, as one progresses from left to right across a period, the electron affinity will increase as the nuclear charge increases and the atomic size decreases resulting in a more potent force of attraction of the nucleus and the added electron. However, as one moves down in a group, electron affinity decreases because atomic size increases due to the addition of a valence shell, thereby weakening the nucleus's attraction to electrons. Although it may seem that fluorine should have the greatest electron affinity, its small size generates enough repulsion among the electrons, resulting in chlorine having the highest electron affinity in the halogen family.
References
- Scerri, E. R.; Worrall, J. Prediction and the Periodic Table. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 2001, 32 (3), 407–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-3681(01)00023-1.
- An Appraisal of Mendeleev’s Contribution to the Development of the Periodic Table. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 2004, 35 (2), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2003.12.014.
- Uggerud, E. Nucleophilicity—Periodic Trends and Connection to Basicity. Chemistry - A European Journal 2006, 12 (4), 1127–1136. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200500639.
- Rahm, M., Erhart, P., & Cammi, R. (2021). Relating atomic energy, radius and electronegativity through compression. Chemical science, 12(7), 2397–2403. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0sc06675c
- Edwards, P. P., Egdell, R. G., Fenske, D., & Yao, B. (2020). The periodic law of the chemical elements: 'The new system of atomic weights which renders evident the analogies which exist between bodies' [1]. Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, 378(2180), 20190537. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0537
- ^ Nazmul, Islam; Ghosh, Dulal C (February 17, 2012). "On the Electrophilic Character of Molecules Through Its Relation with Electronegativity and Chemical Hardness". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (2): 2160-2175. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13022160. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help); External link in|doi= - ^ Savin, Kenneth A. (2015). Writing Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (3 ed.). Academic Press. p. 1-53. Retrieved November 1, 2024.