1865 Upper Peninsula miners' strike

A strike by miners from multiple companies on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan's Marquette Iron Range occurred in July 1865, shortly after the end of the American Civil War.

Prelude: 1864

During the United States' Civil War, high demand meant the price of iron had significantly increased. Knowing this, the miners forced the mining companies to raise their wages in 1864. The problem was not solved, as the dockworkers, who were paid significantly less than the miners, struck for higher wages. Cleveland Iron Mining Company officials near the capital requested troops from Michigan's governor, believing that the war's demand for iron would override social concerns for the workers. They were correct; a United States Navy gunboat, Michigan, and a troop contingent were sent to the area. Their arrival was instrumental in quashing the strike.

Strike: 1865

The wartime demand quickly abated after the war's end in April 1865, and the many returning soldiers increased the labor pool. When combined, this meant that Cleveland and other nearby companies felt justified in announcing a wage cut on Saturday, July 1, 1865. The miners grudgingly accepted the cuts, but the dockworkers refused their wage cut, and the companies retreated for them only. This galvanized the miners, and 1500 to 2000 of them marched on the mines and the town of Marquette, looting, burning, and destroying equipment they came across. It was in this climate that Michigan's crew found when she sailed into Marquette's harbor on July 3, as part of a routine sweep of Lake Superior for Confederate activity.^[1]^[A]

The captain of Michigan, Lieutenant Commander Francis A. Roe, had fought through the war in various capacities, including directing a fight between his Sassacus and a Confederate ram, Albemarle. On appraising the situation, he quickly moved to end the strike. He mounted two of the ship’s guns on a railroad car, fitted it with metal to act as armor, and enlisted a steam engine to push it with a full landing party. All were armed and most were veterans of the war, as opposed to the miners, who had little to no combat experience. He recounted the incident months later:

They were told that twenty-four hours, and no more, would be allowed them, and if by that time they were not at work, and the ore loaded in the idle cares, that encampment would be stormed by shot and shell, and no questions would be asked or answered. There must be no more rioting, no more idleness, and no more threats.^[3]

After Michigan's departure, the miners struck again and were put back down by a returning Michigan and the 8th Veteran Reserve Corps, brought up by rail from Chicago.

Footnotes

^ This fear of Confederate terrorism was certainly not farfetched, even though the war had ended in April. Confederate agents captured and destroyed two Great Lakes steamers in 1864, and resistance against the United States only ended in late June with the capture of the commerce raider Shenandoah. Though we know now that Shenandoah had only continued operations because her crew had no firm indication of the war’s end, and clandestine agents in the North would have had news to halt operations, given the context, Northern fears of continued Confederate attacks in the 1865 were justifiable.^[2]

Endnotes

^ Reynolds and Dawson, Iron Will, 40; Rodgers, "Naval Suppression," 10-12.
^ "Michigan," Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Naval History & Heritage Command; "CSS Shenandoah (1864-1865)," Online Library of Selected Images – Ships of the Confederate States, Naval History & Heritage Command.
^ Francis A. Roe, "The United States Steamer Michigan and the Lake Frontier During the War of the Rebellion," The United Service, A Monthly Review of Military and Naval Affairs, 6 (December 1891), 550, in Rodgers, "Naval Suppression," 11. The quote also appears in Lt. Commander F.A. Roe to Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, Letters Received By the Secretary of the Navy From Officers Below the Rank of Commander 1802–1886, 14 September 1865, Entry 145, Roll 399, M-148, RG-45, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C.

References

Reynolds, Terry S. and Virginia P. Dawson. Iron Will: Cleveland Cliffs and the Mining of Iron Ore, 1847-2006. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011.
Rodgers, Bradley A. "The Naval Suppression of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula Mining Strikes of 1865." Master’s thesis, East Carolina University, 1990.

[3] This fear of Confederate terrorism was certainly not farfetched, even though the war had ended in April. Confederate agents captured and destroyed two Great Lakes steamers in 1864, and resistance against the United States only ended in late June with the capture of the commerce raider Shenandoah. Though we know now that Shenandoah had only continued operations because her crew had no firm indication of the war’s end, and clandestine agents in the North would have had news to halt operations, given the context, Northern fears of continued Confederate attacks in the 1865 were justifiable.^[2]

[1] Reynolds and Dawson, Iron Will, 40; Rodgers, "Naval Suppression," 10-12.

[2] "Michigan," Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Naval History & Heritage Command; "CSS Shenandoah (1864-1865)," Online Library of Selected Images – Ships of the Confederate States, Naval History & Heritage Command.

[4] Francis A. Roe, "The United States Steamer Michigan and the Lake Frontier During the War of the Rebellion," The United Service, A Monthly Review of Military and Naval Affairs, 6 (December 1891), 550, in Rodgers, "Naval Suppression," 11. The quote also appears in Lt. Commander F.A. Roe to Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, Letters Received By the Secretary of the Navy From Officers Below the Rank of Commander 1802–1886, 14 September 1865, Entry 145, Roll 399, M-148, RG-45, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C.

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