Golden Balls

Golden Balls
Created by	Endemol UK
Directed by	Julian Smith
Presented by	Jasper Carrott
Starring	Amanda Grant
Country of origin	United Kingdom
No. of series	6
No. of episodes	288
Production
Producer	Inital
Production location	BBC Television Centre
Running time	60 minutes (including adverts)
Original release
Network	ITV (ITV1/STV/UTV)
Release	18 June 2007 (2007-06-18) – 18 December 2009 (2009-12-18)
Related
The Bank Job Deal or No Deal? Divided Odd One In

Golden Balls was a British daytime game show on the ITV network, presented by Jasper Carrott, that aired from 18 June 2007 to 18 December 2009. It was filmed at the BBC Television Centre. From 25 February 2008 to 13 February 2009, the show was sponsored by ITV Bingo (powered by Party Gaming) (STV Bingo in Scotland); and from 2 November to 18 December 2009, the show was sponsored by Carpet Right. Golden Balls Ltd licensed their name to Endemol for the game show and merchandise.

Gameplay

Round 1

At the back of the studio is the "Golden Bank", a giant contraption like a lottery machine. Inside it, are 100 golden balls, containing cash values, ranging from £10 to £75,000 (in the unaired pilot, the highest valued ball was £200,000 and £100,000 was also present). Twelve of these balls are randomly drawn from the machine and four "Killer" balls are added by Amanda Grant, the "Balls' Assistant". These sixteen balls are split equally and randomly among four contestants. Each contestant places two balls on his front row and two on his back row. The balls on the front row are visible to all contestants; the balls on the back row are visible only to their owner.

Each contestant in turn announces the contents of the balls on his back row. The contestant can either tell the truth or lie about the balls. After each contestant has done this, the contestants discuss who they think is lying, and try to establish who has the worst set of balls, either in terms of having the lowest amount of money or the most Killer balls.

The contestants then secretly vote for which of them they would like to leave the game. In the case of a tie, the contestants must try to reach a consensus in open discussion. If this does not occur, who is eliminated is decided at random. This is decided by giving each contestant involved in the tie another golden ball, one being a Killer ball and the others empty. The contestant who had the Killer ball is eliminated. At the end of the round, the contestants reveal the contents of the balls on their back rows and the eliminated contestant's balls are "binned", namely they are out of the game for good.

Round 2

The three remaining contestants' balls are put back into the ball machine, along with two more cash balls chosen at random from the Golden Bank and one more Killer ball, making fifteen balls in play. These fifteen balls are split among the remaining three contestants randomly and equally, with two balls on their front rows and three on their back rows.

As with Round 1, the contestants reveal the contents of the balls on their front rows and announce what is in the balls on their back rows, and may lie. The contestants then discuss the veracity of each others' claims, and vote a player off in the same fashion as in Round 1.

Bin or Win?

The two remaining contestants' balls are again put back into the ball machine and one more Killer ball is added, making eleven balls in play. The two contestants sit at a desk with the eleven balls between them. In turn, starting with the contestant who brought the most money into the final, the contestants pick a ball to "bin" (eliminate from the game) and pick a ball to "win" (add to the jackpot). If a Killer ball is picked to be won, then the cumulative value of the jackpot is divided by 10. This process is repeated five times.

Split or Steal?

After five balls have been won, the contestants make one last decision to determine the final jackpot division. Each contestant chooses one of two final golden balls, one with "Split" printed inside it, and one with "Steal" printed inside it.

• If both contestants choose a Split ball, the jackpot is split equally between them.
• If one contestant chooses a Split ball and the other chooses a Steal ball, the Stealer gets all the money and the Splitter gets nothing.
• If both contestants choose Steal balls, they both get nothing.

The players have a chance to speak with each other face to face before making their choices.

The table below shows how much of the jackpot is gained by each contestant with the different combinations of choices:

Result	Split		Steal
Split	50%	50%	100%	0%
Steal	0%	100%	0%	0%

This is similar to the prisoner's dilemma, a well-studied problem in game theory. A key difference is that, in the standard Prisoner's Dilemma payoffs, if the one player defects (or steals), the other player is better off defecting than cooperating (splitting), but in Golden Balls, if the one player steals, the other player gets the same amount (nothing) either way. The catch is that all three results in the matrix where at least one person steals are Nash equilibria, and stealing is a weakly dominant strategy; this means that, as long as someone is planning on stealing, neither player has anything to gain by changing what they're doing, but if both players are planning on splitting, the players have an incentive to steal for a better payoff, and so both players splitting is an unstable strategy.

The "Split or Steal?" game element was also used on Shafted, a previous Endemol production, and in the U.S. Game Show Network game Friend or Foe?

Popularity

The first show opened with 1.6 million viewers. Viewership climbed to a steady 2 million viewers. In the same 17:00 timeslot, eight of the first eleven episodes beat Channel 4's Richard & Judy, and The Weakest Link on BBC Two also took a dent from the show's success. Series 2 went on to average 2.1 million viewers in early 2008. As of summer 2009, the show's popularity fell; it attracted only around 1.2 million viewers, which led to the show's termination on 18 December 2009. However , it is still regularly shown weekdays on the (Challenge TV channel)|Challenge channel in the UK.

Scientific research

Golden Balls has attracted attention from social scientists as a natural experiment on cooperation. A team of economists including Richard Thaler have analyzed the decisions of the final contestants and found, among others, the following (http://ssrn.com/abstract=1592456):

1. Individual players on average choose "split" 53 percent of the time.
2. Contestants' propensity to cooperate is surprisingly high for amounts that would normally be considered consequential but look tiny in their current context, what the authors label a “big peanuts” phenomenon.
3. Contestants are less likely to cooperate if their opponent has tried to vote them off the show in the first two rounds of the game, which is in line with the notion that people have an intrinsic preference for reciprocity.
4. There is little evidence that contestants’ propensity to cooperate depends positively on the likelihood that their opponent will cooperate (i.e., they find little evidence for conditional cooperation).
5. Young males are less cooperative than young females, but this gender effect reverses for older contestants since men become increasingly more cooperative as their age increases.

Criticism

British psychologist Adrian Raine has criticised the show, arguing that it "encourages deceitfulness", and that many of its contestants are celebrated for displaying "characteristics of psychopathy".

Viewer's competition

For series 3, a viewer's game was introduced. Four golden balls appear on the screen at the first two commercial breaks. One contains £3,000, the other three are Killer balls. They are shuffled and the viewer has to find the cash ball.

From series 4 until the end of its run, there were multiple formats for the viewer's competition, including the one used in series 3. In addition, the prize per day ranged from £2,000 to £4,000.

Merchandise

Video Game

Main article: Golden Balls (video game)

The Video Game has been released on the Nintendo DS and Wii platforms.

The Mobile Game

In 2007, Gameloft released Golden Balls, The Mobile Game.

The DVD Game

An interactive DVD game has been released.

The Board Game and Card Game

A board game has been released. A card game was also released by the same company as the board game. This was available exclusively to Amazon, but has since been discontinued.

Transmissions

Series	Start date	End date	Episodes	Recorded	Notes
1	18 June 2007	10 August 2007	40	March 2007 - April 2007
2	2 January 2008	21 March 2008	58	18 September 2007 - 16 November 2007	60 episodes were commissioned.
3	21 April 2008	4 July 2008	51	11 March 2008 - 2 May 2008	The 2 hold-over episodes from series 2 plus 49 from series 3.
4	27 October 2008	12 December 2008	35	27 August 2008 - 17 September 2008
5	5 January 2009	13 February 2009	30	27 October 2008 - 12 December 2008
6	27 April 2009	18 December 2009	74	16 February 2009 - 24 April 2009	Series 6 took breaks from 18 May - 24 July, 31 August and 7 September - 30 October.

External links

• Golden Balls at IMDb.
• Golden Balls Official Endemol UK Site.
• Scientific paper on Golden Balls at SSRN.com.
• Golden Balls at crashthatch.com.
• Golden Balls Mobile Game Official Gameloft UK Site.
• "Golden Balls Game Online" - Review of where to play Golden Balls Online.