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Canadian dollar

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"C$" redirects here. For other uses, see C$ (disambiguation).
Canadian dollar
dollar canadien Template:Fr icon
Canadian banknotes: Canadian Journey Series notes depicted; new $20, $50 and $100 polymer notes (Frontier Series) in circulation not depictedCanadian one-dollar coin (loonie) and two-dollar coin (toonie) before 2012. There are changes since 2012.
ISO 4217
CodeCAD (numeric: 124)
Subunit0.01
Unit
Symbol$ or C$ or CAD$‎
NicknameLoonie, buck Template:En icon
Huard, piastre (pronounced piasse in popular usage) Template:Fr icon
Denominations
Subunit
 1/100Cent Template:En icon and sou (colloquial) Template:Fr icon
Symbol
 Cent Template:En icon and sou (colloquial) Template:Fr icon¢
Banknotes
 Freq. used$5, $10, $20, $50, $100[1]
Coins
 Freq. used1¢(currently in the process of being phased out), 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, $1, $2
 Rarely used50¢
Demographics
Official user(s) Canada
Unofficial user(s) Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) (alongside the euro)
Issuance
Central bankBank of Canada
 Websitewww.bankofcanada.ca
PrinterCanadian Bank Note Company
MintRoyal Canadian Mint
 Websitewww.mint.ca
Valuation
Inflation1.3% (2012)
 SourceStatistics Canada, 2012.

The Canadian dollar (sign: $; code: CAD) is the currency of Canada. As of 2011, the Canadian dollar is the 7th most traded currency in the world, accounting for 5.3% of the world's daily share.[2] It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies.[3] It is divided into 100 cents.

History

Main article: History of Canadian currency

From the Canadian pound to the Canadian dollar

In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating. The new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars (92.88 grains gold), making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound, 4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence.

The 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. The local population, for reasons of practicality in relation to the increasing trade with the neighbouring United States, had a desire to assimilate their colonial currency with the American unit, but the imperial authorities in London still preferred sterling as the sole currency throughout the British Empire. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a pound sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the decimal coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the US dollar fractional coinage.

As a compromise, in 1853 an act of the Legislative Council and Assembly of the Province of Canada introduced the gold standard into the colony, based on both the British gold sovereign and the American gold eagle coins. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = $US4.86+2⁄3. No coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was made legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a sterling unit would be chosen under the name of 'royal'. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the US dollar unit. Hence, when the new decimal coins were introduced in 1858, the colony's currency became aligned with the US currency, although the British gold sovereign continued to remain legal tender at the rate of £1 = 4.86+2⁄3 right up until the 1990s. In 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time.

In 1861, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a decimal system based on the US dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the denominations shown in dollars and cents.

Newfoundland went decimal in 1865, but unlike the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, it decided to adopt a unit based on the Spanish dollar rather than on the US dollar, and there was a slight difference between these two units. The US dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was worth slightly more than the US dollar, and likewise, the Newfoundland dollar while it existed, was worth slightly more than the Canadian colonial dollar.

In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a federation called the Dominion of Canada and the three currencies were merged into the Canadian dollar.

In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the US dollar unit and introduced coins for 1¢. However, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873.

Currencies used in Canada and its predecessors
Currency Dates in use Value in British pounds Value in Canadian dollars
Canadian pound 1841–1858 16s 5.3d $4
Canadian dollar 1858–present 4s 1.3d $1
New Brunswick dollar 1860–1867
British Columbia dollar 1865–1871
Prince Edward Island dollar 1871–1873
Nova Scotian dollar 1860–1871 4s $0.973
Newfoundland dollar 1865–1895 4s 2d $1.014
1895–1949 4s 1.3d $1

The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871,[4] tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces and replacing them with a common Canadian dollar. The gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10, 1933. At the outbreak of the Second World War, the exchange rate to the US dollar was fixed at C$1.10 = US$1.00. This was changed to parity in 1946. In 1949, sterling was devalued and Canada followed, returning to a peg of C$1.10 = US$1.00. However, Canada allowed its dollar to float in 1950, returning to a fixed exchange rate only in 1962, when the dollar was pegged at C$1.00 = US$0.925. This peg lasted until 1970, after which the currency's value has floated.

Terminology

Canadian English, like American English, uses the slang term "buck" for a dollar. The Canadian origin of this term derives from a coin struck by the Hudson's Bay Company during the 17th century with a value equal to the pelt of a male beaver – a "buck".[5] Because of the appearance of the common loon on the back of the dollar coin that replaced the dollar bill in 1987, the word "loonie" was adopted in Canadian parlance to distinguish the Canadian dollar coin from the dollar bill. When the two-dollar coin was introduced in 1996, the derivative word "toonie" ("two loonies") became the common word for it in Canadian English slang. The term "loonie" is frequently used for the Canadian dollar as a currency, as opposed to the American dollar.

In French, the currency is also called le dollar; Canadian French slang terms include piastre or piasse (the original word used in 18th-century French to translate "dollar") and huard (equivalent to "loonie", since huard is French for "loon," the bird appearing on the coin). The French pronunciation of "cent" (pronounced similarly to English as /sɛnt/ or /sɛn/, not like the word for hundred, /sɑ̃/ or /sã/)[6] is generally used for the subdivision; sou is another, informal, term for 1¢. 25¢ coins in Quebec French are often called trente sous (thirty cents) because of a series of changes in terminology, currencies, and exchange rates. After the British conquest of Canada in 1759, French coins gradually went out of use, and sou became a nickname for the halfpenny, which was similar in value to the French sou. Spanish dollars and US dollars were also in use, and from 1841 to 1858, the exchange rate was fixed at $4 = £1 (or 400¢ = 240d). This made 25¢ equal to 15d, or 30 halfpence (trente sous). After decimalization and the withdrawal of halfpence coins, the nickname sou began to be used for the 1¢ coin, but the idiom trente sous for 25¢ endured.[7]

Coins

Main article: Coins of the Canadian dollar

Coins are produced by the Royal Canadian Mint in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and currently issued in denominations of 5¢ (nickel), 10¢ (dime), 25¢ (quarter), 50¢ (50¢ piece) (though the 50¢ piece is rarely used in most provinces), $1 (loonie), and $2 (toonie). The last 1¢ (penny) to be minted in Canada was struck on Friday, May 4, 2012.[8]

The standard set of designs has Canadian symbols, usually wildlife, on the reverse, and an effigy of Elizabeth II on the obverse. However, some pennies, nickels, and dimes remain in circulation that bear the effigy of George VI. It is also common for American coins to be found among circulation due to the close proximity to the United States & how the sizes of the coins are similar. Commemorative coins with differing reverses are also issued on an irregular basis, most often Quarters. 50¢ coins are rarely found in circulation; they are often collected and not regularly used in day-to-day transactions in most provinces.

History

In 1858, bronze 1¢ and 0.925 silver 5¢, 10¢ and 20¢ coins were issued by the Province of Canada. Except for 1¢ coins struck in 1859, no more coins were issued until 1870, when production of the 5¢ and 10¢ was resumed and silver 25¢ and 50¢ were introduced. Between 1908 and 1919, sovereigns (legal tender in Canada for $4.86+2⁄3) were struck in Ottawa with a "C" mintmark. Gold $5 and $10 coins were issued between 1912 and 1914.

In 1920, the size of the 1¢ was reduced and the silver fineness of the 5¢, 10¢, 25¢ and 50¢ coins was reduced to 0.800 silver/.200 copper. This composition was maintained for the 10¢, 25¢ and 50¢ piece through 1966, but the debasement of the 5¢ piece continued in 1922 with the silver 5¢ being entirely replaced by a larger nickel coin. In 1942, as a wartime measure, nickel was replaced by tombac in the 5¢ coin, which was changed in shape from round to dodecagonal. Chromium-plated steel was used for the 5¢ in 1944 and 1945 and between 1951 and 1954, after which nickel was readopted. The 5¢ returned to a round shape in 1963.

In 1935, the 0.800 silver Voyageur dollar was introduced. Production was maintained through 1967 with the exception of the war years between 1939 and 1945.

Canadian $2 coin, nicknamed "toonie"

In 1967 both 0.800 silver/0.200 copper and, later that year, 0.500 silver/.500 copper 10¢ and 25¢ coins were issued. 1968 saw further debasement: the 0.500 fine silver dimes and quarters were completely replaced by nickel ones mid-year. All 1968 50¢ and $1 coins were reduced in size and coined only in pure nickel. Thus, 1968 marked the last year in which any circulating silver coinage was issued in Canada.

In 1982, the 1¢ coin was changed to dodecagonal and the 5¢ was further debased to a cupro-nickel alloy. In 1987, a $1 coin struck in aureate-plated nickel was introduced. A bimetallic $2 coin followed in 1996. In 1997, copper-plated zinc replaced bronze in the 1¢. This was followed, in 2000, by the introduction of even cheaper plated-steel 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢ and 50¢ coins, with the 1¢ plated in copper and the others plated in cupro-nickel. In 2012, the multi-ply plated-steel technology was introduced for $1 and $2 coins as well.

Banknotes

Main article: Banknotes of the Canadian dollar

The first paper money issued in Canada denominated in dollars were British Army bills, issued between 1813 and 1815. Canadian dollar bank notes were later issued by the chartered banks starting in the 1830s, by several pre-confederation colonial governments (most notably the Province of Canada in 1866), and after confederation, by the Dominion of Canada starting in 1870. Some municipalities also issued notes, most notably depression scrip during the 1930s.

In 1935, with only 10 chartered banks still issuing notes, the Bank of Canada was founded. It took over the federal issuance of notes from the Dominion of Canada. It began issuing notes in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $25, $50, $100, $500 and $1000. In 1944, the chartered banks were prohibited from issuing their own currency, with the Royal Bank of Canada and the Bank of Montreal among the last to issue notes.

Significant design changes to the notes have occurred since 1935, with new series introduced in 1937, 1954, 1970, 1986, and 2001. In June 2011, newly designed notes printed on a polymer substrate, as opposed to cotton fibre, were announced; the first of these polymer notes, the $100 bill, began circulation in November 2011, the $50 bill began circulation in March 2012, and additional denominations will follow before 2013.

All banknotes are currently printed by two Ottawa, Ontario base companies, Canadian Bank Note Company and BA International Incorporated (founded 1866 as British American Bank Note Company and now division of Giesecke & Devrient GmbH of Munich, Germany), under contract to the Bank of Canada. In 2011, BA International announced it would shutter its banknote printing business and cease printing banknotes at the end of 2012.[9]

Canadian dollar banknotes issued by the Bank of Canada are legal tender in Canada. However, commercial transactions may legally be settled in any manner agreed by the parties involved.

Legal tender of Canadian coinage is governed by the Currency Act, which sets out limits of:[10]

  • $40 if the denomination is $2 or greater but does not exceed $10;
  • $25 if the denomination is $1;
  • $10 if the denomination is 10¢ or greater but less than $1;
  • $5 if the denomination is 5¢;
  • 25¢ if the denomination is 1¢.

Retailers in Canada may refuse bank notes without breaking the law. According to legal guidelines, the method of payment has to be mutually agreed upon by the parties involved with the transactions. For example, stores may refuse $100 bank notes if they feel that would put them at risk of being counterfeit victims; however, official policy suggests that the retailers should evaluate the impact of that approach. In the case that no mutually acceptable form of payment can be found for the tender, the parties involved should seek legal advice.[11]

Canadian dollars, especially coins, are accepted by some businesses in the northernmost cities of the United States[citation needed] and in many Canadian snowbird enclaves, just as US dollars are accepted by some Canadian businesses.

In 2012, Iceland began to consider adopting the Canadian dollar as a stable alternative to the Icelandic krona.[12] [13] although it ultimately decided not to move to the next stage with the proposal.[14]

Value

Unlike other currencies in the Bretton Woods system, whose values were fixed, the Canadian dollar was allowed to float from 1950 to 1962. Between 1952 and 1960, the Canadian dollar traded at a slight premium over the US dollar, reaching a high of US$1.0614 on August 20, 1957.

The Canadian dollar fell considerably after 1960, and this contributed to Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's defeat in the 1963 election. The Canadian dollar returned to a fixed exchange rate regime in 1962 when its value was set at US$0.925, where it remained until 1970.

As an inflation-fighting measure, the Canadian dollar was allowed to float in 1970. Its value appreciated and it was worth more than the US dollar for part of the 1970s. The high point was on April 25, 1974, when it reached US$1.0443.

The Canadian dollar fell in value against its American counterpart during the technological boom of the 1990s that was centred in the United States, and was traded for as little as $0.6179¢ US on January 21, 2002, which was an all-time low.[15] Since then, its value against all major currencies has risen due, in part, to high prices for commodities (especially oil) that Canada exports.[citation needed]

The CAD's value against the US dollar rose sharply in 2007 because of the continued strength of the Canadian economy and the US currency's weakness on world markets. During trading on September 20, 2007 it met the US dollar at parity for the first time since November 25, 1976.[16]

Inflation in the value of the Canadian dollar has been fairly low since the 1990s. In 2007 the Canadian dollar rebounded remarkably, soaring 23% in value.

On September 28, 2007, the Canadian dollar closed above the US dollar for the first time in 30 years, at US$1.0052. [17] On November 7, 2007, it hit US$1.1024 during trading, a modern-day high[18] after China announced it would diversify its US$1.43 trillion foreign exchange reserve away from the US dollar. (The dollar has been as high as US$2.78, reached on July 11, 1864 after the United States had temporarily abandoned the gold standard.) By November 30, however, the Canadian dollar was once again at par with the US dollar, and on December 4, the dollar had retreated back to US$0.98, through a cut in interest rates made by the Bank of Canada due to concerns about exports to the US.

Due to its soaring value and new record highs, the Canadian dollar was named the Canadian Newsmaker of the Year for 2007 by the Canadian edition of Time magazine.[19]

Since 84.2% of Canada's exports go and 56.7% of imports into Canada come from the US[20] Canadians are interested in the value of their currency mainly against the US dollar. Although domestic concerns arise when the dollar trades much lower than its US counterpart, there is also concern among exporters when the dollar appreciates quickly. The rapid rise in the value of the dollar increases the price of Canadian exports to the US. On the other hand, there are advantages to a rising dollar, in that it is cheaper for Canadian industries to purchase foreign material and businesses.

The rise in value has affected the book and book publishing industry, where buyers have been accustomed to fixed prices on the backs of their books: one for the Canadian market and another one for the American market.

The Bank of Canada has no specific target value for the Canadian dollar and has not intervened in foreign exchange markets since 1998.[21] The Bank's official position is that market conditions should determine the worth of the Canadian dollar, although the BoC occasionally makes minor attempts to influence its value.

On world markets, the Canadian dollar historically tended to move in tandem with the US dollar.[citation needed] An apparently rising Canadian dollar (against the US dollar) was decreasing against other international currencies; however, during the rise of the Canadian dollar since 2002, it has gained value against the US dollar as well as other international currencies. In recent years, dramatic fluctuations in the value of the Canadian dollar have tended to correlate with shifts in oil prices, reflecting the dollar's status as a petrocurrency owing to Canada's significant oil exports.[citation needed]

Reserve currency

Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[22]
Currency ISO 4217
code 		Symbols Proportion of daily volume Change
(2019–2022)
April 2019 April 2022
U.S. dollar USD $, US$ 88.3% 88.5% Increase 0.2pp
Euro EUR € 32.3% 30.5% Decrease 1.8pp
Japanese yen JPY ¥, 円 16.8% 16.7% Decrease 0.1pp
Sterling GBP £ 12.8% 12.9% Increase 0.1pp
Renminbi CNY ¥, 圆 4.3% 7.0% Increase 2.7pp
Australian dollar AUD $, $A 6.8% 6.4% Decrease 0.4pp
Canadian dollar CAD $, Can$ 5.0% 6.2% Increase 1.2pp
Swiss franc CHF Fr., fr. 4.9% 5.2% Increase 0.3pp
Hong Kong dollar HKD $, HK$, 元 3.5% 2.6% Decrease 0.9pp
Singapore dollar SGD $, S$ 1.8% 2.4% Increase 0.6pp
Swedish krona SEK kr, Skr 2.0% 2.2% Increase 0.2pp
South Korean won KRW ₩, 원 2.0% 1.9% Decrease 0.1pp
Norwegian krone NOK kr, Nkr 1.8% 1.7% Decrease 0.1pp
New Zealand dollar NZD $, $NZ 2.1% 1.7% Decrease 0.4pp
Indian rupee INR ₹ 1.7% 1.6% Decrease 0.1pp
Mexican peso MXN $, Mex$ 1.7% 1.5% Decrease 0.2pp
New Taiwan dollar TWD $‎, NT$, 圓 0.9% 1.1% Increase 0.2pp
South African rand ZAR R 1.1% 1.0% Decrease 0.1pp
Brazilian real BRL R$ 1.1% 0.9% Decrease 0.2pp
Danish krone DKK kr., DKr 0.6% 0.7% Increase 0.1pp
Polish złoty PLN zł‎, Zl 0.6% 0.7% Increase 0.1pp
Thai baht THB ฿, B 0.5% 0.4% Decrease 0.1pp
Israeli new shekel ILS ₪, NIS 0.3% 0.4% Increase 0.1pp
Indonesian rupiah IDR Rp 0.4% 0.4% Steady
Czech koruna CZK Kč, CZK 0.4% 0.4% Steady
UAE dirham AED د.إ, Dh(s) 0.2% 0.4% Increase 0.2pp
Turkish lira TRY ₺, TL 1.1% 0.4% Decrease 0.7pp
Hungarian forint HUF Ft 0.4% 0.3% Decrease 0.1pp
Chilean peso CLP $, Ch$ 0.3% 0.3% Steady
Saudi riyal SAR ﷼, SRl(s) 0.2% 0.2% Steady
Philippine peso PHP ₱ 0.3% 0.2% Decrease 0.1pp
Malaysian ringgit MYR RM 0.2% 0.2% Steady
Colombian peso COP $, Col$ 0.2% 0.2% Steady
Russian ruble RUB ₽, руб 1.1% 0.2% Decrease 0.9pp
Romanian leu RON —, leu 0.1% 0.1% Steady
Peruvian sol PEN S/. 0.1% 0.1% Steady
Bahraini dinar BHD .د.ب, BD 0.0% 0.0% Steady
Bulgarian lev BGN лв., lv., lev 0.0% 0.0% Steady
Argentine peso ARS $, Arg$ 0.1% 0.0% Decrease 0.1pp
Other currencies 1.8% 2.3% Increase 0.5pp
Total: 200.0% 200.0%




A number of central banks (and commercial banks) keep Canadian dollars as a reserve currency. The Canadian dollar is considered to be a benchmark currency.[23]

In the economy of the Americas, the Canadian dollar plays a similar role to the one that the Australian dollar (AUD) does in the Asia-Pacific region. The Canadian dollar (as a regional reserve currency for banking) has been an important part of the British, French and Dutch Caribbean state's economies and finance systems since the 1950s. The Canadian dollar is held by many central banks in Central America and South America as well. The holding of the Canadian dollar in Latin America is done so because of each nation's nationally important issues of remittances and international trade.

By observing how the Canadian dollar behaves against the US dollar, foreign exchange economists can indirectly observe internal behaviours and patterns in the US economy that could not be seen by direct observation. The Canadian dollar has fully evolved into a global reserve currency only since the 1970s, when it was floated against all other world currencies. Some economists have attributed the rise of importance of the Canadian dollar to the long term effects of the Nixon Shock that effectively ended the Bretton Woods system of global finance. [citation needed]

Current CAD exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR
From XE.com: AUD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR
From OANDA: AUD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR

See also

Wikinews has related news:

References

  1. ^ "Canadian Dollar rates, news, and tools". XE.com.
  2. ^ "World's Most Traded Currencies". therichest.org. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
  3. ^ There are various common abbreviations to distinguish the Canadian dollar from others: while the ISO currency code CAD (a three-character code without monetary symbols) is common, no single system is universally accepted. C$ is recommended by the Canadian government (and The Canadian Style guide) and is used by the International Monetary Fund, while Editing Canadian English indicates Can$ and CDN$; both guides note the ISO scheme/code. The abbreviation CA$ is also used such as in some software packages.
  4. ^ "1871 – Uniform Currency Act". Canadian Economy Online, Government of Canada. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
  5. ^ "Canadian Heritage — Other National Emblems — The beaver". Canadian Heritage. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
  6. ^ Guilloton, Noëlle; Cajolet-Laganière, Hélène (2005). Le français au bureau. Les publications du Québec. p. 467. ISBN 2-551-19684-1.
  7. ^ Frédéric Farid (September 26, 2008). "Pourquoi trente sous = 25 cents ?". Retrieved October 6, 2010.
  8. ^ "Canada's Last Penny minted". CBC. May 4, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
  9. ^ "G&D to Shutter Banknote Printing in Ottawa". PrintAction. 2011 December 2. Retrieved 2013-01-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ "BILL C-41 - As passed by the House of Commons". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
  11. ^ "Currency Counterfeiting – FAQ". Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  12. ^ Mckenna, Barrie (March 2, 2012). "Canadian envoy to Iceland sparks loonie controversy". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 4, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  13. ^ Hopper, Tristin (May 15, 2012). "If Iceland adopts the loonie, Greenland could soon follow: economist". The National Post. Retrieved May 15, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ Babad, Michael (Sep. 24 2012). "Canadian dollar a 'poor choice' for Iceland, central bank says". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved Nov. 24, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  15. ^ oanda.com. "Historical exchange rate of CAD to USD from December 21, 2001 to February 21, 2002". Retrieved March 14, 2007.
  16. ^ "Topsy-turvy world last time loonie was on par with greenback". Canadian Press. September 20, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2007.
  17. ^ "Loonie closes above parity with greenback" (.html). ctv.ca. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
  18. ^ Tavia Grant (November 7, 2007). "China sends loonie flying above $1.10" (.html). The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 7, 2007.
  19. ^ "Lofty loonie named Time's top Canadian newsmaker". Cbc.ca. December 20, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
  20. ^ Central Intelligence Agency. "[[The World Factbook]] – Canada". Retrieved February 15, 2007. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  21. ^ "Bank of Canada policy on dollar valuation and intervention in FOREX markets" (PDF). Bankofcanada.ca. 2011-03. Retrieved October 10, 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022 (PDF) (Report). Bank for International Settlements. October 27, 2022. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2022.
  23. ^ "Benchmark currencies of the world". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 2, 2011.

Bank of Canada

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