Talk:Muzak

Sirius and AMTC

Sirius is not in and of itself a competitor to Muzak. Unlike XM, which does their business service in-house, Sirius subcontracts it to AMTC. Only together are the companies competitors to Muzak. If Wikipedians feel that AMTC/SIRIUS shouldn't be listed together, the best move is not to list SIRIUS at all and just leave AMTC. JaedenStormes 18:30, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

North Carolina?

The HQ is allegedly in South Carolina.

The article says:

In a recent poll, 17% of people regarded piped music as "the thing they most detest about modern life".

What poll was that? It would be appropriate to mention that in some References section or something.

Will do in due course, but there are plenty of allusions to it on the Web if anyone else wants to research it.Shantavira 19:30, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've only been able to find a secondary source so far. They don't respond to my emailed enquiry. Will keep trying to find the original source. Shantavira 12:36, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

It's been over a year; I'm deleting the poll claim. Jgm 22:30, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Two items worthy of mention but need confirmation

There are two items related to Muzak that I think would be worthwhile to include in this article ... if they can be sourced. The first is a claim by Red Skelton, made during a press conference during a visit to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan back in the 1980s, that he wrote original music for the company. (His exact words, and I still remember them from having seen the press conference, was that he composed a piece for Muzak every morning as part of his daily routine). The other claim was a report I recall from the early 1990s that a major rock and roll star -- I believe it was Ted Nugent -- attempted to purchase Muzak in order to disband it "and end the curse" of elevator music. As I say, either of these would be great pieces of information to have in here, but they need verification and citations. Any takers? 23skidoo 20:10, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

---

Hi

I cannot remember where I read it, but I think that the Muzac Company originally pioneered a way of "transmitting" music through the mains electrical sockets in retail premises so the subscriber could simply plug a special speaker into any mains socket and music (presumbly from a base unit similarly plugged in) would come out. I could be wildly wrong! Any comments?

Thanks 81.79.123.17 20:12, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

No, you are right.....it was in early 1930s in a New York City business district (if I remember) and was done by Muzak's founder, Major General George Owen Squier, retired from the U.S. Army Signal Corps. His company at that time was called "Wired Radio Inc." which was the pre-cursor to Muzak.

Wired Radio's programmes included a programme of classical music, a programme of dance music, and a news programme.

Wired Radio's original technology is still somewhat in use today, although undoubtedly revised greatly over the years, in many home "wired intercom" devices which you simply plug one unit into the AC line, then do the same with the other. (I think Radio Shack used to sell those years ago.) Similar concepts are also being implemented with new Broadband over Power Lines technologies as well, although their electronic transmission systems are completely different than those I mentioned before.

Interesting to note that Wired Radio also sort of formed the basis for another subscription service we have today, known as "cable television". Shortly before his death Squier made a prediction that wired subscription entertainment services would make it to mainstream America in the future and look at what we have today.........almost 5,000 channels and nuthin' on!! ;o)

MotoFox, amateur Muzak "historian" and (former) Muzakforum yakker

22:07, 14 November 2006 (UTC) (edited by MotoFox 2009 July 04, 2205 GMT)

look angle

The article that look angle directs to does not have the word look in it.

Fair use rationale for Image:Muzak.gif

Image:Muzak.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Wikipedia:Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:46, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Redirection problem?

When I enter the URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzak, I get automatically redirected to the page on Elevator music instead of the more logical Muzak Holdings page. Why?

The Eye of Observation 03:25, 28 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.42.211.208 (talk)

"Muzak fake machine"?

Does "muzak fake machine" from Queen's "Flick of the Wrist" correspond to an actual device? —141.153.217.32 (talk) 18:38, 18 December 2010 (UTC)

Delivery formats

The section on old delivery formats is overly-long and is almost entirely uncited. If you can come up with citations for any of it, you can add it back into the main article, but for now it's going to live here:

==History of delivery methods==
The means of delivering Muzak have changed over the years as technology has
advanced.

===Via radio===
By the time a workable Muzak system was fully developed, commercial radio had
become well established, and so the company re-focused its efforts on using
radio technology to deliver music to hotels and restaurants.  The first actual
delivery of Muzak to commercial customers took place in [[New York City]] in
1936{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}.  

===Via records===
Pre-[[World War II]], playback of Muzak's library of recordings was via special
[[Gramophone records]]. 

Each sixteen-inch non-microgroove [[vertical cut recording]] [[electrical
transcription]] disc was capable of carring up to 20 minutes of music per side,
but in reality, the fidelity during the last five or six minutes or so of any
conventionally cut side from the edge to the center, or the first five or six
minutes of any side cut center-to-edge was unusable for transmission as the
sound coming off the disc would already be muffled and narrow-range in that
area, adding insult to injury on the narrow-band electric lines of the period to
the point of being unintelligible by the listener.{{Citation needed|date=August
2012}}

At first, it was decided that disc sides would be cut alternately from the
center to the edge for odd sides and from the edge to the center for even sides
as radio had done for live recording for some time. 

In addition, it was hoped that programming quieter and more bass-heavy material
at the center (beginning of odd sides or ends of even sides) would alleviate
this problem, but it did not. Coupled with the fact that some programmers
preferred louder more upbeat songs at the beginning and end of their program
segments, caused them to cut odd sides outside in and even sides inside out, so
that the tops and bottoms of hours would end on an upbeat note - as modern radio
programmers do today. 

However this practice only served to aggravate a number of the phonograph
operators at the transmitter sites who, in the dim light conditions of the
playback studios in those days - couldn't keep track or read the label to
discern the start location of the disc.

Therefore the decision was made to record all discs conventionally from
outside-in, and to limit the first three programs in any one hour to 14 minutes
and 30 seconds in length and the last program in the hour to twelve minutes and
thirty seconds, leaving the rest of the time to silence. This happenstance
decision, resulting from limitations in technology, actually returned a higher
level of customer satisfaction compared to the constant music in the previous
formats (see '''Stimulus Progression''' below).

Conventional home phonographs of the period played 10-inch or 12-inch laterally
cut shellacque discs at 78 RPM. Since neither Muzak, as a licensee, nor the
labels as content providers, could afford for their programs to escape out into
the general public, four safeguards were put in place to prevent that from
happening. Similar to the ET records used in commercial radio, and for pretty
much the same reasons:

The Muzak programs were cut vertically, otherwise known as the [[hill-and-dale
recording]] method. Playing a vertically cut record on a lateral-only player
results in silence and destroys the disc being played on the very first try. 

So even if a home user could find a vertically compliant cartridge for his
phonograph, there was still the issue of disc size. Muzak programs were pressed
onto 16-inch discs, to ensure that they would be unable to fit on a standard
home player.

In addition, the programs were pressed into soft acetate, and later vinylite, so
that if someone tried to play them on a conventional phonograph built for the
rugged shellacque discs, the weight of the playback arm would destroy the Muzak
discs even if they were being played by a vertically compliant cartridge.

And even if ''those'' three hurdles were to be overcome, no home phonograph of
that period was able to play the 33-1/3 RPM speed at which the discs were
recorded so that nobody with a conventional turntable could play them,
preserving the copyright integrity.

Of course by then, the [[Library of Congress]] had already perfected the 33-1/3
speed as well, to be used in the recording of Talking Books for the Blind and
Handicapped, whose players solved three of the four issues above. Their tonearms
were lightweight, their platters spun at 33-1/3 and their tonearms could handle
16-inch records. If one could find a vertically compliant transcription phono
cartridge from a radio station, Muzak's copyrights could be broached.
 
The more businesses subscribed to the phonograph service, the lower the overall
cost became ([[economy of scale]]).  The company aggressively pursued expanding
the use of the music service to workplaces, citing research that indicated that
background music improved productivity among workers.{{Citation
needed|date=January 2010}}

===Via reel-to-reel===
After the war, [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording]] gradually became available
and Muzak adopted it to replaced records.  They utilized a reel size of
19-inches on four-track half-inch tape, twice the size of a modern 14-inch reel
of digital multi-track tape, running at 3-3/4 IPS. A 7-inch reel of
home-recording tape normally contains 1200 feet of standard- 1.5 mil thickness
tape, 10-1/2 inch studio reels contain 2,500 feet, and digital multitrack reels
carry 5,000 feet, but a 19-inch Muzak reel would carry upwards of 10,000 feet on
a single reel. At a speed of 3-3/4 IPS, each track could then play almost nine
hours without stopping. Configured as four monaural tracks and an auto-reversing
system, one tape could play continuously for over three days straight without
repeating. This was important because at such an odd tape length, no sequence of
songs would ever be repeated in any one work shift at any one time of the day,
for weeks on end.

===Via broadcast cart===
In the 1960s-1980s larger versions of the endless-loop tape cartridge,
popularized as the [[8-track tape]], were used to deliver the programs.
Originally recorded at the same speed as an 8-track, these large versions of
[[Fidelipac|broadcast tape cartridges]] "C-carts" carried 4 one-hour monaural
programs at 3-3/4 IPS.  Unlike records or reel-to-reels, endless loop tapes play
continuously.

Tape and player quality developments such as chrome tape and noise reduction
allowed the cartridges and tape speeds to shrink, first to the size of an
8-track with eight monaural programs on a tape running at 1-7/8 IPS, to the size
of a modern laptop hard drive and a speed of 15/16 IPS used by the Library of
Congress for Talking Books. As a result, before they were replaced with
cassettes, the last of the tape cartridges were capable of carrying the same
8-1/2 hours per tape as the original 19-inch reels could carry per track.

===Via cassette===
Shortly thereafter, special-format chromium cassettes were available, recorded
at 1-13/16, exactly halfway between the common speeds of 15/16 and normal
cassette speed of 1-7/8, to prevent use on unlicensed hardware.

===Via 8mm videocassette===
One development of Muzak delivery technology came in the form of [[Pulse-code
modulation]] programs encoded onto [[8mm video format]] camcorder cassettes.
Since there was no video needed on the extra-wide-bandwidth tape, it was
possible to encode two hours worth of music on six separate stereophonic tracks,
or 12 monaural tracks in the space. Although not widely adapted for stationary
systems, the PCM format was widely used on planes, trains and buses throughout
the late 80's and early 90's.

===Via CD===
These gave way to special-format [[CD-i|CD]]s of the 1990s and early 2000s and
were the last and best development in physical media program delivery for Muzak
before satellite delivery eliminated the need. In addition, it was the first
format to deliver true stereophonic sound to a wide audience, as the 8mm format
was mostly used for high-quality mono reproduction except for the occasional
classical or jazz program in high-end installations. 

Released in the late '80s, each disc was recorded at 38.7 kHz with 12-bit
sampling instead of the normal CD format with 44.1 kHz and 16 bits to prevent
unlicensed use. As most malls and other public buildings already had a primary
as well as a backup music system, when stereo audio was adopted, owners simply
wired the primary set for the left channel and the backup set for the right
channel, which required no further conversions once satellite became available.

===Via satellite===
In the mid-1990s broadcast delivery via [[Geosynchronous satellite|geostationary
broadcast satellites]], direct to a [[Direct-broadcast satellite|satellite
dish]] mounted on the location, became the delivery method of choice.  Advances
in technology minimized losses due to [[rain fade]], [[Wind engineering|wind
load]] and other factors, and with no moving parts to maintain or [[physical
media]] to deliver, cost of delivery was minimized.

MXocross (talk) 06:16, 2013 May 07 (GMT)

Requested move

Muzak Holdings → Muzak – "Muzak" is the name of the media company described in article, listed on its website as "Muzak LLC." Article is not about holding firm that owns the media company, so current title is inaccurate. (And as a side note, "Muzak" is much more frequently cited/referenced than "Muzak Holdings.") -- Wikipedical (talk) 23:31, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

• Strong support per WP:COMMON. Red Slash 04:44, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
• Oppose. Muzak is a common generic term for elevator music. I recommend converting this to a disambiguation page and renaming Muzak Holdings to Muzak (company). Tassedethe (talk) 05:56, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
  • Because it can be associated with elevator music, a hatnote is completely sufficient. You have not addressed the proposal at hand – removing the word "Holdings," which is, as it stands, currently and still inaccurate. -- Wikipedical (talk) 21:13, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
    • I have addressed the proposal at hand, I oppose it and I recommend moving the article to Muzak (company). Tassedethe (talk) 21:19, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
• Strong oppose "Muzak" should redirect to elevator music, as the primary topic is elevator music in general, and not this company. -- 65.94.76.126 (talk) 06:59, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
  • See above. -- Wikipedical (talk) 21:13, 2 June 2013 (UTC)
    • What of it? "Muszak" should redirect to elevator music, which would then have a hatnote for the disambiguation page -- 65.94.76.126 (talk) 06:13, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
• Oppose as above; but I would also disagree with Tassedethe - natural disambiguation is preferred to parenthetical, and for this particular topic, we already have a natural title which disambiguates it from the generic term "muzak". bobrayner (talk) 21:27, 2 June 2013 (UTC)