User:EngineerScotty/v bas
| Black-bellied hornet | |
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| Species: | V. basalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Vespa basalis Smith, 1852
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Vespa basalis, commonly known as the black-bellied hornet (Chinese: 黑腹虎頭蜂), is a hornet species native to temperate and tropical Southern and Eastern Asia. It is a medium-sized hornet, with a body length of approximately 24 mm (1 in)-25 mm (1 in) for mature queens, and 15 mm (1 in)-21 mm (1 in) for mature non-reproductive females. The hornet is best known for its extremely aggressive temperament, its large nests, and its unusually toxic venom (with a LD50 of 0.32mg/Kg in mice).[1] V. basalis is generally regarded as the most dangerous hornet in Taiwan (despite the presence in that country of the Asian giant hornet), and a team of noted entomologists writing a survey paper on Hymenoptera venom referred to the species as "the most dangerous (and feared by humans) of all hornets".[2]
Anatomy
The head of the hornet is orange and quite wide in comparison to other hornet species. The compound eyes and ocelli are dark brown, and the antennae are dark brown with orange scapes. The clypeus (the shield-like plate on the front of the head) is orange and coarsely punctured; the posterior side of the clypeus has narrow, rounded lobes. The mandible is large and orange with a black tooth (inner biting surface) which is used for burrowing.
The thorax and propodeum (the segment which forms the posterior part of the thorax) of the Asian giant hornet has a distinctive golden tint and a large scutellum (a shield-like scale on the thorax) that has a deeply impressed medial line; the postscutellum (the plate behind the scutellum) bulges and overhangs the propodeum. The hornet's forelegs are orange with dark brown tarsi (the distal—furthest down—part of the leg); the midlegs and hindlegs are dark brown. Wings are a dark brownish-gray. The tegulae are brown.
The gaster (the portion of the abdomen behind the thorax–abdomen connection) is dark brown with a white, powdery covering; with narrow yellow bands at the posterior margins of the tergite, the sixth segment is entirely yellow. It is similar in appearance to the established European hornet, Vespa crabro.
Geographic distribution and habitat
V. basalis is found in mountainous and submountainous areas of Southern, Eastern, and Southeast Asia, including Taiwan, India, and Nepal.[3], with records of the species as far away as Pakistan, Vietnam, and Sumatra.[4] The species builds nests in trees, typically at heights greater than 4m above the ground. Nests may be started in underground cavities or in buildings, with colonies relocating nests to trees once an original nesting cavity is outgrown.[4] Nests can be very large, with at least one nest with over 40,000 cells collected by entomologists.[3]
Sting
The venom of the black-bellied hornet is known to be particularly potent. It contains a
Predation
The Asian giant hornet is intensely predatory; it hunts medium- to large-sized insects, such as bees, other hornet species, and mantises.
The hornets often attack hives to obtain the honey bee larvae as food for their own larvae. A single scout, sometimes two or three, will cautiously approach the hive, producing pheromones to lead its nest-mates to the hive. The hornets can devastate a colony of honey bees: a single hornet can kill as many as 40 honey bees per minute thanks to its large mandibles which can quickly strike and decapitate a bee. The honeybee stings are ineffective because the hornets are five times the size and too heavily armoured. It takes only relatively few of these hornets (under 50) a few hours to exterminate a colony of tens of thousands of bees. After butchering the bees with impunity, the hornets loot the honey and carry off the bee larvae as food for their own larvae. The hornets can fly up to 100 kilometres (62 mi) in a single day, at speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph)[5]
Adult hornets cannot digest solid protein, so the hornets do not eat their prey, but chew them into a paste that they feed to their larvae. The larvae in turn produce a clear liquid, vespa amino acid mixture, which they secrete to feed the adults on demand; larvae of social vespids generally produce these secretions, though the exact amino acid composition varies considerably from species to species.[6] The feeding of adult wasps by larvae occurs generally in predatory social wasps, and not restricted to the genus Vespa.
Native honey bees
Beekeepers in Japan attempted to introduce European honey bees Apis mellifera for the sake of their high productivity. European honeybees, however, have no innate defense against the hornets, which can rapidly destroy their colonies.[7]
Although a handful of Asian giant hornets can easily defeat the uncoordinated defenses of a honey bee colony, the Japanese honey bee (Apis cerana japonica) has evolved an effective strategy. When a hornet scout locates and approaches a Japanese honey bee hive she emits specific pheromonal hunting signals. When the Japanese honey bees detect these pheromones, a hundred or so will gather near the entrance of the nest and set up a trap, keeping the entrance open. This permits the hornet to enter the hive. As the hornet enters, a mob of hundreds of honey bees surrounds it in a ball, completely covering it and preventing it from reacting effectively. The bees violently vibrate their flight muscles in much the same way as they do to heat the hive in cold conditions. This raises the temperature in the ball to the critical temperature of 46 °C (115 °F). In addition, the exertions of the honey bees raise the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ball. At that concentration of CO2, the honey bees can tolerate up to 50 °C (122 °F), but the hornet cannot survive the combination of a temperature of 46 °C (115 °F) and high carbon dioxide level.[8][9] Some bees do die along with the intruder, much as happens when they attack other intruders with their stings, but by killing the hornet scout they prevent it from summoning reinforcements that would wipe out the entire colony.[10]
Hornet supplement manufacturers
Recently, several companies in Asia and Europe have begun to manufacture dietary supplements and energy drinks which contain synthetic versions of secretions of the larvae of Vespa mandarinia, which the adult hornets usually consume. The manufacturers of these products make claims that consuming the larval hornet secretions (marketed as "hornet juice") will enhance human endurance because of the effect it has on adult hornets' performance. Because these products are marketed as dietary supplements rather than pharmaceuticals, they do not have to support their claims. Some studies[11] have suggested that the vespa amino acid mixture itself may influence animal performance in minor ways.
References
- ^ "Venom, hornet, Vespa basalis". drugfuture.com Chemical Toxicity Database. drugfuture.com. July 1995. Retrieved 17 Sept 2013.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Schmidt, J.O.; Yamane, S; Maakato, M; Starr, C. K. (1986). "Hornet Venoms: Lethalities and Lethal Capacities" (PDF). Toxicon. 24 (9): 950–54.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Yamane, Soichi (1992). "A Huge NEst of Vespa basalis collected in Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)" (PDF). Chinese Journal of Entomology. 12: 1–11.
- ^ a b Archer, Michael (March 29, 1999). "Taxonomy, distribution, and nesting biology of Vespa binghami, V. basalis, V. variabilis, V. fervida, V. luctosa, V. multimaculata, and V. bellicosa( Hym., Vespinae)". Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 135.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|middle=ignored (help) - ^ Dieter Kosmeier (2013-01-27). "''Vespa mandarinia'' (Asian Giant Hornet) page". Vespa-crabro.de. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
- ^ Hunt, J. H., I. Baker, and H. G. Baker. 1982. Similarity of amino acids in nectar and larval saliva: the nutritional basis for trophallaxis in social wasps. Evolution 36: 1318-1322
- ^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
- ^ "Heat and carbon dioxide generated by honeybees jointly act to kill hornets". Naturwissenschaften. September 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ "Honeybee mobs overpower hornets". BBC News. July 3, 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
- ^ "Defensive Adaptations: Heat Tolerance As A Weapon". Bio.davidson.edu. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
- ^ Effect of amino acid mixture intake on physiological responses and rating of perceived exertion during cycling exercise, PubMed
External links
- The Asian Giant Hornet
- Yellowjackets and hornets
- Heat Tolerance as a Weapon
- Video footage at National Geographic