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History of video game consoles (second generation) (Aiming for WP:GA)

The second generation of computer and video games (sometimes referred to as the early 8-bit era) began in 1976 with the release of the Fairchild Channel F and Radofin Electronics' 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System. It coincided with and was partly fuelled by the golden age of arcade video games, a peak era of popularity and innovation for the medium.

The early period saw the release of several consoles as various companies decided to enter the market; later, the releases were in direct response to the earlier consoles. The Atari 2600 was the dominant console for much of the second generation, with other consoles such as Intellivision, the Odyssey 2, and ColecoVision also enjoying market share.

The second generation came to an abrupt end in 1984, amid the video game crash of 1983. The duration between the start of the 2nd generation in 1976 and the start of the 3rd generation in 1985 was nine years. Legacy of the second generation is mixed.

Some features that distinguished second generation consoles from first generation consoles include:

• Microprocessor-based game logic.
• ROM cartridges for storing games, allowing any number of different games to be played on one console.
• Game playfields can span multiple flip-screen areas.
• Resolution of around 160 × 192 pixels, and basic blocky sprites.
• Generally between two-colour (1-bit) and eight-colour (3-bit) graphics.
• Up to three channel audio.
• Lacked the features of third-generation consoles such as scrolling playfields and tile-based backgrounds.

History

Early 8-bit home consoles (1976-1983)

An Atari 2600 game joystick controller

The earliest console, the Magnavox Odyssey, uses removable cartridges that are merely jumpers housed in cartridges, that activate the games already wired into the console. This method was soon replaced during the move to Pong consoles, where the logic for one or more games was hard-coded into microchips using discrete logic, and no additional games could be added. By the mid-1970s, cartridges returned with the move to CPU-based consoles. With games now consisting of microprocessor-based code, these games were burned onto ROM chips mounted inside plastic cartridge casings that could be plugged into slots on the console. When the cartridges were plugged in, the general-purpose microprocessors in the consoles read the cartridge memory and ran whatever program was stored there. Rather than being confined to a small selection of games included in the box, consumers could now amass libraries of game cartridges.

The Fairchild VES was the world's first CPU-based video game console, introducing the cartridge-based game code storage format. It was released by Fairchild Semiconductor in August 1976. When Atari released their VCS the next year, Fairchild quickly renamed it to the Fairchild Channel F.

In 1977, Atari released its CPU-based console called the Video Computer System (VCS), later called the Atari 2600. Nine games were designed and released for the holiday season. It would quickly become—by far—the most popular of the early consoles.

The Bally Astrocade was originally referred to as the Bally Home Library Computer, and was released in 1977, but was available only through mail order. Delays in the production meant that none of the units actually shipped until 1978; by this time, the machine had been renamed the Bally Professional Arcade. In this form, it sold mostly at computer stores and had little retail exposure (unlike the Atari VCS). In 1979, Bally grew less interested in the arcade market and decided to sell off their Consumer Products Division, including development and production of the game console. In 1980, they re-released the unit with the BASIC cartridge included for free; this system was known as the Bally Computer System, but was changed to Astrocade in 1982. It sold under this name until the video game crash of 1983, and then disappeared around 1984.

In 1978, Magnavox released its microprocessor based console, the Odyssey 2, in the United States and Canada. Philips Electronics released this same game console as the Philips G7000 for the European market. Although the Odyssey 2 never became as popular as the Atari consoles, it managed to sell several million units through 1983. Philips had also designed the more powerful Interton VC 4000 console family (e.g. 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System) before this.

In 1979, Activision was created by disgruntled former Atari programmers. It was the first third-party developer of video games. In succeeding years, many new developers would follow their lead.

The next major entry was Intellivision, which was introduced by Mattel in 1980. Though chronologically coming long before the "16-bit era", the Intellivision console contains a unique processor with instructions that were 10 bits wide (allowing more instruction variety and potential speed), and registers 16 bits wide. It also features an advanced sound chip which can deliver output through three distinct sound channels. The system's initial production run sold out shortly after its national launch in 1980.

Intellivision was the first system to pose a serious threat to Atari's dominance. A series of TV advertisements featuring George Plimpton demonstrated the superiority of Intellivision's graphics and sound to those of the Atari 2600 using side-by-side game comparisons. Nevertheless, Atari held exclusive rights to most of the popular arcade game conversions of the day, and used this key segment to support their older hardware in the market. This game advantage and the difference in price between the machines meant that each year, Atari sold more units than Intellivision, lengthening its lead despite inferior graphics. This need for price parity has influenced every console war since.

1982 saw the introduction of four new consoles: the Emerson Arcadia 2001, the Vectrex, ColecoVision, and the Atari 5200. The Vectrex was unique among home systems of the time in featuring vector graphics and its own self-contained display. The Arcadia and ColecoVision were even more powerful machines.

The popularity of early consoles was strongly influenced by the ports of arcade games. The Atari 2600 was the first, with Space Invaders, and Colecovision bundled in Nintendo's Donkey Kong.

Early cartridges were 2 KB ROMs for the Atari 2600 and 4 KB for Intellivision. This upper limit grew steadily from 1978 to 1983: up to 16 KB for Atari 5200 and Intellivision, 32 KB for ColecoVision. Bank switching, a technique that allowed two different parts of the program to use the same memory addresses, was required for the larger cartridges to work. Atari 2600 carts got as large as 32k (Final Run) through bank switching. In contrast, some Arcadia family members (e.g. Palladium VCG) supported up to 31 KB without any need for bank switching. In the game consoles, high RAM prices, especially during the early period of the second generation, limited the RAM (memory) capacity of the systems to a tiny amount, often less than 1 KB. Although the cartridge ROM size limit grew steadily, the RAM limit was part of the console itself, and all games had to work within its constraints. In the case of the especially constrained Atari 2600, which had only 128 Bytes of RAM available in the console, a few late game cartridges contained a special combined RAM/ROM chip, thus adding another 256 bytes of RAM inside the cartridge itself.

By 1982, a glut of consoles, over-hyped game releases, and low-quality games from new third-party developers less well-prepared than Activision began to appear, overflowing the shelf capacity of toy stores. Partly due to this surplus, the video game industry crashed, beginning in December 1983 and stretching through all of 1984. Almost no new games were released in 1984.

Sales

See also: List of best-selling game consoles

As of 2004, the Atari 2600 has sold 30 million units. As of 1990, the Intellivision had sold 3 million units. As of April 1984, the ColecoVision had sold 2 million units. As of 1977, the Fairchild Channel F had sold 250,000 units.

Home systems

Comparison

Name	Fairchild Channel F	Atari 2600	Magnavox Odyssey²	Intellivision	Atari 5200
Manufacturer	Fairchild Semiconductor	Atari	Magnavox	Mattel	Atari
Console
Launch prices	US$169.95	US$200	US$200 ¥49,800	US$299	US$270
Release date	US: August 1976	US: September 11, 1977 EU: 1978 JP: October 1983	US: 1978 EU: December 1982 JP: 1982 BRZ: 1983	US: Test marketed in 1979. Official release in 1980 EU: 1982 JP: 1982	US: November 1982
Media	Cartridge	Cartridge and Cassette (Cassette available via special 3rd party attachment)	Cartridge	Cartridge	Cartridge
Top-selling games	N/A	Pac-Man, 7 million (as of September 1, 2006)	N/A	Astrosmash (1 million)	N/A
Backward compatibility	N/A	N/A	None	Atari 2600 games through the System Changer module	Atari 2600 games through the 2600 cartridge adapter
Accessories (retail)	N/A	Driving controller Keypad Game Brain Starpath Supercharger GameLine	The Voice Chess Module	Keyboard component (cancelled) Entertainment Computer System Intellivoice	Trak-Ball Controller Atari 2600 adaptor
CPU	Fairchild F8 1.79 MHz (PAL 2.00 MHz)	MOS Technology 6507 1.19 MHz	Intel 8048 8-bit microcontroller 1.79 MHz	General Instrument CP1610 894.886 kHz	Custom MOS 6502C 1.79 MHz (not a 65c02)
Memory	64 bytes, 2 kB VRAM (2×128×64 bits)	(within a MOS Technology RIOT chip): 128 bytes (additional RAM may be included in the game cartridges)	CPU-internal RAM: 64 bytes Audio/video RAM: 128 bytes	1456 bytes main RAM	16 kB main RAM
Video	102 × 58 pixels visible 8 colors, maximum of 4 per scanline	160 x 192 resolution 2 sprites, 2 missiles and 1 ball per scanline. Sprites can be use multiple times through the HMOVE command. 2 backgrounds colors and 2 sprite colors per scanline 128 colors (NTSC) 104 colors (PAL)	160×200 resolution (NTSC) 16-color fixed palette; sprites use 8 colors 4 8×8 single-color user-defined sprites 12 8×8 single-color characters; 64 shapes built into ROM BIOS; 4 quad characters; 9×8 background grid; dots, lines, or blocks	159x96 pixels (159x192 display on a TV screen, scanlines being doubled) 16 color palette, all of which can be on the screen at once 8 sprites.	320×192 resolution, 16 (out of 256) on-screen colors per scan line with 256 colors capable of being displayed at once.
Audio	Mono audio with: 500 Hz, 1 kHz, and 1.5 kHz tones (can be modulated quickly to produce different tones)	Mono audio with: two channel sound 5-bit frequency divider and 4-bit audio control register 4-bit volume control register per channel	Mono audio with: 24-bit shift register, clockable at 2 frequencies noise generator	Mono audio with: three channel sound one noise generator	Mono audio with: 4-channel sound

Name	Vectrex	Emerson Arcadia 2001	ColecoVision	Bally Astrocade
Manufacturer	General Consumer Electric and Milton Bradley	Emerson Radio Corporation	Coleco	Bally Technologies
Console
Launch prices	US$199	N/A	US$199	N/A
Release date	US: November 1982 EU: May 1983 JP: June 1983	US: 1982	US: August 1982 EU: May 1982	US: 1977
Media	Cartridge	Cartridge	Cartridge and Cassette, available with Expansion #3	Cartridge and cassette/Floppy, available with ZGRASS unit
Top-selling games	N/A	N/A	Donkey Kong (pack-in)	N/A
Backward compatibility	N/A	N/A	Compatible with Atari 2600 Via Expansion #1	N/A
Accessories (retail)	3-D Imager Light Pen	N/A	Expansion #1 Expansion #2 Expansion #3 Roller Controller Super Action Controller Set	ZGRASS unit
CPU	Motorola 68A09 1.5 MHz	Signetics 2650 CPU 3.58 MHz	Zilog Z80A 3.58 MHz	Zilog Z80 1.789 MHz
Memory	1 kB main RAM	512 bytes	1 kB main RAM 16 kB VRAM	4k (up to 64k with external modules in the expansion port)
Video	Built in vector CRT	128x208 / 128x104 8 Colours	256x192 resolution 32 sprites, maximum of 4 sprites per scanline 16 colors	Resolution: True 160x102 / Basic 160x88 / Expanded RAM 320x204 Colors: True 8* / Basic 2
Audio	Mono (built in speaker)	Mono audio with: Single Channel "Beeper" Single Channel "Noise"	Mono audio with: 3 tone generators 1 noise generator	Mono audio with: 3 voices noise/vibrato effect

Handheld systems

The first handheld game console with interchangeable cartridges was the Microvision designed by Smith Engineering, and distributed and sold by Milton-Bradley in 1979. Crippled by a small, fragile LCD display and a very narrow selection of games, it was discontinued two years later.

The Epoch Game Pocket Computer was released in Japan in 1984. The Game Pocket Computer featured an LCD screen with 75 X 64 resolution, and could produce graphics at about the same level as early Atari 2600 games. The system sold poorly, and as a result only 5 games were made for it.

Nintendo's Game & Watch series of dedicated game systems proved more successful. It helped to establish handheld gaming as popular and lasted until 1991. Many Game & Watch games would later be re-released on Nintendo's subsequent handheld systems.

List of handheld systems

• 
  Milton Bradley Microvision (Released in 1979)
• 
  Nintendo Game & Watch (Released in 1980)
• 
  Epoch Game Pocket Computer (Released in 1984);

Software

Milestone titles

See also: List of console game franchises

Asteroids Breakout Defender Donkey Kong Frogger Galaga Galaxian Mappy

Mario Bros. Mr. Do! Pac-Man Pitfall! Q*bert Space Invaders Spy Hunter Tempest

See also

• Home computer
• History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
• Retrogaming

External links

• The Dot Eaters: Pixel Boxes

Coal Wars

Coal Wars

Tennessee miners attacking Fort Anderson during the Coal Creek War in 1892.
Date	c.1890 - 1930
Location	United States
Also known as	Coal Mine Wars

The Coal Wars, or the Coal Mine Wars, refer to a series of armed labor conflicts in the United States, roughly between 1890 and 1930. Although they occurred mainly in the East, particularly in Appalachia, there was a significant amount of violence in Colorado after the turn of the century.

See also

• Sheep Wars
• Railroad Wars

The Nicest Place on the Internet

The Nicest Place on the Internet is a _______ website.

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