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Svoboda (political party)

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Svoboda
LeaderOleh Tyahnybok
Parliamentary leaderOleh Tyahnybok
FoundedOctober 13, 1991
Registered as political party on October 16, 1995.[1]
Preceded bySocial-National Party
HeadquartersKiev
Membership (2010)15,000[2]
Ideology
Political positionFar-right[5][6][7][8]
European affiliationAlliance of European National Movements (observer status)[9]
International affiliationnone
ColorsBlue and Yellow
Slogan"20 Years of Fight"
Verkhovna Rada
36 / 450
Website
http://www.svoboda.org.ua

The All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" (Template:Lang-uk, Vseukrayinske obyednannia "Svoboda"), translated as Freedom, is a Ukrainian nationalist political party,[2] and currently one of the five major parties of the country.[10]

Founded in 1991 as the Social-National Party of Ukraine (Template:Lang-uk), the party has acted as a proponent of nationalism and anti-communism in Ukrainian politics. It is positioned on the right of the Ukrainian political spectrum,[11][12] and has been described by some scholars as far-right.[5][13][14][15] The current party leader (elected every two years[16]) is Oleh Tyahnybok, who has held the role since February 2004.[2]

During the 2009 and 2010 local elections in Galicia, the party made significant gains and became a major force in local government.[17][18] In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, Svoboda won its first seats in the Ukrainian Parliament,[19] garnering 10.44% of the popular vote and the 4th most seats among national political parties;[20] this transposed into 37 parliamentary seats.[21] In October 2012, Svoboda joined a formal coalition with the centre-right Batkivshchyna and UDAR parties to form the parliament's collective opposition.

History

Social-National Party of Ukraine

First party logo (1991–2003),[2] with the letters I and N standing for "Idea of the Nation", graphically based on the Wolfsangel rune.[2]

The Social-National Party of Ukraine (SNPU) was registered as a party on October 16, 1995;[1][22] although the original movement was founded on October 13, 1991, in Lviv. Membership was restricted to ethnic Ukrainians, and for a period the party did not accept atheists or former members of the Communist Party. The SNPU's official program defined itself as an "irreconcilable enemy of Communist ideology" and all other parties to be either collaborators and enemies of the Ukrainian revolution, or romanticists. During the 1994 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, the party presented itself as separate from both communist and social democrat platforms.[23][third-party source needed]

In the 1998 parliamentary elections the party joined a bloc of parties (together with the All-Ukrainian Political Movement "State Independence of Ukraine")[24] called "Less Words" (Template:Lang-uk), which collected 0.16% of the national vote.[22][25][26] Party member Oleh Tyahnybok[27] was voted into the Ukrainian Parliament in this election.[27] He became a member of the People's Movement of Ukraine faction.[27]

The party established the paramilitary organization Ukraine’s Patriot in 1999 as an "Association of Support" for the Military of Ukraine.[2] The same year, Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism of Tel-Aviv University wrote in its 1999 annual report: "The Ukrainian Social National Party is an extremist, right-wing, nationalist organization which emphasizes its identification with the ideology of German National Socialism".[28] In 2001, the party joined some of the "Ukraine without Kuchma" campaigns and was active in forming the association of Ukraine's rightist parties and in supporting Viktor Yushchenko's candidacy for prime minister, however, it did not participate in the 2002 parliamentary elections.[22] However, as a member of Victor Yushchenko’s Our Ukraine bloc, Tyahnybok was reelected to the Ukrainian parliament.[27] The SNPU won two seats in the Lviv oblast council of deputies and representation in the city and district councils in the Lviv and Volyn oblasts.[23][third-party source needed]

In 2004 the party had less than 1,000 members.[5]

All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda"

The Social-National Party of Ukraine changed its name to the All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" in February 2004 with the arrival of Oleh Tyahnybok as party leader.[2] It moved to improve its image, replacing the "I + N" ("Idea Natsii" ukr. "idea of a nation") Wolfsangel logo by a three-fingered hand reminiscent of a 'Tryzub' pro-independence gesture of the late 1980s, also pushing out neo-Nazi and racist elements.[2] One such neo-fascist group, Ukraine’s Patriot,[29] now operating independently of Svoboda, continue to use a form of the Wolfsangel revised to no longer be interpreted as "I + N."[2] The groups parted ways in 2007.[30][third-party source needed]

In 2004 Tyahnybok was expelled from the Our Ukraine parliamentary faction for a speech calling for Ukrainians to fight against a "Muscovite-Jewish mafia" - using two highly insulting words to describe Russians and Jews.[27][29][31]

In the 2006 local elections the party had obtained 4.2% of the votes and 4 seats in the Ternopil Oblast Council, 5.62% of the votes and 10 seats in the Lviv Oblast Council and 6.69% of the votes and 9 seats in the Lviv city council.[5]

In the 2007 parliamentary elections, the party received 0.76% of the votes cast,[22] more than double their share during the 2006 parliamentary elections, when they received 0.36%.[22] It was ranked eighth out of 20 parties (in the 2007 elections) and the non-participation of the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists made the party the only far-right party to participate in the 2007 parliamentary elections.[5]

In the autumn of 2009, Svoboda joined the Alliance of European National Movements as the only organisation from outside the European Union.[2] That year the party claimed to have 15,000 members.[5]

A Svoboda meeting in Kiev in 2009.

Electoral breakthrough

The party's electoral breakthrough was the 2009 Ternopil Oblast local election when they obtained 34.69% of the votes and 50 seats out of 120 in the Ternopil Oblast Council.[5] This was the best result for a far-right party in Ukraine’s history.[5]

The party leader Tyahnybok's candidacy in the 2010 presidential election did not build on the 2009 Ternopil succes.[5] Tyahnybok received 1.43% of the vote.[32] Most of his votes he gained in Lviv oblast, Ternopil oblast and Ivano-Frankivsk oblast accounted to 5% of the vote.[33] In the second round, Tyahnybok did not endorse a candidate. He did present a list of some 20 demands for second round candidate Yulia Tymoshenko had to fulfil first before gaining his endorsement - which included publicizing alleged secret deals Tymoshenko had with Vladimir Putin and ridding herself of what he called Ukraine-haters in her close circles.[34]

During the 2010 Ukrainian local elections the party won between 20-30% of the votes in Eastern Galicia, where it became one of the main forces in local government.[17] The 2009 provincial elections in Ternopil had previously been the greatest success of the Svoboda party, when it won 34.4 per cent of votes cast.[18] During the 2010 Ukrainian local elections, Svoboda surpassed this figure, accounting for 5.2% of the vote nationwide.[35] Analysts explained Svoboda’s victory in Galicia during the 2010 elections as a result of the policies of the Azarov Government, who were seen as too pro-Russian by the electorate.[35][36][37] According to Andreas Umland, Senior Lecturer in Political Science at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy,[38] Svoboda's increasing exposure in the Ukrainian media has contributed to its recent successes.[37]

Between 2004 and 2010, party membership increased threefold to 15,000 members[2] (traditionally party membership is low in Ukraine[39][40][41]).

As of 2011, Svoboda has factions in eight of Ukraine's 25 regional councils, and in three of those Svoboda is the biggest faction.[42] Umland and novelist Andrey Kurkov have accused the Party of Regions of giving "unofficial support" to Svoboda to make their main opponent, BYuT, weaker.[37][43] Reportedly, the members and supporters of Svoboda are predominantly young people.[2]

Several clergymen of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church are Svoboda members and have stood for election as Svoboda chosen candidates.[44] According to the party, they were chosen on election lists "to counterbalance opponents who include “Moscow priests” in their election lists and have aspirations to build the “Russian World” in Ukraine".[44] Per the party's desire to separate the clergy from politics, all churchmen will be recalled if a draft Constitution of Ukraine proposed by the party is approved.[44]

2012 elections

Svoboda's results in the 2012 elections.

In July 2012 the party agreed with Batkivshchyna on the distribution of the candidates in single-seat constituencies (its share was 35 constituencies[45]) in the October 2012 parliamentary elections.[46] In the run up to these elections various opinion polls predicted the national vote (in a parliamentary election) of the party to sixfolded or sevenfolded which would make it possible that the party would pass the 5% election threshold.[47][48] But the parties results in the elections where much better than that with 10,44%[nb 1] (almost a fourteenfold of its votes compared with the 2007 parliamentary elections[22][29]) of the national votes and 38 out of 450 seats in the Ukrainian Parliament.[49][50] The lion's share of these votes votes were won in Western Ukraine (30-40% in three Oblasts), while in Eastern Ukraine it won 1% of the votes.[29] At the at 116 foreign polling stations Svoboda won most votes of all parties with 23,63% of all votes.[51] In Lviv the party reportedly won over 50% of the votes.[52] In Kiev it became the second most popular party, after Fatherland.[53] Voting analysis showed it was the party most popular among voters with a higher education (about 48% of its voters had a higher education).[53] Oleh Tyahnybok was elected leader of the party's parliamentary faction (also) on 12 December 2012.[54] On 19 October 2012 the party and Batkivshchyna signed an agreement "on the creation of a coalition of democratic forces in the new parliament".[55] The party is also coordinating its parliamentary activities with Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform (UDAR).[56]

In recent years, the BBC writes that "Svoboda" has "tapped a vast reservoir of protest votes" because of its anti-corruption stance and because it has softened its own image.[29][53] According to Sociological group "RATING" the percentage of the party's electorate who only use the Ukrainian language decreased from 75% to 68% between September 2012 and March 2013.[57]

Early in March 2013, Jewish media tycoon Vadym Rabynovich openly suspected "Svoboda" members of having a hand in what appeared to be an attempt to murder him a few days earlier; that accusation was labeled "nonsense" by party leader Tyahnybok.[58]

In May 2013 "Svoboda", "Fatherland" and UDAR vowed to coordinate their actions during the 2015 Ukrainian presidential election.[59]

Ideology

Svoboda's ideological base emanates from Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists leader Yaroslav Stetsko's "Two Revolutions" doctrine (written in 1951).[60] The essence of this doctrine states: "the revolution will not end with the establishment of the Ukrainian state, but will go on to establish equal opportunities for all people to create and share material and spiritual values and in this respect the national revolution is also a social one".[60] A crucial condition for joining Svoboda is that its members must belong to the Ukrainian nation.[23]

Nationalism

Svoboda is a party of Ukrainian nationalism and in favor of a purely presidential regime.[37][61] This led to comparisons between Svoboda and the pro-Russian Party of Regions; however, the party often voices opposition to perceived Russian influences in Ukraine.[37]

According to party leader Oleh Tyahnybok, Svoboda is not an ‘extremist’ party; he said that "depicting nationalism as extremism is a cliché rooted in Soviet and modern globalist propaganda".[42] He also stated that "countries like" Japan and Israel are fully nationalistic states, "but nobody accuses the Japanese of being extremists".[42] According to Tyahnybok, the party's view of nationalism "shouldn’t be mixed with chauvinism or fascism, which means superiority of one nation over another," and that its platform is called “Our Own Authorities, Our Own Property, Our Own Dignity, on Our Own God-Given Land.”[62]

The party's agenda is set out in an article entitled "Nationalism and pseudonationalism" published on the official website of the party. Svoboda member Andriy Illienko calls for a "social and national revolution in Ukraine," a "major shift in [the] political, economic, [and] ethical system", and the "dismantling [of] the liberal regime of antinational occupation". Illienko explains that "only the revolution can now prevent Ukraine from the brink, and make it the first modern nationalist state that will ensure continuous development of the Ukrainian nation, and show other nations the path to genuine sovereignty and prosperity."[63][third-party source needed]. Illienko continues that cultural details are not important for a nationalist who "must wake up with the idea that he is a metal political soldier of Nation." ("Націоналіст... забов'язаний просинатися з думкою, що він – залізний політичний солдат Нації..."). This document sets up the enemy of Svoboda, a pseudonationalist, a person who wants "all-ukrainian values" ("українськість","щоб все було українське") and adheres to "conventional liberalism [of] 'civilized' Western democracy and capitalism." Another attribute of a pseudonationalist is the belief in "Free market", "democracy", "fighting authoritarianism" [the quotes are from the original document].

The party views the dominating role of Ukraine's oligarchy as "devastating".[64][third-party source needed] While oligarchs have typically played a major role in the funding of other Ukrainian parties,[65][66] In 2004 Tyahnybok referred to "the Moscow-Jewish mafia which today runs Ukraine".[31][67] Svoboda claims to receive no financial support from oligarchs, but rather from Ukraine's small and medium-sized businesses.[68][third-party source needed]

The party seeks to put a stop to immigration into Ukraine, and to make sure that only ethnic Ukrainians can be employed as civil servants.[67]

A book published by Yuriy Mykhalchyshyn, Svoboda's ideologue, in 2010 contained German sources in content and bibliography, including writings by Ernst Röhm and Gregor Strasser, as well as Joseph Goebbels.[69] Elsewhere Mykhalchyshyn referred to the Holocaust as a "period of Light in history".[70] Mykhalchyshyn, who is a Svoboda member of parliament, "often quotes former German Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, as well as other Third Reich luminaries like Ernst Röhm and Gregor Strasser".[29][67]

Anti-Communism

Svoboda is known for its anti-Communist stance, and several party activists over the years have been accused of trying to destroy Communist-era statues.[61][71][72][73][74]

On February 16, 2013, police in Ukraine opened a criminal case on charges of hooliganism against nationalist activists lead by Svoboda Supreme Rada deputy Ihor Miroshnychenko for the dismantling of a statue of Vladimir Lenin in Okhtyrka, Sumy Oblast. “There is no place for Communist symbols and ideology in European Ukraine and if the authorities cannot get rid of them, we will do it ourselves,” said Miroshnychenko. According to police, Miroshnychenko climbed the statue and put a rope around Lenin’s figure, which was then pulled down by a truck.[75]

Stances

Party leader Oleh Tyahnybok (in January 2011) has described the Azarov Government and the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych "a Kremlin colonial administration",[42] referencing Svoboda's opposition to perceived Russian influences in Ukrainian politics.

In the official election programme that Svoboda filed with the Central Election Commission of Ukraine before the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election most of there radical points vanished from the official election program.[53] In its campaign for the 2008 Kiev local elections the party also used less ethnic nationalist terms and it relied more on a strong anti-establishment, populist and anti-corruption rhetoric.[5]

Points in the Svoboda party programme (have) include(d):

Svoboda also states in its programme that it is both possible and necessary to make Ukraine the “geopolitical centre of Europe”.[37] The European Union is not mentioned in the programme.[2] According to Party leader Oleh Tyahnybok the programme is a worldview based on Christian values of the rejection of various deviations.[79]

Member of parliament Ihor Miroshnychenko asked the head of the Kiev City State Administration Oleksandr Popov on 7 March 2013 to ban a LGBT march that was held the next day because he believed it would "contribute to promoting sexual orientation" and he further stated in his request "homosexuality provokes sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS".[81] The 8 March rally was in fact not an LGBT march but organized by feminist organizations.[82]

Tyahnybok stated in March 2013 that "spin doctors who are working against Svoboda" cover up the non-controversial point in the parties election programme "by promoting some clearly secondary issues through mass media outlets controlled by pro-government forces".[79]

Language

Late January 2013 Svoboda urged Ukrainians to boycott revised Ukrainian history textbooks and give up the learning of the Russian language in school, calling Ukrainians "to categorically refuse to study in school the language of the occupier – Russian, as a further reliable means of the assimilation of Ukrainians."[83]

Criticism towards Svoboda

Nazism

Ukrainian media associated with the Party of Regions, the Communist Party of Ukraine, and Russophile groups have tried to link the party to Nazism.[2] On March 19, 2013, Party of Regions parliamentary leader Oleksandr Yefremov accused deputies from Svoboda of being neo-fascists after they booed a speech he made in Russian, which provoked a physical altercation to erupt between the two sides.[84][85]

Many international sources have accused Svoboda of harbouring strong Nazi elements in its politics. The Global Post ran a headline Ukraine's nationalist party embraces Nazi ideology in April 2012,[86] while CIS media site www.nbsnews.com.ua ran an article accusing Tyahnybok while The Jerusalem Post ran a story in October 2012 accusing Svoboda of open Nazi sympathies.[52] In May 2013 the World Jewish Congress listed the party as neo-Nazi.[87]

Xenophobia

The party has also been accused of promoting racial rights, which are rooted in territorial integrity of a race and the corresponding self-governance. Tyahnybok says a criminal case was opened against him for promoting racial rights, but he managed to win all the court cases and protect his name.[62]

In December 2012 the European Parliament expressed concern "about the rising nationalistic sentiment in Ukraine, expressed in support for the Svoboda Party". "It recalls that racist, anti-Semitic and xenophobic views go against the EU's fundamental values and principles and therefore appeals to pro-democratic parties in the Verkhovna Rada not to associate with, endorse or form coalitions with this party."[88] Party leader Oleh Tyahnybok claimed in March 2013 this resolution was "inspired by Moscow agents working through a Bulgarian socialist MP".[79]

In the "2012 Top Ten Anti-Semitic/Anti-Israel Slurs", as published in December 2012 by the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Svoboda was ranked at number 5.[89]

Andreas Umland, a Senior Lecturer in political science at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy,[38] has asserted that "Svoboda is a racist party promoting explicitly ethnocentric and anti-Semitic ideas".[90] He also believes that internally, Svoboda "is much more radical and xenophobic than what we see”.[49] However, Umland has also stated that he believes the party will continue to become more moderate over time, stating that "there's a belief that Svoboda will change, once in the Verkhovna Rada, and that they may become proper national democrats."[29] According to Tadeusz Olszański of the Centre for Eastern Studies, the party's unofficial programme,[clarification needed] "implicit in statements and actions by members of Svoboda," is racist.[2] He also claims "it is practically impossible to hold rational debates with Svoboda's programme".[2]

Svoboda members have denied the party is anti-Semitic.[91][92][93] Party leader Tyahnybok stated in November 2012 “Svoboda is not an anti-Semitic party, Svoboda is not a xenophobic party. Svoboda is not an anti-Russian party. Svoboda is not an anti-European party. Svoboda is simply and only a pro-Ukrainian party”.[49] In the official election programme that Svoboda filed with the Central Election Commission of Ukraine before the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election most of there radical points vanished from the official election programme.[53]

In early 2012, the party was criticised for saying that pop star Gaitana was a bad choice to represent Ukraine at the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 because of her ethnicity.[94]

Ihor Miroshnychenko, Svoboda deputy leader and member of parliament drew criticism from Jewish organisations in December 2012 for writing on his Facebook wall that American actress Mila Kunis, who was born in the Ukrainian SSR and is of Jewish descent, is ”not Ukrainian but a zhydivka [Yid],"[95] which they contended was a slur.[29][67][96] Both Ukrainian academics and Svoboda argued that in the Ukrainian language the word does not have the anti-semitic connotations that it always does in the Russian language;[95][97][nb 3] the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice declared that Miroshnichenko's use of the word was legal because it is an archaic term for Jew, and not necessarily a slur.[95][96] Svoboda has repeatedly stated that it will not stop using such words, which it says are legitimate Ukrainian parlance.[95]

President of the Jewish Committee of Ukraine Oleksandr Feldman[99] criticized Svoboda as a "party which is notorious for regularly injecting anti-Semitism into their speeches and public pronouncements" and accused the party of "rallying behind this recognition and exploited mistrust of Jews to gain popularity among some in the lower class who painfully welcomed the chance to be a part of campaigns of hate."[100]

Other

Former members of Svoboda have criticized the organization for requiring prospective members to submit their birth certificates and internal passports in order to verify their ethnicity.[101]

In 2011 the party was accused by some Ukrainian media and political analysts of being used by Party of regions to limit the electorate of its main national opponents Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko and other civic nationalist parties;[2] this has been denied by the party.[102] The BBC published an article in December 2012 informing of the right-wing aspects in Svoboda policy.[29]

Electoral results

Parliamentary since 2002
Year Block Votes % Mandates (const.)
1998
Less Words
Steady 45,155
0.20
0 (1)
2002
Did not participate
2006
Svoboda
Increase 91,321
0.36
0 (0)
2007
Svoboda
Increase 178,660
0.76
0 (0)
2012
Svoboda
Increase 2,129,246
10.45
25 (12)
Date Party leader Remarks
1995–2004 Yaroslav Andrushkiv
2004-present Oleh Tyahnybok


Representation in regional councils

Oblast
council 		Flag Total council
members 		Svoboda % Svoboda individual seats won Svoboda total seats won
Ternopil oblast council
120
34,69%
—
50
Lviv oblast council
116
25,98%
16
41
Ivano-Frankivsk oblast council
114
16,60%
5
17
Volyn oblast council
80
7,44%
1
6
Rivne oblast council
80
6,34%
1
5
Chernivtsi oblast council
104
3,90%
4
Kyiv oblast council
148
3,48%
0
5
Khmelnytskyi oblast council
104
4,06%
0
5

Change in party voting

  • 2006 parliamentary
    2006 parliamentary
  • 2007 parliamentary
    2007 parliamentary
  • 2010 (January — presidential) for Tyahnybok
    2010 (January — presidential) for Tyahnybok
  • 2010 (October, local election)
    2010 (October, local election)
  • 2012 parliamentary
    2012 parliamentary

See also

Notes

  1. ^ An electoral result similar to results of far-right parties in countries neighboring Ukraine in previously held elections since 1990.[5]
  2. ^ In June 2013 Ukraine’s First Deputy Foreign Minister Ruslan Demchenko stated an unilateral denunciation of the 2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty was not possible from a legal point of view.[76]
  3. ^ Before the 1930s the traditional Ukrainian word for Jew zhyd had no negative connotations; because it resembled the Russian derogative slur for Jews zhid the Ukrainian word zhyd was banned illegal to use by the Soviet authorities in the 1930's.[98]

References

  1. ^ a b Oblast Council demands Svoboda Party be banned in Ukraine, Kyiv Post (May 12, 2011)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Svoboda party – the new phenomenon on the Ukrainian right-wing scene by Tadeusz Olszański, Centre for Eastern Studies (July 5, 2011)
  3. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram, "Ukraine", Parties and Elections in Europe, retrieved 5 November 2012
  4. ^ Ivaldi, Gilles (2011), < "The Populist Radical Right in European Elections 1979-2009", The Extreme Right in Europe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 20
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Shekhovtsov, Anton (2011)."The Creeping Resurgence of the Ukrainian Radical Right? The Case of the Freedom Party". Europe-Asia Studies Volume 63, Issue 2. pp. 203-228. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.547696 (source also available here)
  6. ^ Kuzio, Taras (2010), "Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context" (PDF), Problems of Post-Communism, 57 (6), M.E. Sharpe: 6, 15, retrieved 16 October 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Rudling, Per Anders (2012), "Anti-Semitism and the Extreme Right in Contemporary Ukraine", Mapping the Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe: From Local to Transnational, Routledge, p. 200
  8. ^ Bojcun, Marko (2012), "The Socioeconomic and Political Outcomes of Global Financial Crisis in Ukraine", Socioeconomic Outcomes of the Global Financial Crisis: Theoretical Discussion and Empirical Case Studies, Routledge, p. 151
  9. ^ Template:Uk icon "Свобода" і європейські націоналісти: конфлікти є, війни нема "Svoboda" and European nationalists: conflicts are not the war, BBC Ukrainian (24 January 2013)
  10. ^ After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012)
  11. ^ Olszański, Tadeusz A. (4). "Svoboda Party – The New Phenomenon on the Ukrainian Right-Wing Scene". Centre for Eastern Studies. OSW Commentary (56): 6. Retrieved 27 September 2013. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ^ http://voiceofrussia.com/2012_11_13/Ukraine-publishes-final-polls-results/
  13. ^ Kuzio, Taras (2010), "Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context" (PDF), Problems of Post-Communism, 57 (6), M.E. Sharpe: 6, 15, retrieved 16 October 2012 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Rudling, Per Anders (2012), "Anti-Semitism and the Extreme Right in Contemporary Ukraine", Mapping the Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe: From Local to Transnational, Routledge, p. 200
  15. ^ Bojcun, Marko (2012), "The Socioeconomic and Political Outcomes of Global Financial Crisis in Ukraine", Socioeconomic Outcomes of the Global Financial Crisis: Theoretical Discussion and Empirical Case Studies, Routledge, p. 151
  16. ^ Tiahnybok reelected Svoboda party head, Kyiv Post (8 December 2012)
  17. ^ a b Local government elections in Ukraine: last stage in the Party of Regions’ takeover of power, Centre for Eastern Studies (October 4, 2010)
  18. ^ a b Template:Uk iconГенеральна репетиція президентських виборів: на Тернопільщині стався прогнозований тріумф націоналістів і крах Тимошенко, Ukrayina Moloda (March 17, 2009)
  19. ^ Ukraine election:President Yanukovych party claims win, BBC News (29 October 2012).
  20. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/results-of-the-vote-count-continuously-updated-315153.html
  21. ^ Party of Regions gets 185 seats in Ukrainian parliament, Batkivschyna 101 - CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (12 November 2012)
  22. ^ a b c d e f Template:Uk iconВсеукраїнське об'єднання «Свобода», Database ASD
  23. ^ a b c "About party". Svoboda. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  24. ^ Elections of folk deputies of Ukraine on March 29, 1998 the Election programmes of political parties and electoral blocs, Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (1998)
  25. ^ Central Election Commission of Ukraine
  26. ^ Candidates list for Less words, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
  27. ^ a b c d e Template:Uk icon Олег Тягнибок, Ukrinform
  28. ^ Annual Report - Ukraine, Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism, Tel-Aviv University, 1999
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists, BBC News (26 December 2012)
  30. ^ Заява Організації „Патріот України” про розрив стосунків з ВО „Свобода”, Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian National Self Defence (December 17, 2007)
  31. ^ a b Yushchenko Finally Gets Tough On Nationalists, The Jamestown Foundation (August 3, 2004)
  32. ^ Template:Uk icon ЦВК оприлюднила офіційні результати 1-го туру виборів, Gazeta.ua (January 25, 2010)
  33. ^ Template:Uk icon Election results and map by region, Ukrainska Pravda (4 February 2010)
  34. ^ Tymoshenko’s Looming Defeat: How Did She Make It Inevitable?, Serhiy Kudelia (January 29, 2010)
  35. ^ a b Nationalist Svoboda scores election victories in western Ukraine, Kyiv Post (November 11, 2010)
  36. ^ Template:Uk iconПідсилення "Свободи" загрозою несвободи, BBC Ukrainian (November 4, 2010)
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle?, openDemocracy.net (January 3, 2011)
  38. ^ a b On the move: Andreas Umland, Kyiv – Mohyla Academy, Kyiv Post(September 30, 2010)
  39. ^ Research, European Union Democracy Observatory
  40. ^ Ukraine: Comprehensive Partnership for a Real Democracy, Center for International Private Enterprise, 2010
  41. ^ Ukrainians unhappy with domestic economic situation, their own lives, Kyiv Post (September 12, 2011)
  42. ^ a b c d Ukrainian nationalist leader thriving in hard times, Business Ukraine (January 20, 2011)
  43. ^ Ukraine viewpoint: Novelist Andrey Kurkov, BBC News (January 13, 2011)
  44. ^ a b c d Tiahnybok: Priests on Lists of Svoboda Party Are to Counterbalance 'Moscow Priests' on Lists of Opponents, Religious Information Service of Ukraine (19 October 2010)
  45. ^ Template:Uk icon Candidates, RBC Ukraine
  46. ^ Governing Party Claims Victory in Ukraine Elections, The New York Times (28 october 2012)
    Batkivschyna United Opposition, Svoboda agree on single-seat constituencies among their candidates, Kyiv Post (26 july 2012)
  47. ^ Parliament passes law on parliamentary elections, Kyiv Post (17 November 2011)
  48. ^ If parliamentary elections were held next Sunday how would you vote? (recurrent, 2008-2010), Razumkov Centre
    Template:Uk iconДинаміка виборчих орієнтацій громадян України, Razumkov Centre (February 10, 2011)
    Electoral moods of the Ukrainian population: September 2011, Sociological group "RATING" (September 30, 2011)
    Ratings of parties, Sociological group "RATING"
    Electoral moods of the Ukrainian population: February 2012, Sociological group "RATING" (March 5, 2012)
  49. ^ a b c Ukraine’s Ultranationalists Show Surprising Strength at Polls, Nytimes.com (8 November 2012)
  50. ^ Template:Uk iconProportional votes, Central Electoral Commission of Ukraine
  51. ^ After counting all ballots at 116 foreign polling stations "Svoboda" wins in parliamentary elections in Ukraine, National Radio Company of Ukraine (29 October 2012)
    No violations reported at Ukraine’s overseas polling stations, ITAR-TASS (28 October 2012)
  52. ^ a b http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Experts-weigh-in-on-rise-of-Ukrainian-Svoboda-party
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gorchinskaya, Katya. "Svoboda tames radicals to get into parliament". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  54. ^ Five factions, including Communist Party, registered in parliament, Kyiv Post (12 December 2012)
  55. ^ United opposition, Svoboda sign coalition agreement, Klitschko absent at ceremony, Kyiv Post (19 october 2012)
    Batkivschyna plans to cooperate with Svoboda in parliament, Kyiv Post (13 December 2012)
  56. ^ Batkivschyna, UDAR, Svoboda to create opposition council to coordinate activity in Rada, Kyiv Post (17 December 2012)
  57. ^ Template:Uk icon Підтримка КПУ та Партії регіонів знизилась - соціологи Support CPU and the Party of Regions fell - sociologists, Ukrayinska Pravda (6 March 2013)
  58. ^ No one injured in bomb explosion at Rabynovych's office in Kyiv, Kyiv Post (4 March 2013)
    Tiahnybok denies involvement in attack on Rabynovych, Kyiv Post (6 March 2013)
  59. ^ Batkivschyna, UDAR, Svoboda to coordinate their actions at presidential election, Interfax-Ukraine (16 May 2013)
  60. ^ a b The Extreme Right in Ukraine by Mridula Ghosh, Friedrich Ebert Foundation (October 2012)
  61. ^ a b Ukraine's Orange band loses its voice, BBC News ()
  62. ^ a b http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/extreme-choices-svoboda-plays-nationalist-card-314617.html
  63. ^ http://www.svoboda.org.ua/dopysy/dopysy/013214/
  64. ^ Template:Uk iconОлігархи, Parties official website
  65. ^ Central and East European Politics:From Communism to Democracy by Sharon Wolchik and Jane Curry, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007, ISBN 978-0-7425-4068-2 (page 347)
  66. ^ Ukraine on its Way to Europe by Juliane Besters-Dilger, Peter Lang, 2009, ISBN 3-631-58889-5 (page 113)
  67. ^ a b c d International Business Times, Svoboda: The Rising Spectre Of Neo-Nazism In The Ukraine, 27 December 2012.
  68. ^ Template:Uk iconОлег Тягнибок – єдиний кандидат у президенти України, який несе світоглядові бачення побудови української держави!, Parties official website (November 25, 2009)
  69. ^ http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2011/10/27/6708115/
  70. ^ http://eajc.org/page18/news33726.html
  71. ^ Monument to Lenin was opened with scandal, UNIAN (November 27, 2009)
  72. ^ Police detain two persons who threw bottle of paint at Lenin monument in Kyiv, Kyiv Post (November 27, 2009)
  73. ^ Template:Uk icon Події за темами: У Києві облили фарбою пам’ятник Леніну під час його відкриття після реставрації, UNIAN (November 27, 2009)
  74. ^ Svoboda activists questioned due to explosion of monument to Stalin, Kyiv Post (January 3, 2010)
  75. ^ http://en.ria.ru/world/20130216/179512172.html
  76. ^ Kyiv cannot denounce Kharkiv accords unilaterally, says Foreign Ministry, Interfax-Ukraine (19 June 2013)
  77. ^ Rada fails to support bill on denunciation of Kharkiv accords on Black Sea Fleet basing in Ukraine, Interfax-Ukraine (19 June 2013)
  78. ^ a b c Svoboda MPs propose legislatively banning abortions in Ukraine, Interfax-Ukraine (8 April 2013)
  79. ^ a b c d e f g h i Oleh Tyahnybok: “The three opposition parties should not be required to act completely in sync”, The Ukrainian Week (31 March 2013)
  80. ^ Alarm at rise in Ukraine ultra-nationalist popularity, BBC News (7 January 2012)
  81. ^ Template:Uk icon "Свободівець" попросив Попова заборонити марш сексуальних меншин "Svobodivets" Popov asked to ban the march of sexual minorities, Ukrayinska Pravda (7 March 2013)
  82. ^ Template:Uk icon У Києві марширували феміністки In Kyiv marched feminists, Ukrayinska Pravda (8 March 2013)
  83. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/svoboda-urges-ukrainians-to-boycott-new-history-textbook-and-not-to-learn-russian-319487.html
  84. ^ "MPs throw punches in Ukraine parliament brawl". BBC News. 19 March 2013.
  85. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine-abroad/russia-today-ukrainian-deputies-exchange-fascist-insults-start-brawl-video-photos-321932.html
  86. ^ http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/120329/ukraine-svoboda-nationalist-party-nazi-echoes-hitler-pt-2
  87. ^ World Jewish Congress calls Svoboda a neo-Nazi party, Ukrinform (14 May 2013)
  88. ^ 13/12/2012 Text adopted by Parliament, single reading, European Parliament (13 December 2012)
  89. ^ 2012 Top Ten Anti-Israel/Anti-Semitic Slurs:Mainstream Anti-Semitism Threatens World Peace, Simon Wiesenthal Center (27 December 2012)
  90. ^ The rise of the radical right in Ukraine by Andreas Umland, Kyiv Post (October 21, 2010)
  91. ^ Reuters (25 September 2011). Kyiv Post http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/113523/. Retrieved 25 September 2011. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  92. ^ Ukrainian party picks xenophobic candidate, Jewish Telegraphic Agency (May 25, 2009)
  93. ^ Tiahnybok denies anti-Semitism in Svoboda, Kyiv Post (27 December 2012)
  94. ^ http://cnsnews.com/news/article/ukrainian-party-accused-racism-pop-scandal
  95. ^ a b c d Winer, Stuart. Ukraine okays ‘zhyd’ slur for Jews, The Times of Israel, December 19, 2012.
  96. ^ a b Outrage as Ukrainian politician attacks Mila Kunis and labels her a 'dirty Jewess', London Daily Mail, December 20, 2012.
  97. ^ Glavcom.ua, Alexander Ponomarev [Олександр Пономарів], 28 November 2012, Reason to believe the word "жид" is not anti-Semitic (Підстав вважати слово "жид" антисемітським немає).
  98. ^ Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule by Karel C. Berkhoff, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008, ISBN 0674027183 (page 60)
  99. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/43-richest-oleksandr-feldman-50-93039.html
  100. ^ http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/svoboda-promoting-hatred-in-ukraine-320445.html
  101. ^ Український погляд [Ukrainian Opinion, "Свобода" зсередини [Inside "Svoboda"], 28 December 2009. The passports Svoboda require are internal Ukrainian passports - not international passports allowing travel abroad.
  102. ^ Template:Uk iconКого насправді "розкручує" влада? Факти проти міфів, Ukrayinska Pravda (June 14, 2011)
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