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2014 Gaza War

Coordinates: 30°40′N 34°50′E / 30.667°N 34.833°E / 30.667; 34.833
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2014 Israel–Gaza conflict
Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict

(left) Iron Dome shooting down a rocket from Gaza
(right) A bombed Palestinian home
Date8 July 2014 (2014-07-08) – present
(10 years, 4 months and 2 days)
Location
State of Palestine Gaza Strip
Israel Israel
30°40′N 34°50′E / 30.667°N 34.833°E / 30.667; 34.833
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Israel Israel

State of Palestine Gaza Strip

Commanders and leaders
Benjamin Netanyahu
Prime Minister
Moshe Ya'alon
Defense Minister
Benny Gantz
Chief of General Staff
Amir Eshel
Air Force Commander
Sami Turgeman
Southern Commander
Yoram Cohen
Chief of Shin Bet
Ghassan Alian (WIA)
Golani Brigade commander		 Khaled Mashal
Leader of Hamas
Ismail Haniyeh
Deputy chief of Hamas
Mohammed Deif
Head of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
Ramadan Shalah
Leader of PIJ
Units involved
Israel Defense Forces
Shin Bet		 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Abu Ali Mustapha Brigades
Al-Quds Brigades
Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades
Strength

Southern Command (Israel)

Up to 74,000 reservists[2][3]		 n/a
Casualties and losses

32 soldiers, 2 civilians and 1 Thai worker killed;[4] 150 soldiers[5] and 28 civilians wounded;[6] 1 soldier missing[5]

Hamas claim:52 soldier killed ,1 captured soldier[7]

Gaza Health Ministry: 771 killed and 4,750 wounded[8]

PCHR: 743 killed (605 civilians)[9]

UN OCHA: 697 killed (518 civilians, 108 militants, 71 unknown)[10]

ITIC: 674 killed (241 civilians, 204 militants, 229 unknown)[11]

IDF: 300 militants killed[12][13] and 178 captured[5][14]

An escalation of the Gaza-Israel conflict began on 8 July 2014, when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched Operation Protective Edge against militants in the Gaza Strip[15] following an increase in rocket attacks on Israel by Hamas' militants.[16]

Following the kidnapping and murders of three Israeli teenagers in mid-June 2014, the IDF initiated Operation Brother's Keeper in search of the three teenagers.[17] As part of the operation, in the following 11 days Israel's military killed five to ten[18] Palestinians[19][20] and arrested between 350 and 600 Palestinians,[18][21][22][23] including nearly all of Hamas' West Bank leaders.[24][25][26]

On the night of 6 July, an Israeli strike killed seven Hamas militants.[27] In response, Hamas' militants increased rocket attacks on Israel.[28] By 7 July, Hamas militants had fired 100 rockets from Gaza at Israeli territory and the Israeli Air Force had bombed several sites in Gaza.[29][30][31] Early on 8 July Israel's air force bombed 50 targets in the Gaza Strip.[32] Israel's military thwarted a militant infiltration from the sea.[33] That same day, Hamas declared that "all Israelis" had become "legitimate targets"[34][35] and insisted that Israel end all attacks on Gaza, release those re-arrested during the crackdown in the West Bank, lift the blockade on Gaza and return to the cease-fire conditions of 2012 as conditions for a ceasefire.[36]

On 13 July the Israeli military reported that more than 1,300 Israeli attacks had taken place, while more than 800 rockets were fired from Gaza into Israel.[37]

On 14 July, Egypt announced a cease-fire initiative. The Israeli government declared acceptance for the proposal, and temporarily stopped hostilities in the morning of 15 July. However, all Palestinian factions announced they had not been consulted on the reported Egyptian initiative and were informed of the supposed proposal via the media, including Palestinian President Abbas.[38] Hamas rejected it in "its current form" as well as other Palestinian factions.[38][39] On 16 July, Hamas and Islamic Jihad offered Israel a 10-year truce, with ten (10) conditions.[40]

On 21 July US Secretary of State John Kerry visited Egypt and on 22 July UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon visited Israel and pressed the waring parties to agree to a ceasefire.[41] On July 23, Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal announced that the group was ready to accept a "humanitarian" truce and laid out terms for a full ceasefire with Israel.[42] The Palestinian Authority backed Hamas's ceasefire demands.[43]

Operation Protective Edge is the deadliest military operation to have taken place in Gaza since the Gaza War of 2008–09.[44] According to the Gaza Health Ministry, at least 771 Palestinians were killed and 4,750 were injured.[8] Among the dead were 182 children, 92 women, and 45 elderly.[45] The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) estimated that, as of 23 July, 697 of those killed were civilians, of whom 256 were women or children.[10] OCHA's spokesman said "There is literally no safe place for civilians" in Gaza.[46] 32 IDF soldiers and officers have been killed as well as 2 Israeli civilians and a Thai worker.[4] The Israel Defense Forces has accused Hamas of using civilians as "human shields";[12] an allegation denied by Hamas.[47]

According to OCHA, as of 22 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip, at least 117,000 Palestinians have been displaced and are taking shelter in UNRWA schools, 1.2 million people have no access or very limited access to water or sanitation, 90 schools and 18 health facilities have been damaged, 2,655 housing units have been destroyed or severely damaged rendering them uninhabitable, 3,175 housing units have been damaged but are still inhabitable and 80% of people only receive 4 hours of electricity per day.[48]

Human rights groups have argued that both Palestinian rocket attacks and Israeli targeted destruction of homes of Hamas and other militia members violate international humanitarian law and might constitute war crimes.[49][50][51] Some Israeli legal experts have declared Hamas's attacks on Israeli civilians to violate international law and constitute war crimes.[52]

Name

A literal translation of the operation's name (Template:Lang-he-n, Mivtza' Tzuk Eitan) is "Operation Steadfast Cliff" or "Firm Cliff"; more loosely translated, "Operation Solid Rock" of "Operation Mighty Cliff";[53] or "Resolute Cliff" in the form of the IDF's official Arabic translation.[54] According to the Turkish Anadolu Agency, an Israeli military spokesman for Arab Media, Avichay Adraee, explained that the change of the operation's name in English was done to more heavily convey the idea that the operation was defensive in nature.[54]

Background

Main articles: Gaza–Israel conflict and Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Further information: Palestinian government of 2014; Operation Brother's Keeper; Mohammed Abu Khdeir; and List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2014
Range of rockets launched from Gaza Strip
Street in Ramallah after IDF raid during Operation Brother's Keeper June 2014
Factory bursts in flames after rocket attack in Sderot, Israel, 28 June 2014

On 23 April 2014, Hamas agreed to a reconciliation deal with the other main Palestinian faction, Fatah[27][55] following seven years of division. The Palestinian unity government was sworn in by 2 June 2014[56][57] and Israel announced it would not negotiate any peace deal with the new government and would push punitive measures.[58] Declaring this unity will "strengthen terrorism" a day before the agreement, Benjamin Netanyahu said: "The international community must not embrace it."[59] The European Union, the United Nations, the United States, China, India, Russia and Turkey all agreed to work with the Palestinian unity government.[60][61][62][63] The agreement was likely to have a significant impact on the current round of peace talks between Mahmoud Abbas' Palestinian Authority and Israel, and shortly after the announcement of the agreement, Israel launched an airstrike in the northern Gaza Strip that injured four people, according to medical officials.[57][64] Netanyahu had warned before the deal it would be incompatible with Israeli–Palestinian peace and that Abbas has to choose between peace with Hamas and peace with Israel. When a reconciliation deal was signed opening the way to the appointment of the new government, Netanyahu chaired a security cabinet in which they voted to authorise Netanyahu to impose unspecified sanctions against the Palestinian Authority.[57] According to The Forward, Brigadier General Moti Almoz, the chief spokesman of the Israeli military, said: "We have been instructed by the political echelon to hit Hamas hard."[65]

The operation follows a chain of events that began with the abduction of three Israeli teenagers Naftali Fraenkel (16; who held dual US-Israeli citizenship), Gilad Shaer (16) and Eyal Yifrah (19) in the West Bank in June 2014, for which Israel blamed Hamas. The IDF stated that the two men Israel suspects of having kidnapped the teenagers were known members of Hamas,[66][67] No evidence of Hamas involvement has been offered by the Israeli authorities[68] and high-ranking members of Hamas have denied the group had any involvement in the incident;[23] The alleged murderers come from the Qawasameh clan which is notorious for acting against Hamas's policies and any attempts to reach an entente with Israel.[69] Hamas political chief Khaled Meshal said he can neither confirm nor deny the kidnapping of the three Israelis, but congratulated the abductors.[70] Israeli forces killed ten Palestinians in clashes, including two under 18[71] and arrested several hundred more in the West Bank in the subsequent widespread search for the missing teenagers and suppression of Hamas cells and infrastructure dubbed Operation Brother's Keeper.[72][73]

During the search for the three missing Israeli teenagers, the IDF arrested many of the people who had been released during the Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange. On 30 June, search teams found the bodies of the three missing teenagers in a field north-west of Hebron.[74][75] They had apparently been killed shortly after their abduction.[76]

Hours after the funeral of the three murdered Israelis, a 16-year-old Palestinian teenager named Mohammed Abu Khdeir of Beit Hanina was kidnapped and burned alive in a retaliatory attack by Jewish extremists.[77] Six Jewish suspects in the murder have been arrested by the Israeli police.[77][78] The discovery of Khdeir's body led to protests and rioting in East Jerusalem which spread to Arab villages across the country,[79] and an official apology and condolence from Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[80] Hamas, which had been credited by Israel as reining in militant rocket fire from the Gaza Strip since a ceasefire agreement in November 2012, at the conclusion of Operation Pillar of Defense, took direct responsibility for a barrage of rockets fired into Israel on 7 July 2014[81] and insisted on the release of those rearrested as a condition of a ceasefire.[82][83] At the same time, exchanges of Gaza-based rocket fire into Israel and Israeli airstrikes in the Gaza Strip flared.

Israel has argued that its actions are in response to hundreds of rockets and mortar shell launched from Gaza by Hamas.[84] Hamas state that they are engaged in legitimate resistance to Israeli occupation and that attacks its military wing engaged in were a response to the IDF's violent operations across the West Bank following the kidnap and murder of three Israeli youths.

Violations of the truce

Both sides have claimed that the other side violated the ceasefire agreement from November 2012.

In the first three months after the IDF Operation Pillar of Defense, according to Ben White, two mortar shells struck Israeli territory, while 4 Gazans were shot dead and 91 wounded by Israeli forces, which fired inside Gazan territory on 63 occasions, made 13 incursions into the Strip, and attacked the Gazan fishing fleet 30 times.[85] According to the Middle East Monitor, in the year following the truce, Israel violated the cease-fire nearly 120 times.[86]

Operation timeline

Main article: Timeline of Operation Protective Edge

From 8 to 16 July, the IDF bombarded targets in the Gaza Strip with artillery and airstrikes. Meanwhile Hamas continued to fire rockets and mortar shells into Israel, many of which were intercepted by Israel's Iron Dome air defense system. By 16 July, the death toll within Gaza had surpassed 200 people.[87] A five-hour humanitarian ceasefire, proposed by the UN, took place on 17 July. On the same day, after the ceasefire, IDF began a ground offensive on the Gaza Strip. Initially, the focus of the ground operation was on destroying tunnels near the edge of the enclave. These tunnels were used by militants to illegally transport people and materials. On 20 July, the Israeli military entered Shuja'iyya, a neighborhood of Gaza City. This was followed by heavy fighting.

Impact

Impact on residents

As of 20 July 2014 hospitals in Gaza were ill-equipped and facing severe shortage of various categories of medicine, medical supplies, and fuel.[88] Egypt temporarily reopened the Rafah crossing with Gaza to allow medical supplies to enter, and injured Palestinians to receive treatment in Egypt.[89] Additionally, due to the operation prices of food, including fish and produce, rose dramatically.[90] A 21 July news report stated that over 83,000 Palestinians had taken shelter in U.N. facilities.[91]

A young Palestinian man who was wounded in an Israeli air strike, 8 July 2014

At the onset of the operation, the Israeli government canceled all programs within 40 km (24 miles) of Gaza, and requested all people stay at home or near shelter. All summer camps were closed and universities canceled their final exams.[92] Additionally, all gatherings of 300 or more people were banned.[93] Due to the trajectory of rocket fire from Gaza, many flights in and out of Ben-Gurion Airport were delayed or rerouted.[94] Hamas said: «This is a great victory for us.»[95]

According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), as of 22 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip, at least 117,000 Palestinians have been displaced and are taking shelter in UNRWA schools, 1.2 million people have no access or very limited access to water or sanitation, 90 schools and 18 health facilities have been damaged, 2,655 housing units have been destroyed or severely damaged rendering them uninhabitable, 3,175 housing units have been damaged but are still inhabitable and 80% of people only receive 4 hours of electricity per day.[48]

Casualties and losses

Further information: List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in Operation Protective Edge and List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2014
File:Massacre in Shuja'iyya 20.07.2014.mp4 snapshot 04.32.jpg
Shuja'iyya Incident (2014), 20 July 2014

Number of Palestinians killed in Gaza, per various sources:

Source Total Killed Civilians Killed Combatants Killed Unidentified Killed Last Updated
Gaza Health Ministry 771 - - - 24 July[8]
Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 743 605 - - 24 July[9]
United Nations 697 518 108 71 23 July[10]
Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Center 674 241 204 229 23 July[11]
Israel Defense Forces - - 300 - 23 July[12][13]

According to Gaza's Health Ministry, thus far 771 Palestinians have been killed.[8] According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 74% of those killed were civilians.[10] 4,750 have been wounded as of 24 July 2014 according to Gazan medical officials.[8] Over 140,000 people have been displaced who have taken refugee in UNRWA schools. 116 schools and 18 medical facilities were damaged.[10] In addition, over 3,000 homes have been partially destroyed by the air strikes.[96] On the 24th of July the UNRWA director complained that Israeli shells struck a UN shelter for the third time in four days. He said that the IDF shelling in Beit Hanoun resulted in casulaties and that no warning came before the latest strike.[97]The IDF suggested that the missile came from Hamas in the area.[98][99]

According to the Israeli Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Center, as of 20 July 2014, 130 "terrorist operatives", 138 civilians, and 134 unidentified Palestinians have been killed in Gaza.[100]

Many of those killed have been civilians, prompting concern from many humanitarian organisations. 9 people killed while watching the World Cup in a cafe,[101] and 8 members of a family which Israel says were inadvertently killed.[102] In response, Israel stated that many civilian casualties were the result of Hamas using the Gazan population as 'human shields' at rocket launch targets,[103] an allegation denied by Hamas.[47] Seven members of a family were killed when they climbed on the roof of their house to act as a human shield, however, their home was still struck despite their action.[104] Israel condemned Hamas for the group's encouragement of Palestinians to remain in their homes despite warnings in advance of airstrikes, with Hamas arguing that people would be equally or more unsafe in the rest of Gaza.[91]

Rocket attacks from Gaza have caused damage to Israeli civilian infrastructure, including factories, gas stations, and homes.[105] There has been one Israeli civilian death, occurring at the Erez border crossing with Gaza: a Chabad rabbi who was delivering food and drinks on the frontline[106] and was hit by mortar fire.[107] According to Magen David Adom there have been injuries to 123 people: 1 seriously, 21 moderately to lightly and 101 from shock.[108] An elderly woman in Wadi Nisnas collapsed and died of heart failure[109] during an air-raid siren.[110] The second Israeli civilian killed was a 32 year old Bedouin Ouda Lafi al-Waj, who was hit by a rocket in the Negev Desert.[111] The IDF has stated as of 21 July that over 2,000 rockets have been fired at Israel since the start of the operation.[91]

Cost

Israel's Minister of Finance estimated that the operation would cost NIS 8.5 billion (approximately 2.5 billion USD), which is similar to Operation Cast Lead in 2009 and higher than Operation Pillar of Defense in 2012. The forecast included military and non-military costs, including military expenditure and property damage. The calculation indicates that if the operation lasts 20 days, the loss in GDP will be 0.4%.[112]

Airlines stop flights

The United States State Department on the 21st of July advised U.S. citizens to "consider the deferral of non-essential travel to Israel" in consideration of the firing of rockets into different parts of Israel including cities.[113][114] On the 22th of July The Federal Aviation Administration told U.S. airlines that they are prohibited from flying to or from Israel's Ben Gurion Airport for up to 24 hours.[115] The European Aviation Safety Agency stated that it "strongly recommends" that airlines do not fly into or out of the Tel Aviv airport. On the 23rd of July the FAA extended its prohibition another 24 hours.[116]

Shortly after the FAA announcement, Israeli Transportation Minister Yisrael Katz stated that "Ben-Gurion airport was safe from for take-offs and landings, and that there was no security concern for passenger planes."[117] Israel previously stated that the Iron Dome has successfully intercepted "about 90% of rockets headed toward populated or strategic areas".[117] Israel's Civil Aviation Authority wrote a document which said that Israel is taking efforts to avoid commercial airline cancellations of flights going into Ben-Gurion Airport. It submitted the document to Transportation Minister Katz, indicating that the airport was safe for landings and departures.[118]

In response to the cancellations, Israel offered to open up Ovda airport (in the south, near Eilat) to international flights, due to its distance from Gaza.[119]

Some airlines which cancelled flights included American Airlines,[120] Delta Airlines, US Airways, United Airlines,[121] Air Canada,[122]Air France,[123] Air Berlin,[124] Alitalia,[124] British Airways,[125] EasyJet,[126] KLM,[123] LOT Polish Airlines,[124] Lufthansa,[123] Royal Jordanian,[127] Scandinavian Airlines [124] and Turkish Airlines.[128]

El Al followed these announcements by stating under no circumstances are they canceling any flights.[129] El Al sent four planes to Istanbul to retrieve those stranded there.[130]

Former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg flew to Tel Aviv on El Al on the 23rd of July in order to prove that Israel's airports are safe and to show his solidarity with Israel.[131][132]

On 23rd of July both FAA and the EASA lifted the ban on the flights to Israel[133] and the airline carriers announced they are renewing the flights[citation needed].

Reactions

Main article: Reactions to Operation Protective Edge
This map shows the international reactions to Operation Protective Edge:
  Israel and the Gaza Strip
  Countries that support Israel's stance and/or condemned Hamas rocket attacks.
  Countries that condemned and/or expressed concern about the actions of both sides.
  Countries that condemned and/or expressed concern about Israel's actions.
  Countries with mixed official reactions.

UN intervention

The United Nations has an established presence in Gaza and has intervened in the conflict on at least one occasion.

UNRWA school incident

The UN agency UNRWA has a number of schools in the Gaza region. At least two[134][135] such schools have been used by Hamas militants for storing rockets. Upon the discovery of the weapon cache UNRWA officials condemned Hamas's actions.[136] Reports conflict over the transfer of the rockets to Palestinian authorities. The UNRWA stated that the weapons were transferred to "local authorities." Israeli officials allege that the rockets were given to Hamas, while UNRWA officials have asserted that "local authorities fall under the government of national consensus in Ramallah."[137][138] US state department officials have defended UNRWA's actions[139] while Canada's Foreign Minister criticised the UN agency and has called for an investigation.[140] An Israeli official sees the UNRWA's actions as damaging to its credibility and impartiality in the region as such rockets are used by Hamas in attacking Israel civilians.[137]

Media coverage

Further information: Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict

Portrayals of the conflict have varied in different media outlets. In the English-speaking world, U.S. news sources were often more sympathetic to Israel, while British news sources had more savage criticism towards Israel.[141] Commentators on both sides have claimed that the media is biased either for or against Israel.[142] According to The Times of Israel, British sources were more often critical of Israel.[141] As the conflict progressed and Palestinian deaths increased, media became somewhat more critical of Israel.[143]

ABC News received criticism when Diane Sawyer misidentified photos of rubble in Gaza as being in Israel. The progressive[144] media criticism organization FAIR said that the mistake reflected a worldview in American media and a "false balance" between the two sides of the conflict, when in fact many more Palestinians have suffered than Israelis.[145] Sawyer later apologized on-air for the error.[146]

NBC News was criticized for ordering its correspondent Ayman Mohyeldin out of Gaza after witnessing the killing of four Palestinian children.[147] Mohyeldin was subsequently reinstated. [citation needed]

Investigative reporter Judith Miller criticized US media, and her former employer The New York Times in particular, for being unsympathetic to Israel and downplaying the context of the kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers.[148]

British MP George Galloway stated that "300 Palestinians are completely ignored by the same newspapers, by the same television stations and by the same political leaders who are threatening sanctions and war against Russia. ... Why the double standard? Why is the blood in Ukraine so much more noteworthy than the blood in Gaza?"[149]

Within Israel, the newspaper Haaretz issued an editorial that the "soft Gaza sand... could turn into quicksand" for the Israeli military and warning about the "wholesale killing" of Palestinian civilians. The article declared, "There can be no victory here".[150] The campaign in the Palestinian territories has received much coverage in the nation.

Criticism of the BBC's coverage

In The Guardian, Owen Jones called the BBC's headline "Israel under renewed Hamas attack" [as] "perverse as Mike Tyson punching a toddler, followed by a headline claiming that the child spat at him", and that "the macabre truth is that Israeli life is deemed by the Western media to be worth more than a Palestinian life".[151]

In London, Newcastle, Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow, protesting demonstrators accused the BBC of "pro-Israeli bias" in its coverage of the ongoing conflict. It claimed that news coverage was "entirely devoid of context or background". An open letter to BBC director signed by 45,000 people including Noam Chomsky, John Pilger, Ken Loach, Brian Eno and Jeremy Hardy said it would "like to remind the BBC that Gaza is under Israeli occupation and siege [and] that Israel is bombing a refugee population". The BBC has defended its coverage.[152][153]

Building on research by the Glasgow University Media Group that examined the media coverage of recent Israeli attacks on Lebanon and Gaza, Greg Philo, research director of the university's media unit, described how senior BBC journalists have spoken to him about being unable to get the Palestinian viewpoint across.[152]

Social media

In the eight days leading up to Operation Protective Edge, the social media site Twitter hashtag #GazaUnderAttack was used over 375,000 times. Often the hashtag was used on tweets using photos that claimed to show how the people are suffering due to Israeli attacks. A BBC study showed that in some cases these photos were from previous Israeli attacks, or from wars in Syria and Iraq.[154][155]

A false report circulated on social media and via SMS that a rocket from Gaza had hit a petrochemical plant in Haifa. These reports cited Haaretz as their source but turned out to be false. Haaretz denied issuing such warnings.[156]

A photograph published by Danish journalist Allan Sørensen on Twitter caused uproar online, gathering more than 8,500 retweets. It allegedly shows Israelis in Sderot gathered on top of a hill to celebrate and cheer as they watched Israeli airstrikes on Gaza. People reportedly brought chairs, sofas, popcorn, and hookahs with them.[157] The scene was described as "something resembling a party".[158] Similarly, according to The Jerusalem Post, Palestinians in Hebron cheered as Gazan rockets were fired at Tel Aviv. People reportedly stood at rooftops chanting "Allah Akbar" at the sight.[159]

After 13 soldiers were killed in Gaza on 20 July, many families found out about their family member's death via WhatsApp hours before officially being told by the IDF,[160] which eventually led to the arrest of three soldiers for leaking the news.[161]

Many foreign journalists inside Gaza have Tweeted that they are witnessing Hamas using human shields by launching rockets from within civilian areas including hospitals and the hotels the journalists are staying, as well as Hamas members dressing up as civilians while hiding weapons. Pro-Palestinian Tweeters responded by making threats and calling the journalists Israeli spies. [162]

See also

References

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