Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/DNB Epitome 46

This listing page belongs to Wikipedia:WikiProject Dictionary of National Biography, spun out of the “missing article” project, and is concerned with checking whether Wikipedia has articles for all those listed in the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), a 63-volume British biographical dictionary published 1885-1900 and now in the public domain. This page relates to volume 46 running from name Pocock to name Puckering.

Scope of the subproject:

It is envisaged that the following work will be done:

Checks made that links on this page point to a wikipedia article about the same person;
Addition of new articles for all red-links based on DNB text;
Checking whether blue-linked articles would benefit from additional text from DNB.

Listings are posted as bulleted lists, with footnotes taken from the DNB summaries published in 1904. The listings and notes are taken from scanned text that is often corrupt and in need of correction. Not all the entries on the list correspond to actual DNB articles; some are “redirects” and there are a few articles devoted to families rather than individuals.

If you are engaged in this work you will probably find quite a number of unreferenced articles among the blue links. You are also encouraged to mention the DNB as a reference on such articles whenever they correspond to the summary, as part of the broader campaign for good sourcing. A suggested template is {{DNB}}.

Locating the full text:

DNB text is now available on Wikisource for all first edition articles, on the page s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vol 46 Pocock - Puckering. Names here are not inverted, as they are in the original: Joe Bloggs would be found at Wikisource s:Bloggs, Joe (DNB00). The text for the first supplement is available too: NB that this Epitome listing includes those supplement articles also.

List maintenance and protocols:

List maintenance tasks are to check and manipulate links in the list with piping or descriptive parenthetical disambiguators, and to mark list entries with templates to denote their status; whilst as far as possible retaining the original DNB names:

piping: [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester|Charles Abbot]]
descriptive parenthetical disambiguators [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)]]
both combined [[Charles Abbot]] -> [[Charles Abbot (botanist)|Charles Abbot]]

The work involves:

Checking that bluelinks link to the correct person; if so, {{tick}} them. If not, try to find the correct article and pipe or disambiguate the link.
Check whether redlinks can be linked to an article by piping or disambiguation.
Create articles based on the DNB text for redlinks for which no wikipedia article can be found
Check whether existing blue-linked articles could benefit from an input of DNB text (e.g. the article is a stub), and if so, update the article from DNB

A number of templates are provided to mark-up entries:

{{mnl}} the link runs to a wrong person; - produces the text: ^{[link currently leads to a wrong person]}. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
{{dn}} the link runs to a dab page - produces the text ^{[disambiguation needed]}. It is preferable to amend the link by adding a disambiguator to make it red, if an article for the correct person cannot be found
{{tick}} the link has been checked and runs to the correct person - Y
{{tick}} {{tick}} the text of the linked article has been checked against DNB text and would not benefit from additional DNB text - Y Y
{{tick}} {{cross}} the text of the linked article looks short enough to suggest it would benefit from additional DNB text - Y N

Note that before creating new articles based on DNB text you should undertake searches to check that the article's subject does not already have an article. It is easily possible that the disambiguation used in this page is not the disambiguation used in an existing wikipedia article. Equally, feel free to improve upon the disambiguation used in redlinks on this page by amending them.

Supplement articles:

Because of the provenance of the listing, a number of the original articles will not in fact be in the announced volume, but in one of the three supplement volumes published in 1901. Since the DNB did not include articles about living people, this will be the case whenever the date of death is after the publication date of the attributed volume. In due course there will be a separate listing.

General thoughts:

This project is intended as a new generation in “merging encyclopedias”, as well as being one of the most ambitious attempted. For general ideas of where we are, and some justification of the approach being taken, see the essay Wikipedia:Merging encyclopedias.

Helpful access templates:

helpful templates

There are two templates to help link to the correct page: {{Cite DNBIE}} and {{DNBIE}}. The page number automatically link to the correct url for the page at the Internet Archive site.

{{Cite DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}

Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

and

{{DNBIE|title=Dove, John|page=358}}

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

if a wstitle= parameter is used in place of title= then the templates also link the DNB article on Wikisource:

{{cite DNBIE|wstitle=Dove, John (d.1665?)|page=358}}

Lee, Sidney, ed. (1903). "Dove, John (d.1665?)". Index and Epitome. Dictionary of National Biography. Cambridge University Press. p. 358.

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^ Sir George Pocock (1706–1792), admiral; entered the navy, 1718; was in chief command in the Leeward islands, 1747-8; rear-admiral, 1755; vice-admiral, 1756: commanded on the East India station, 1758-9, and fought two indecisive actions with the French: admiral, 17G1; K.B., 1761; captured Havana, 1762; retired, 1766.
^ Isaac Pocock (1782–1835), painter and dramatist; son of Nicholas Pocock (1741?-1821); painted historical pictures and portraits from 1800 till 1818, when he inherited some property and turned his attention to the drama; wrote musical farces, comic operas, and operatic dramas, among other achievements converting some of the Waverley novels into plays.
^ Isaac John Innes Pocock (1819–1886), barrister; only son of Isaac Pocock; of Eton and Morton College, Oxford; B.A., 1842; called to the bar, 1847; printed privately Franklin, and other Poems 1872.
^ Lewis Pocock (1808–1882), art amateur; took the leading part in founding the Art Union of London in 1837; published (1842) a work on life assurance, with a bibliography of the subject.
^ Nicholas Pocock (1741?-1821), marine painter; in early life a merchant captain; commenced painting sea pieces in oils, 1780; settled (1789) in London, where he rose to distinction an a painter of naval engagements; helped to found the Water-colour Society, 1804, and exhibited there and at the Royal Academy no fewer than 295 works.
^ Nicholas Pocock (1814-1897), historical writer; grandson of Nicholas Pocock (1741?-1821); M.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1837; Michel fellow, 1838: mathematical lecturer: ordained priest, 1865; published an edition of Gilbert Burnet's History of the Reformation 1864-5, and other writings relating to the Reformation, besides mathematical and theological works.
^ Robert Pocock (1760–1830), printer and antiquary; founded the first circulating library and printing office a tGravesend, 1786; published a history of Gravesend, 1797, aud other works.
^ William Puller Pocock (1779–1849), architect; designed the hall of the LcathersellersCompany in London (1820-3) and other buildings.
^ William Innes Pocock (1788–1836), author; son of Nicholas Pocock (1741 7-1821); a lieutenant in t IK- navy: published Five Views of the Island of St. Helena 1815.
^ Edward Pococke (1604–1691), orientalist: of Magdalen Hall and Corpus ChrUti College, Oxford: M.A., 1620; fellow of Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, 1628; studied oriental languages under Matthias Pasor and William Bedwell; discovered and edited the missing Syriac version of Peter iL, John IL, iii.. and Jude, and published it at Leyden, 1630: chaplain to the 4 Turkey Merchants at Aleppo, 1630-6, where he collected manuscripts; appointed by Laud first Oxford professor of Arabic, 1636; appointed Hebrew professor by the parliamentary visitors, 1648, which appointment was confirmed at the Restoration. His learning was the admiration of Europe. His two most notable works were an edition of the Arabic text with a Latin translation of Abu-l-Faraj's Historia compendiosa Dynastiarum 1663, and his Lexicon Heptaglotton, 1669.
^ Edward Pococke (1648–1727), orientalist; son of Edward Pococke (1604-1691); student at Christ Church, Oxford; translated Into Latin Ibn al Tnfuil, 1671, and began, in collaboration with his father, to edit AbdoUatiphi Historic Aegypti Compendium which remained a fragment.
^ Richard Pococke (1704–1765), traveller; B.A. Corpus Ohristi College, Oxford, 1725: D.C.L., 1733; visited Egypt, 1737-8, ascending the Nile to Philte, and proceeded to Palestine, Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Greece, 1738-40; explored the Mer de Glace in the valley of Chamounix, 1741; regarded as the pioneer of Alpine travel; published au account of his eastern travels, 17431745; bishop of Ossory, 1756-65; translated as bishop of Meath, 1765. His manuscript account*; of his tours in England, Scotland, and Ireland between 1747 and 1760 have been recently published (1888-91).
^ Leonard Poe (d. 1631?), physician; originally in the service of the Earl of Essex; a royal physician in ordinary, 1609; attended Lord-treasurer Salisbury on his deathbed, 1612; M.D. Cambridge
^ Ranulf le Poer (d. 1182), sheriff of Gloucestershire; killed by the Welsh while sheriff.
^ Robert le Poer (fl. 1166–1190), marshal in the court of Henry II; seized for ransom by Raymond of Toulouse (1188) while returning from u pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James of Compostella, thereby orruMoning the invasion of Toulouse by Richard (afterwards Richard I of England).
^ Roger le Poer (d. 1186), one of the conquerors of Ireland; took part in the invasion of Ulster, 1177; subsequently settled in Ossory, where he was killed in battle.
^ Walter le Poer (fl. 1215–1227), official; sheriff of Devonshire, 1222: justice itinerant, 1226 and 1227.
^ Norman Robert Pogson (1829-1891, astronomer; tx-came in 1859 assistant-astronomer at the Radcltffe H,M-rviilory. nxford, where he discovered four minor ptanete; appointed (1819) director of the HartweU Observatory, and (1860) government sutrouomer at Madras, where he discovered fire minor planet*
^ Jean Poingdestre (1600-16*1). writer on the laws and history of Jcwey; fellow of Exeter College. oxford, 1686; chief work, Cmsarea, or a Discourse of tin i -und of Jersey written hi 1883 and presented to James II.
^ John Pointer (1668–1714), antiquary; M.A. Merton College, Oxford, 1694: rector of Slapton, 1694-17*4: urot,- SJBSJH otfeat worta. hnMlSaii n.,uir...! England 1714, and OxonleuaU Academla 1749.
^ William Pointer (fl. 1624). See Kidley.
^ Philip of Poitiers (d. 1108?). See Philip.
^ Richard Pokeridge (1690?–1759). See Pockrich.
^ Saint Pol (d. 573). See Paul.
^ Joel Samuel Polack (1807–1882), trader and author of works on New Zealand; emigrated to New Zealand, 1831; returned to London, 1837, and finally settled at San Francisco.
^ John Bede Folding (1794–1877), first Roman catholic archbishop of Sydney; consecrated bL-hop of Hiero-Ctesarea and vicar-apostolic of Australia, 1834, and archbishop of Sydney, 1842.
^ Arthur Pole (1531–1570?), conspirator; eldest son of Sir Geoffrey Pole; proposal himself to France and Spain as a claimant of the English crown, and was imprisoned in the Tower of London from 1563.
^ Sir Charles Morice Pole (1757–1830), admiral of the fleet; entered the navy, 1772; commanded at Newfoundland, 1800, and in the Baltic, 1801; G.C.B., 1818; admiral of the fleet, 1830.
^ David Pole (d. 1568), bishop of Peterborough; fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1520: D.Can.1 1628; consecrated bishop, 1557, and deprived, 1559, for refusing to take the oath of supremacy.
^ Sir Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk (1472?-1513), son of John de la Pole, second duke of Suffolk; created earl, 1493: led a company (1496) against the Cornish rebels at Blackheath: became diwouteuted (1499) and fled to Flanders, Henry VII being thereby alarmed; persuaded by Henry VII to return, and received again into favour: repaired to the Emperor Maximilian in the Tyrol, hearing that he would gladly help one of Edward IV's blood to gain the English throne. 1501: outlawed and hi* friends imprisoned; seized by the Duke of Gueldres while on his way to Friesland( 1504), and delivered to Henry VII by Philip, king of Castile, 1506: confined in the Tower of London: exempted from the general pardon on Henry VIU's accession; executed,
^ Sir Geoffrey Pole (1502?–1558), a victim of Henry VIII's tyranny; brother of Reginald Pole; knighted, 1529; was opposed, like the rest of his family, to Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Arragon, and visited Chapuys, the Spanish ambassador, with a view to persuading Charles V to invade England; resolved to desert to the northern rebels, 1536, but was prevented by circumstances and (1538) was *ent to the Tower of London, Henry VIII having resolved to crush the whole family, chiefly on account of the action of RgnM Pole; endeavoured to commit suicide, fearing the rack, but was obliged to undergo seven separate examinations; his brother Sir Henry Pole, baron Montague, and others coi idem ncd from bis confessions; received a pardon, 1539; escaped to Rome, 1540, where he obtained absolution for his brother's death; returned to England after Queen Mary's accession.
^ Sir Henry Pole, Baron Montague or Montacute (1492?-1538), brother of Reginald Pole; distinguished himself in the French campaign of 1513; knighted, 1513; took part in Suffolk's invasion of France, 1523; was deeply grieved at the overthrow of the abrogation of the pope's authority, loyal; committed to the Tower of of the confessions of bib brother, Sir Geoffrey Pole, 1538; found guilty of treason and executed on Tower Hill, London, on 9 Dec. with the Marquis of Exeter. In 1539 he was attainted,
^ John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (1464?–1487), son of John de la Pole, second duke of Suffolk q. v., by Elizabeth, sister of Edward IV; created Earl of Lincoln, 1467; firmly attached to Richard III, and ( 1483) made president of the council of the north; became lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1484, and was recognised as heir- presumptive to the throne; was not molested by Henry VII after Richard Ill's death, though he still cherished the ambition to succeed Richard; promoted Lambert Simnel's plot, and was killed at Stoke.
^ John de la Pole, second Duke of Suffolk (1442-1491), only son of William de la Pole, first Duke of Suffolk ; was restored to the dukedom by Henry VI, 1455, but notwithstanding joined the Yorkists and married Bdward IVs sister; fought at the second battle of St. Albans, 1461; steward of England at the coronation of Bdward IV, 1461: K.G., 1472; high steward of Oxford University, 1472; received many favours from Edward IV, bat on the king's duttth immediately supported Richard III, and after Bosworth field (1485) swore fealty to Henry VII, who continued to trust him in spite of his eldest son's defection.
^ Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (1473-1541), daughter of George Plantagenet, duke of Clarence; married, by Henry VII, to Sir Richard Pole (d. 1505), a gentleman of Buckinghamshire, probably c. 1491; given the family hinds of the earldom of Salisbury in fee by Henry VI II, who was desirous to atone for the execution of her brother, Edward, earl of Warwick, and (1513) created Countess of Salisbury; governess to the Princess Mary; refused, on the marriage of Henry VIII with Anne Bolevn, to give up the Princess Mary's jewels to the new queen, and was discharged from her office; returned to court after Anne's fall in 1536; her position compromised (1536) by her son Reginald Pole's book, De Unitute Ecclesiastica for which, in spite of her condemnation of the work, Henry VIII resolved to destroy the whole family; her sou, Sir Henry Pole, baron Montague, executed, 1538; included in an act of attainder, May 1539; beheaded, May 1541, within the precincts of the Tower of London on the news of Sir John Neville's rising in Yorkshire.
^ Michael de la Pole, called in English Michael Atte Pool, first Earl of Suffolk (1330–1389), son of Sir William de la Pole (d. 1366); chiefly occupied from 1355 onward, for many years, with the war against the French; first summoned to parliament as a baron, 1366; took part under the Black Prince in the famous siege of Limoges, 1370: attached himself to John of Gaunt, and in the Good parliament (1376) stood strongly on the side of the crown: appointed admiral north of the Thames, 1376; superseded as admiral, December 1377; became the most trusted personal adviser of the young king Richard II on the retirement of John of Gaunt to Castile; appointed chancellor of England, 1383; unsuccessfully advocated a policy of peace in his speech to parliament, 1884; incurred much odium on account of his great wealth; created Earl of Suffolk, 1385; opposition to liim formally organised (1386) under Richard II's uncle, lxmas, duke of Gloucester: his dismissal demanded by both Lords and Commons, who were apprehensive of large pecuniary demands for the prosecution of the war; dismissed, in spite of King Richard IPs reluctance, and articles of impeachment drawn up against him, charging him with misappropriation of funds and remis%ness in carrying on the war, 1386; convicted on three charges, tad sentenced to the loss of the lands and grants he had received contrary to his oath, and was committed to prison until he had paid au adequate fine: released from custody by Richard II on the termination of the Wonderful parliament, his fine remitted, and himself reinstated as Klchard IPs adviser; compelled (November 1387), by dread of the meeting of parliament, to flee the realm; reached Paris after many difficulties; died at Paris. During us absence be wa* condemned to death, and his title and - forfeited.
^ Michael de la Pole, second Earl of Suffolk (1361?-1415), eldest son of Michael de la Pole, first earl of Suffolk; restored to his father's earldom, 1397, the restoration being renewed after Henry IV's accession. He joined Henry V's expedition to France hi 1415, and died during the siege of Harfleur.
^ Michael de la Pole, third Earl of Suffolk (1394-1415), eldest son of Michael de la Pole, second Earl of Suffolk; served with his father before Harfleur; distinguished himself by his bravery at Agincourt, where he was killed.
^ Ralph Pole or de la Pole (fl. 1442–1459), judge; serjeant-at-law, 1442; justice of the king's bench, 1452. His name occurs in the latter capacity until 1459.
^ Reginald Pole (1500–1558), cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury; son of Sir Richard Pole, by his wife Margaret; educated at Charterhouse School and Magdalen College, Oxford; B.A., 1515; received several preferments while a youth and still a layman; sent by Henry VIII at his own wish to Italy, 1521, where he studied at Padua, and visited Rome: returned, 1527, and was elected dean of Exeter: studied at Paris, 1529-30; returned to England, soon after which Henry VIII, desirous to obtain his approbation of his divorce, pressed him to accept the archbishopric of York; refused the offer, though genuinely fond of Henry VIII; disapproved of the royal supremacy over the English church, and was allowed (Jauuarj1632) to return to Padua; formulated at Henry VIII's request (1536) his views on Henry VIII's divorce and the divine institution of the papal supremacy in his treatise Pro Ecclesiastics Unitatis Defensione severely criticising Henry VIII's conduct; declined au invitation to return to England: summoned to Rome in November by Pope Paul III to act on a committee to draw up a scheme for reforming the discipline of the church; took deacon's orders and was made a cardinal, December 1536; nominated papal legate to England, February 1537, and despatched thither by Pope Paul III; travelled through France, where Francis I was summoned by Henry VIII to deliver him up as a rebel; received an intimation from Francis I that he must leave France; mode his way to Cambray, and eventually to Liege, where he was safe from extradition; returned to Rome, and (1538) heard of the arrest of his mother and eldest brother on charge of treason; accepted a mission from Pope Paul III to form a league of Christian princes against Henry VIII, which, however, failed, chiefly on account of the jealousies between Francis I and Charles V; returned to Rome in 1540, when Pope Paul III bestowed on him the legation of the patrimony; one of the three legates appointed (1540) to open the council of Trent; vainly endeavoured, on the death of Henry VIII in 1547, to reconcile England with the holy see, through the Protector Somerset and the Earl of Warwick: just missed election as pope, though supported by the Spanish party, 1549; favoured by the new pontiff, Juliu? Ill; nominated papal legate to the queen on Mary's accession, but hindered from coming to England by the Emperor Charles V'e reluctance to allow him to influence Queen Mary before her marriage with his son Philip; his attainder reversed in November 1554, after the marriage, and he himself permitted to return, Queen Mary praying him to come, not as legate, but only as cardinal and ambassador: entrusted with the care of Queen Mary by her husband, Philip, on Philip's leaving England in October 1555; raised to the dignity of cardinal-priest, December 1555, Queen Mary designing him to succeed Cranuier as archbishop; occupied with the proceedings in a synod of both convocations for the reform and settlement of the affairs of the English church and its reconciliation with Rome; consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, March 1556: chancellor of Cambridge University, 1656; found that he had underestimated the difficulties of reconciling the realm with Rome, the question of the restoration of church property proving an especial stumbling-block, as no assurances of immunity to the lay proprietors could allay their disquiet: his anxieties increased by the war between Pope Paul IV and Philip II, and by the violent personal animosity of Pope Paul IV, who cancelled his legation and stigmatised him privately as a heretic; died at Lamin-th Palace on 17 Nov. 1568, the evening of the day of Mary's death; buried in St. Thomas's Chapel, Canterbury. His De Concilio was printed at Venice in 15U2, his De Unitate at IuKoldU.lt in 1887. His life WM animated by a single purpose, the restoration of that ecclesiastical system which Henry VIII had shattered.
^ Sir Richard de la Pole (d. 1345), royal officer; became collector of Edward II's customs at Hull, 1320; M.I, Hull, 1322 and 1327; Edward II-, -I, i.-i hul 1338; removed to London, 1333; knighted, 1840.
^ Richard de la Pole (d. 1525), pretender to the crown, son of John de la Pole, second duke of Suffolk; escaped abroad in 1501 with his brother, Sir Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk; attainted, 1504, and exempted (1509) from the general pardon at the accession of Henry VIII; nxxwnlsed M king of England by Loots XII, 1512; fought for France in Spain and the Netherlands; compelled to leave France on the conclusion of peace in 1514: resided at Mete till 1519; made preparations to invade England, in concert with the Scots, 1523: killed at the battle of Pavin, by the side of Francia I.
^ Thomas Pole (1753–1829), quaker and physician; settled in London, 1781; published his Anatomical Instmctor 1790; M.D. St. Andrews, 1801; removal to Bristol, 1802; devoted much time throughout life to ministerial work in the Society of Friends, travelling through England and Wales to visit their meetings.
^ Sir William de la Pole, called in English William Atte Pool (d. 1366), baron of the exchequer and merchant; younger brother of Sir Richard de la Pole; was a merchant of Hull, who with his brother advanced larsre sums to the government during the regency of Isabella and Mortimer; M.P., Hull, 1S32, 1334, 1336, and 1338; received various offices from Edward III in return for loans of money; knight-banneret, 1838; appointed baron of the exchequer, 1339: fell into temporary disgrace, 1340, and although eventually enjoying royal favour, for more than twenty yean does not again appear in & prominent position.
^ William de la Pole, fourth Earl and first Duke of Suffolk (1396–1450), son of Michael de la Pole, second earl of Suffolk; served in Henry V's French wars, and after Henry V's death fought under the Duke of Bedford; created Earl of Dreux, e. 14S6, and on the death of the Earl of Salisbury in 1428 succeeded to the command of the English forces; forced to surrender at Jargeau, soon after Jeanne d'Arc had raised the siege of Orleans, 1429; ransomed himself and (1430) again took part in the war; occupied himself with home politics from 1431; admitted a member of the council, 1431, becoming an advocate of peace; inclined, by his marriage to the widowed Countess of Salisbury, to connection with the Beanfortti; came forward as the chief opponent of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, who after Bedford's death (1435) led the war party: desired that Henry VI should marry Margaret of Anjou, and defeated Gloucester's project to unite him to a daughter of the Count of Armagnac. 1442; escorted Margaret to England, November 14 14; peace negotiations continued under hi.- influence without definite result through 1446; with Queen Margaret spared no pains to effect the overthrow of Gloucester, who was arrested at the parliament summoned nt Bury, February 1447, and died five days later; left without a rival by the death of Cardinal Beaufort six weeks after; had Richard of York deprived of the command in France and.-out into banishment as lieutenant of Ireland, thereby in.-nrring his implacable enmity, which, however, troubled him little, as he had Henry VI's support; became a duke, 1448, thereby reaching the summit of his power; had become, unpopular, in consequence of the cession of the English possessions in Anjou and Maine, to which he hud agreed at the time of the royal marriage, and was finally discredited by the renewed outbreak of war in France and the English losses, 1449; accused by the Commons (1450) of having sold the realm to the French, and was committed to the Tower of London; banished by Henry VI for live years (March 1450), a compromise by which Henry VI hoped to save him and satisfy the Commons as well; intercepted when off Dover and beheaded at sea, poesibly at the institution of Richard of York. He married Alice, daughter of Thomas Chaucer, probably a granddaughter of the poet.
^ Sir William Pole (1561–1636), antiquary; a Devonshire landowner; entered the Inner Temple, 1578; -iney, 1586; knurhted. 1606; left Urge mannscript,-,,li.ti,,,,, for the hutory und antiquities of Devonshin-, tin- greater part of which perished during the civil war; i.ut two folio volumes, entitled The Description of Deronshirr were printed in 179L
^ William Pole (1814–1900), engineer, musician and authority on whist; apprenticed as *# ?* bseqaenUj worked in at Mr M.K 1... n,;.,.-,...! -.,,..,.-., -1, SMtM Pi l*m M.K 1... i*". " b""""S..... 5"7, i** Mi M pMfcsiBi i engineering at rfphinstone College, Bombiy, 1844-7: assistant (1852-7) to James Meadow. Kendd q. T.I. under bo* hi MM sti* -i.-,;;,;.,!:! JJy: MslsUnt to Sir John Fowler. 18*7; eU Wished himself as consulting engineer at Westminster, ls,-,;uHt,.,,,:,,;,!,,,,:;... M.:,,::.,.:,,,,, 1,, !;.M,v,r !. meat work; secretary to royal commission on London water supply, 1867; processor of ciTil engineering at University College, London, 18*9-67: FJUi!, 18l7and vi,-e..r,-:,iri,t. i*;:,;i,,.i IMS; M-.n..-. OztMd, tiff; examiner for musical degree* in London University, 187H1891; vice-president of Hoyal College of Organists; published historical and technical works and papers relating to engineering and musical subject bkIe7seTeralsu cessf ul treatises on whist
^ William Wellesley-Pole, third Earl of Mornington (1763-1845). See Wellesley-Pole.
^ Henry Stedman Polehampton (1824–1817), Indian chaplain; fellow of Pembroke College. Oxford, 1846; M.A., 1849; accepted an East Indian chaplaincy, 1855, and took part in the defence of the residency at Lucknow, dyinir of cholera during the siege. The value of his services is attested by Havelock's despatches.
^ Robert Polenius (d. 1147?). See Pullen.
^ Edward Polhill (1628–1694?), religious writer; barrister, Uruy's Inn: divided his time between the care of his estates in Sussex and the compilation of religions tracts, somewhat Calvinlstic in temper, but supporting the established church.
^ John William Polidori (1795–1821), physician and author; M.D. Edinburgh, 1815; appointed physician and secretary to Lord Byron, 1816; returned to England. the engagement being dissolved (1817) parting on good U-i-ins with Byron: published (1819) "The Vampire which he attributed to Byron, and which, in spite of Byron's disclaimer, gained great celebrity on the continent; wrote other tales in his own name; committed suicide in consequence of a gaming debt.
^ Loud Polkemmet (d. 1816). See William Baillie.
^ Sir Hugh Pollard, second baronet (d. 1666), royalist; descended from Sir Lewis Pollard; served aeainst the Scots, 1640: M.P., Heeralston, 1640: implicated in the first army plot, 1 1641: mainly employed in Devon and Cornwall during the civil war; governor of Dartmouth, 1646; taken prisoner, 1646, and afterward.* submitted; became governor of Guernsey and comptroller of Charles II V household at the Restoration,
^ Sir John Pollard (d. 1557), speaker of the House of Commons; serjeant-at-law, 1547-50: M.P., Oxfordshire, 1553 and 1554, Wiltshire, 1556; knighed, 1553; speaker, 1553-5.
^ Leonard Pollard (d. 1566), divine; fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1546; M.A., 1547; D.D.: prebendary of Worcester, 1651, of Peterborough, 1653: fellow of st. John's College, Cambridge.
^ Sir Lewis Pollard (1465?–1540), judge; barrister, Middle Temple (reader, 1502): king's Serjeant, 1507; a justice of common pleas, 1514-26; knighted, 1514.
^ Robert Pollard (1755–1838), designer and engraver; practised for a time as a landscape and marine painter, but (c. 1782) established himself in Spa Fields, London, us an engraver and printecller: director of the Incorporated Society of Artists, 1789.
^ William Pollard (1828–1898), quaker ; wrote several school-books and works on quaker tenets; secretary of the Manchester Peace and Arbitration Society, 1872-91.
^ William Pollard-Urquhart (1815–1871), miscellaneous writor; of Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge: M.A., 1843: took the additional name of Urquhart, 1846; liberal M.P. for Westineatb, 1852-7, and 1869-71; wrote chiefly on currency and agriculture.
^ Sir Henry Pollexfen (1632?-1691), judge; barrister, Inner Temple, 1658 (bencher, 1674); earned the reputation as a barrister of being the antagonist of court and crown, but In 1685 was crown prosecutor against Monmouth's followers in the west: defended the seven bishops, Jane 1688: knighted, 1689; became attorneygeneral, February 1689; chief- justice of the common pleas, May 1689.
^ John Pollexfen (fl.1675–1697), merchant and economic writer; was a member of the board of trade; published A Discourse of Trade (1697) in which he treated labour as the sole source of wealth.
^ Sir Charles Edward Pollock (1823–1897), judge; son of ohief-baron Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock ; educated at St. Paul's School, London; served as private secretary and marshal to his father; called to bar at Inner Temple, 1847; bencher, 1866; Q.C., 1866; raised to exchequer bench, invested with coif, and knighted, 1873: received status of justice of high court, 1875, but retained his old official designation, and on death of Baron Huddleston ( 1890) was left hist baron of exchequer; published legal works.
^ Sir David Pollock (1780–1847), judge; of St. Paul's School, London, and Edinburgh University; barrister, Middle Temple, 1803; K.C., 1833; chief-Justice of the supreme court of Bombay in 1846-7; knighted, 1846.
^ Sir George Pollock, first baronet (1786–1872), field-marshal; brother of Sir David Pollock; entered the East India Company artillery, 1803; took part in the campaign against Holkar, 1804-5, and served in Nepal, 1814, and in the first Burmese war, 1824-6; major-general, 1838: appointed (January 1842) to command the expedition for the relief of Jalalabad, which he reached after heavy fighting in April; with Brigadier-general (Sir) William Nott, who was at Kandahar, was instructed by Lord Ellenborough, then governor-general, to make arrangements for withdrawing from Afghanistan; being, however, convinced of the practicability of advancing on Kabul, remonstrated strongly, and was allowed to advance at his own discretion; defeated the enemy at Jagdalak and Tezin, and arrived before Kabul in September 1842, and next day was joined by Nott; remained at Kabul till October, and returned to India in December 1849: created G.C.B. and thanked for his services by both booses of parliament; appointed military member of the supreme council of India, 1844: returned to England, 1846, and ( 1854) became senior government director of the Kast India Company; field-marshal, 1870; created baronet, 1872.
^ Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock, first baronet (1783- 1870), judge; brother of Sir David Pollock ; fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1807; M.A., 1809; barrister. Middle Temple, 1809; K.C., 1827; tory M.P. for Huntingdon from 1831; knighted, 1834; attorneygeneral in Peel's first administration, 1834-5, and in his second administration, 1841-4: chief-baron of the exchequer, 1844-66; created baronet, 1866.
^ Sir William Frederick Pollock, second baronet (1815-1888), queen's remembrancer and author; eldest son of Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock: M.A Trinity College, Cambridge, 1840; barrister, Inner Temple, 1838; queen's remembrancer, 1874-86; rendered Dante's 4 Divine Comedy into English blank verse. 1854; published 'Personal Remembrances, 1887.
^ Robert Pollok (1798–1827), poet; seventh son of a small farmer in Renfrewshire: wrote The Course of Time(1827), a poem in ten books, the versification of which recalls Cowper and Young.
^ Lord Polton (1660?–1733). See William Calderwood.
^ Thomas Polton (d. 1433), successively bishop of Hereford, Chichester, and Worcester; papal prothonotary and head of the English nation at the council of 1414-18; consecrated bishop of Hereford, 1420; translated to Chichester, 1421, to Worcester, 1426; died and was buried at Basle, having been sent to the council of Basle.
^ Baron Polwarth (1641–1724). See Sir Patrick Hume.
^ Richard Polwhele (1760–1838), miscellaneous writer; was educated at Christ Church, Oxford; held several small livings in Cornwall, but was a man of independent means; commenced publishing poems at the age of seventeen, and became in turn poet, topographer, theologian, and literary chronicler. His topographical works included unsatisfactory histories of Devon and Cornwall, but his volumes of reminiscences and anecdotes were less worthless, including much interesting biographical matter.
^ Theophilus Polwhele or Polwheile (d. 1689), puritan divine; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1651; held a rectory at Tiverton from 1654 till 1660, when he was ejected; author of devotional works.
^ Pomfret fourth Earl of (1770–1833). See Thomas William Fermor.
^ Countess of Pomfret (d. 1761). See Henrietta Louisa Fermor.
^ John Pomfret (1667–1702), poet; M.A. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1688; rector of Maulden, 1695-1702, of Millbrook, 1702; chiefly remembered by The Choice (1700), which procured his inclusion in Johnson's Lives of the Poets
^ Samuel Pomfret (1650–1722), divine; minister at Sandwich for seven years, when he was arrested for nonconformity; subsequently became an itinerant preacher.
^ John Ponce (d. 1660?), author; professor of theology at the Irish College at Rome; died at Paris, after publishing several works on the theology of the schoolmen,
^ Arthur Pond (1705?–1758), painter and engraver; a successful portrait-painter in London and a prolific etcher.
^ Edward Pond (d. 1629), almanac-maker; published an annual almanac from 1601, which was continued after his death till 1709.
^ John Pond (1767–1836), astronomer royal; of Trinity College, Cambridge; detected errors in the Greenwich observations when fifteen; settled at Westbury in Somerset, 1798, where he erected an altazimuth; appointed astronomer royal, 1811; substituted (1821) a mercury-horizon for the plumb-line and spirit-level, and (1825) introduced the system of observing the same objects alternately by direct and reflected vision: published (1833) a catalogue of 1,113 stars, determined with unexampled accuracy. His reform of the national observatory, by procuring for it a modern outfit, was of immense importance.
^ John Ponet or Poynet (15l4?-1566), successively bishop of Rochester and Winchester; became fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1532; D.D., 1547; a strong divine of the reforming school; became Oranmer's chaplain before 1547, receiving also other preferments; consecrated bishop of Rochester, 1650, and in 1551 translated to Winchester: deprived on the accession of Queen Mary, after which he fled to the continent; died at Strasburg. He wrote, besides other works, an exposition of the doctrine of tyrannicide in a Short Treatise of Politique Power 1566.
^ Lady Emily Charlotte Mary Ponsonby (1817-1877), daughter of John William Ponsonby, fourth earl of Bessborough; published a number of novels, some anonymously, between 1848 and 1873.
^ Sir Frederic Cavendish Ponsonby (1783-1887), major-general; grandson of William Ponsouby, second earl of Bessborough; entered the army, 1800, and went with his regiment to Spain in 1809, distinguishing himself as a cavalry officer at Talavera and Barosa; obtained command (1811) of the llth light dragoons, whom he led for the rest of the war: wounded at Waterloo, 1K15: went on half-pay in 1K20; inaiorKeneral, 1825; governor of Malta, 1826-35; G.G.M.G., 1828; K.C.B. and K.C.H., 1831.
^ Frederick George Brabazon Ponsonby, sixth Earl of Bessborough (1815-1895), son of John William Ponsonby, fourth earl of Bessborough; of Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 18*7: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1840; succeeded his brother an sixth nirl, 1880. He was an enthusiastic cricketer, playing for Harrow and Cambridge, an well as In Gentlemen r. Players, and founding I Zingari Club in 1845.
^ George Ponsonby (1755–1817), lord chancellor of Ireland; son of John Ponsonby (1718-1789) q. T.J; -tiMi.-d iit Trinity College, Cambridge: M.P., Wicklow, 1776, Inistioge, 1783-97, Galway (in the last Irish parliament, dissolved 1800); called to the Irish bar, 1780; chancellor of the exchequer under the Duke of Portland, 1782: urged the claims of the Irish. being disappointed in his attempts to settle the question and to purify political life, seceded from parliament; returned to political life and resisted the union In the hut Irish parliament; M.I 1., co. Wicklow (United Kingdom), 1801, co. Cork, 1806-7, Tavistock, 1808; became lord chancellor of Ireland on the formation of the Fox-Grcnvilic ministry, 1806, retiring within a year; leader of the opposition in the Commons from 1808.
^ Henry Ponsonby (.d 1745). major-general: captain of foot, 1705: M.P., Fethard (Irish parliament), 1715; subsequently M.I for Clonmeon, Inistioge, and Newtown: fought at Dettingen, 1743; major 1713: killed at Fontenoy, while in the front of the famous charge of the British and Hanoverian infantry.
^ Sir Henry Frederick Ponsonby (1816–1895), major-general: eldest son of Sir Frederic Cavendish Ponsonby: served in the Crimea; major-general, 1868; appointal private secretary to Queen Victoria, 1870; privy councillor, 1880: G.C.B., 1887.
^ John Ponsonby (1713–1789), speaker of the Irish House of Commons; entered Irish parliament as M.P., Newtown, 1739; appointed secretary to the revenue board, 1742: first commissioner, 1744-71; elected speaker, 1756; possessed very great parliamentary influence, being eminent among theundertaken? a few families who engrossed the emoluments of the county; the appointment of the Marquis of Townshend as resident viceroy a serious blow to his influence: dismissed from the board of revenue for opposition to government, 1771, resigning the speakership at the close of the session: gradually ceased to take an active part in politics after 1776.
^ Sir John Ponsonby, Viscount Ponsonby and second Baron Ponsonby (1770?-1855), eldest son of William Brabazon Ponsonby, first baron Ponsonby; minister plenipotentiary at Buenos Ayres, 1826-8, and at Rio de Janeiro, 1828-30; envoy extraordinary at Brussels, 1830-1; envoy at Naples, 1832; ambassador at Constantinople, 1832-7; G.C.B., 1834; created Viscount Ponsonby, 1839; ambassador at Vienna, 1846-50.
^ John William Ponsonby , fourth Earl of Bessborough and Viscount Duncannon(1781–1847), grandson of William Ponsonby, second Earl of Bessborough; created M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1802: whig M.P. for Knaresborough, 1806, Higbam Ferrers, 1806 and 1807, Malton, 1812-26, Kilkenny, 1826 and 1831, Nottingham, 1832-4; called to the House of Lords as Viscount Duncannon, 1834: home secretary under Lord Melbourne, 1834-5; succeeded to the earldom of Bessborough, 1844; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1846-7.
^ Richard Ponsonby (1772–1853), bishop of Derry; son of William Brabazon Ponsonby, first baron Ponsonby ; M.A. Dublin, 1816; consecrated bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora, 1828; translated to Derry, 1831, becoming also bishop of Raphoe in pursuance of the Church Temporalities Act, 1834.
^ Sarah Ponsonby (1745?–1831), recluse of Llangollen; grand-daughter of Henry Ponsonby; was the companion of Lady Eleanor Butler for fifty years in her retirement at Llangollen.
^ William Ponsonby (1546?–1604), publisher : apprenticed (1560-70) to William Norton; began business on his own account (1677) in St. Paul's Churchyard. He owes his fame to his aonnection with Spenser from 1590, no less than ten volumes of Spenser's works appearing under his auspices.
^ William Ponsonby, second Earl of Bessborough (1704-1793), M.P., Newtown, 1716, oo, : M.P., Derby. 1741-64, Haltasb, 1764-6, 1766-8; succeeded to hi* father's title, 1768: secretary to the lord- lieutenant, 1789; became joint post m: i-t.-rv.-..,-r.i!. 17V... n-.u'n.n in LTttLOl UW !-,! of bis brother-in-law, the Duke of Devonshire; reap. pointed, 1768; resigned, 1766.
^ Sir William Ponsonby (1771–1816), major-general; son of William Hrabaiou PotiMuby, first baron Ponsonby; obtained command of the 6th dragoon guards, 1808; served in Spain, 1811-14; tod his brigade at Vittoria, 1811; K.C.B., 1816; led the famous charge of the Union brigade on d'Rrlon's hattered corps at Waterloo, and was killed by French lancers.
^ William Brabazon Ponsonby, first Baron Ponsonby (1744-1806), eldest son of John Ponsonby; M.P., Cork, 1764-76, Bandon Bridge, 1776-88. co. Kilkenny, 17K3-1806; appointed it pa tted Pa of Ireland. 1784; removed, 1789; ere of Imokilly in co. Cork, 1806; be wa a steady adherent of Charles James Fox
^ Robert Pont, Kylpont, or Kynpont (1524-1606), Scottish reformer; studied at St. Andrews, where he wa settled in 1559: appointed minister inn iiisahrii at Dunblane and Dunkeld, 1562, and 1568 commissioner of Moray, Inverness, and Banff; became minister of Blrnie, 1567; appointed provost of Trinity College, near Edinburgh, 1571; nominated (1571) a lord of session by special permission of the assembly: translated (1573) to St. Cuthbert's, Edinburgh; became minister at St. Andrews, 1581; compelled to take refuge in England for protesting against the validity of acts of parliament regarding the jurisdiction of the church, 1684; returned to Scotland, 1586, and continued to take a leading part in ecclesiastical affairs until his death; published chronological and religious works.
^ Timothy Pont (1560?–1614?), topographer ; elder son of Robert Pont; M.A. St. Andrews, 1684; was an accomplished mathematician, and the first projector of a Scottish atlas. The originals of his maps are in the OP (. 1181). See AdvocatesLibrary, Edinburgh.
^ Roger of Pont l'Êveque (d. 1181). See Roger.
^ Pontack (1638?–1720?), tavern-keeper; son of Arnaud de Pontac, president of the parliament of Bordeaux; had some skill in rabbinical learning; opened a tavern in Abcburch Lane, called Pontack's Head, which became the most fashionable eating-house in London. It is frequently noticed in contemporary literature.
^ Mungo Ponton (1801–1880), photographic inventor; was a writer to the signet; discovered (1839) that the action of the sun renders bichromate of mercury insoluble, the basis of permanent photography.
^ Arthur William Poole (1862–1885), missionary bishop; M.A. Worcester College, Oxford, 1876; D.D., 1883: went to Masnlipatam as a missionary in 1877; made bishop of Japan, 1883.
^ Edward Stanley Poole (1830–1887), Arabic scholar; elder son of Sophia Poole: among other works, published (I860) a new edition of the translation of the Thousand and One Nights by his uncle, Edward William Lane
^ George Ayliffe Poole (1809–1888), divine and author; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1888; vicar of Welford, 1843-76; rector of Winwick, 1876-88; was a strong high churchman, and took part in ecclesiastical controversy; but the work of his life was to promote the revival of Gothic architecture.
^ Jacob Poole (1774–1827), antiquary; studied the customs and language of the dwellers in the barouies of Bargy and Forth in Wexford, who spoke an English dialect dating from the English conquest. His collection of words and phrases was published by William Barnes, 1867.
^ John Poole (1788?–1872), dramatist and miscellaneous author; obtained pronounced success as a dramatist in early life; wrote comedies and farces for tin- London theatres: obtained a pension through Charles Dickens in later life.
^ Jonas Poole (d. 1612), mariner; made a voyage Viixima In 1607 in the employment of Sir Thomas visited Spitsbergen. *M- 98 1
^ Joshua Poole (fl. 1632–1646), writer of schoolboota-M A Clare Hail, Cambridge; published The English Accidence 1646, and The English Parnassus, (posthumous), 1667.
^ Maria Poole (1770?–1833). See Dickons.
^ Matthew Poole or Pole (1624–1679), biblical commentator; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1652 (incorporated at Oxford, 1657); rector of St Michael-leQuerneVl 649-62, resigning on the passing of the Uniformity Act: engaged (1666-76) on the work of his life, his 'Synopsisof the critical labours of biblical commentators, which ran to five folio volumes and had a large sale; died at Amsterdam in 1679.
^ Paul Falconer Poole (1807–1879), historical painter; was almost entirely self-taught: began to exhibit in the Royal Academy, 1830; attracted much notice by his picture of Solomon Eagle exhorting the People to Repentance during the Plague of the Year 1665, 1843.
^ Reginald Stuart Poole (1832–1895), archaeologist and orientalist; younger son of Sophia Poole; devoted himself in early life to the study of ancient Egypt: admitted assistant to the British Museum, 1852; became keeper of the coins and medals, 1870; initiated a system of scientific catalogues, editing and collating thirty-five volumes; lectured and wrote much'on Egyptology,
^ Robert Poole (1708–1752), medical and theological writer; physician to the Middlesex infirmary, 1745-6, to the small-pox hospital, 1746-8; friend and follower of George Whitfield. Besides two books, recording his travels, issued in his own name, he wrote devotional and medical works under the pseudonym Theophilus Philanthropes.*
^ Sophia Poole (1804–1891), author of The Englishwoman in Egypt; sister of Edward William Lane; married (1829) Edward Richard Poole, a wellknown bibliophile; resided in Egypt with her brother, 1842-9; published The Englishwoman in Egypt 1844-6.
^ Thomas Poole (1765–1837), friend of Coleridge; a tanner by trade; began an intimacy with Coleridge (r. 1794) which continued throughout life. He assisted Coleridge pecuniarily.
^ Herbert Poor or Pauper (d. 1217), bishop of Salisbury; son of Richard of Ilchester (i. 1188), bishop of Winchester; appointed archdeacon of Canterbury, 1175; consecrated bishop of Salisbury, 1194; conceived the design of removing the see from Old Sarum to a more suitable site in the plain, a project which was afterwards carried out by his brother and successor, Richard Poor
^ Richard Poor, Poore, Poure, or Le Poor (d. 1237), successively bishop of Chichester, Salisbury, and Durham: son of Richard of Ilchester (d. 1188). bishop of Winchester: elected bishop of Chichester, 1214, and translated to Salisbury, 1217: commenced ( 1220) the erection of the present Early-English cathedral of Salisbury, which was consecrated in 1225; bishop of Durham, 1228-37; perhaps author of the Ancren Riwle Panciroli's Identification of him with Richard Anglicus the jorUt and canonist is probably Incorrect. POOR, ROGER LK (fl.–1139).
^ [Alexander Pope (1688-1744), poet; son of Alexander Pope (1641 ?-1717), a Roman catholic linen draper of London; a precocious child, and calledthe little nightingale from the beauty of his voice; his health rained and his figure distorted by a severe illness at the age of twelve, brought on by perpetual application; began at an early age to imitate his favourite authors became Intimate (c. 1704) with William Wycherley I who introduced him to town life: came into notice by the publication of the Pastorals in 1709,iuTon8on'8 Poetic Miscellanies *; publiahed anonymously (1711) the Essay on Criticism which was warmly praised by Addison in tbeSpectator became known to the Addison circle his Messiah* published in the Spectator 14 May 1712; published Rape of the Lock in Lintot's Miscellanies 1712, and separately, 1714; published (1713)Windsor Forest which appealed to the tories by its references to the peace of Utrecht, and von liiui the friendship of Swift; drifted apart from Addison's little senate and became a memlxjr of theScriblerus Club an informal association, which included Swift, Gay, Arbuthnot, Atterbury, Oxford, and others; issued (1715) the first volume, of his translation of theIliad(completed in 1720), which reflected with genuine rhetorical vigour the classicism of the time; bought (1719) the lease of a house at Twickenham, where he lived for the rest of his life; a close friend of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Martha Blount, 1715-22; after the final publication of theIliadwas engaged for a time on task work, editing the poems of Parnell in 1722, and beginning an edition of Shakespeare for To M son, which appeared in 1825; assisted in his translation of the Odyssey by William Broorne and Elijah Fenton; issued his translation of the Odyssey 1725-6, which brought an addition of fortune, though not much of fame; published theDunciad (anonymously), 1712, thereby making an unprecedented stir among authors; issued an enlarged edition, 1729, though the poem was not acknowledged till it appeared in Pope'sWorksin 1735; hisDuuciadattacked in numerous rejoinders, which caused him some mortification; led by Bolingbroke's influence over him as a friend and philosopher into writing theEssay on Man(1733) and the four Moral Essays which were the only parts completed of a series of poems intended to embrace a systematic survey of human nature; published (1733) his translation from Horace of the first satire of the second book, the first of a series of his most felicitous writings, continued intermittently until the close of his life: occupied himself in the meantime with the publication of his earlier correspondence, which he edited and amended in such a manner as to misrepresent totally the literary history of the time, and also employed a series of discreditable artifices to make it appear that it was published against his wish; assisted Edmund Cur 11, the publisher, who had printed his Familiar Letters to Henry Cromwellin 1726, to publish hisLiterary Correspondence in 1735, and then endeavoured to disavow him; ungenerously took advantage of Swift's failing powers in 1741 ha order to saddle him with the responsibility for a similar publication in 1741; lost his friend, Arbuthnot, by death, 1735; deprived of the society of Boliugbroke, who retired to France, 1735; undertook, by the advice of William Warburton, to complete the 'Dunciadby a fourth book, which appeared in 1742, and contains some of his finest verses; his last literary quarrel the result of a reference in it to Colley Gibber; buried in Twickenham Church. His writings accurately reflect the tendencies of his age, and with reference to that age he was certainly a great poet. Satire and didactic poetry corresponded to the taste of such an epoch; and his scholarly sense of niceties of language led him to polish all liis work with unwearied care. The first collective edition of hisWorksappeared In 1751. The standard edition is that edited by Whitwell Elwin q. v. and Mr. W. J. Courthope, and published between 1871 and 1889.
^ Alexander Pope or Paip (d. 1782), Scottish divine; M.A. King's College, Aberdeen, 1725; minister of Heay in Caithness, 1734-82; translated a large part of the Orcades of Torfaeus, and was acquainted wilh Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
^ Alexander Pope (1763–1835), actor and painter; practised portrait-painting for a time at Cork, but subsequently went on the stage, appearing at Coveut Garden, London, in 1785; made an eminently favourable impression, and for many years played the principal tragic parts in the same house; also made occasional appearances in the country, especially at Edinburgh, where he was a favourite; exhibited fifty-nine miniatures at the Royal Academy between 1787 and 1821.
^ Clara Maria Pope (d. 1838), painter; daughter of Jared Leigh; married at an early age Francis Wheatley, and in 1807 became the third wife of Alexander Pope (1763-1835); exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1796; in later life enjoyed a great reputation for her groups of flowers.
^ Elizabeth Pope (1744?–1797), actress; nee Younge; became the first wife of Alexander Pope (1763-1835) in 1786; first appeared at Drury Lane, London (1768) in the character of Imogen and obtained immediate recognition; n-movr.i from Drury Lane, London (1778) to Covent ( l;irl-n, London, wliere a be remained for the rest of her stage ram-r; found Mr-. Siddon* a formidaMirival in tragedy and Miss Farreu in comedy, but while perhaps surpassed by each in her own province, had a wiiler range than either.
^ Jane Pope (1742–1818), actress; first appeared at Drury Lane, London, 1756: remained at Drury Lane till her retirement from the stage, 1808; excelled in the role of soubrette; praised by Lamb, Hazlitt, and Leigh Hunt.
^ Maria Ann Pope (1775–1803), actress; nee Campion: first appeared at the Crow Street Theatre, Dublin, 1792, and was rapidly promoted to be the heroine of the Irish stage; appeared at Covent Garden, London, under the name of Mrs. Spenser, 1797; became the second wife of Alexander Pope (1763-1836) in 1798: aooompanied her husband to Drury Lane, London, 1801, when she was taken ill on 10 June 1803. while playing Desdemona, and died on the 18th.
^ Sir Thomas Pope (1507?–1559), founder of Trinity College, Oxford; educated at Eton; held many offices about the court, and was enriched by grants of monastic lands; knighted, 1637; withdrew largely from public life during Edward VI's reign, owing to lack of sympathy with the Reformation; became privy councillor on Queen Mary's accession, 1553; retained Queen Elizabeth's favour on her accession. On 28 March 1555 he executed a deed of erection for Trinity College, Oxford, which he endowed with the site and buildings of Durham College, the Oxford house of the abbey of Durham.
^ Sir Thomas Pope, second Earl of Downe (1622-1660), of Christ Church, Oxford; succeeded his grandfather as earl, 1631; raised a troop of horse for Charles I, when the civil war broke out, but compounded, 1646, and took the solemn oath and covenant; left England, c. 1662, and travelled in France and Italy.
^ Sir Thomas Pope, third Earl of Downe (1598-1668), uncle of Sir Thomas Pope, second earl of Downe ; suffered severely from both sides during the civil war; imprisoned by Charles I at Oxford, and arrested in 1656 on suspicion of complicity with the cavalier plot.
^ Walter Pope (d. 1714), astronomer : of Mattf College, Cambridge, and Wadham College, Oxford; fellow of Wailham College, Oxford, 1651: M.A., 1651; became professor of astronomy in Gresham College, London, 1660; M.D. Oxford, 1661; published a Life of Seth Ward 1697, besides other works.
^ Sir John Pope-Hennessy (1834–1891), colonial governor; M.P., King's County, 1869, being the first Roman catholic conservative who obtained a seat; barrister, Inner Temple, 1861: governor of Labuan, 1867-71, of the Gold Coast, 1872-3, of the Windward islands, 1875-6, of Hongkong, 1877-82, and of the Mauritius, 1883-9; espoused the cause of the French Creoles in the Mauritius and was suspended from office in 1886; returned for Kilkenny as an anti-Parnellite home rnler, 1890.
^ Alexander Popham (1729–1810), prison reformer; of Balliol and All Souls Colleges, Oxford; M.A., 1765; barrister, Middle Temple, 1755 (bencher, 1786); M.P., Taunton, 1768, 1774-80, and 1784-96; was the author of the bill passed in 1774 for the prevention of the gaol distemper.
^ Edward Popham (1610?-1651), admiral and general at sea; son of Sir Francis Popham; threw In his lot with parliament in the civil war: M.P., Minehead, 1644; commanded a force in Somerset and Dorset: appointed a commissioner for the immediate ordering of the navy, 1648; commanded in the Downs and North Sea, 1649; joined Blake at Lisbon in blockading Prince Rupert, 1650.
^ Sir Francis Popham (1573–1644), soldier and politician; only son of Sir John Pophnm (1531 7-1607) ; of Balliol College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; knighted, 1596; M.P., 1597-1644, for Somerset, Wiltshire, Marliwrougn, Great Bedwln, Ohippenham, and Mlnehead, . s an active interert in the settlement of Virginia and New England.
^ Sir Home Riggs Popham (1760-1820), rear-admiral; lu,-utadat Westminster School and Cambridge: ,. in8;obfatMtlmtMtMife and engaged in the Bart India and China trad* 17*7, bat WM ueariy ruined by the capture of hU vend, the Btraseo, ... im, ud teontanttXii In HtMb M invention of the charter of the Bart India Company, in spite of the fact that he had obtained the ancttoioTthe gov.-rnor-general in council; served In Plandcn (1794) Duke of York, who obtained hi* promotion to the rank of pOHt-oaptaln; while in KronsUdt he received marks of favour from the Russian emperor, 179f; commanded an expedition against the Gape of Good Hope in conjunction with a land force under Sir Darid Balrd q. v.1, 1806: on the completion of this enterprise proceeded with William Carr Berwford (afterwards Viscount Berwford) to Buenos Ayrea, where Beiwford and his force were captured by the Spaniards; superseded, January 1807, and (March 1807) reprimanded by a courtmartial; took part in the expedition against Copenhagen, 1808; K.C.B., 1816: commander-ln-chlcf on the Jamaica station, with the rank of rear-admiral, 1817-20; retired in broken health, 1820.
^ Sir John Popham (d. 1463?), military commander and speaker-elect of the House of Commons; took pan la Henry V's invasion of France in 1416 and in the French wars under the Duke of Bedford: elected speaker of the House of Commons (M.P., Hampshire), 1449, but WM permitted by Henry VI to decline the office on the ground of infirmity.
^ Sir John Popham (1531?–1607), chief-justice of the King's Bench; ; privy councillor, 1571; solicitor-general, 1179; tngl eTei Middle Temple (treasurer, 1580); M.P., Bristol, 1571 and 1572-83; elected speaker of the House of Commons, 1580; appointed attorney-general, 1681; nominated lord chief justice, 1592; knighted, 1592.
^ William Popple (d. 1708), author ; a London merchant; appointed secretary to the board of trade, 1696; published A Rational Catechism 1687.
^ William Popple (1701–1764), dramatist; grandson of William Popple (d. 1708); entered the cofferer's office, e. 1730; promoted solicitor and clerk of the report to the commissioners of trade and plantations, 1737; governor of the Bermudas from 1746 till shortly before his* death; author of mediocre plays and pamphlets.
^ Porchester, third Viscount (1800–1849). See Henry John George Herbert.
^ John Pordage (1607–1681), astrologer and mystic; rector of Bradfield, Berkshire; ejected as ignorant and insufficient 1665, but restored, 1660; described by Baxter as chief of the Behmeniste; published a number of works, partly astrological and partly devotional
^ Samuel Pordage (1683–1691?), poet; eldest son of John Pordage; of Merchant Taylors* School, London, and Lincoln's Inn; published a translation of Seneca, entitled Troades Englished 1660, and quently several poems and plays, Including an answer to Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel entitled Auuria and Hushai 1682.
^ Eleanor Anne Porden (1797?–1886). See Franklin.
^ William Porden (1755–1822), architect student under James Wyatt; his most important work Eaton Hall, Cheshire, 1804-12.
^ Robert Porrett (1783–1868), chemist; was a clerk in the war office from 1796 until 1860, when he retired on a pension: discovered sulpho-cyanic acid between 1808 and 1814, and ferro-cyanic acid, 1814; independently discovered electric endosmosis, 1816; FJSJL, 1840; F.R.S., 1848.
^ Richard Porson (1769–1808), Greek scholar; Mb of the pariah clerk at Bast Ruston, near North Walsham: showed an extraordinary memory when a boy, and attracted the attention "f T. Hewett, the cnrnte of the parish" who eduoaU-1 him with his own sons; placed at Eton bv Mr. Norris of Witton I'ark, 1771; a fund started to maintain him at Cambridge by Sir George laker on Norris's death; entered at Trinity Col*. 1778- scholar. 1780: Craven scholar, 1781: first kanccllor'i medallist and fellow, 1782; M.A., 1785: berarne widely known by hisLetters to Travissee TRAVW, GBOROK, 1788-9; lost his fellowship, which expired, 1792, owing to his refusal to take orders, and failed to obtain a lay fellowship, for which he applied; an annuity of 100. purchased for him by his admirers, on which be took rooms at Essex Court in the Temple: was elected regiu* professor of Greek at Cambridge University, November 1792, but continued to live in London, absorbed in private study: his society much sought by literary men: married (1796) Mrs. Lunan (d. 1797 ), the sister of James Perry, one of his intimate friends; edited four plays of Euripides, Hecuba(1797 and 1802),Orestes(1798), PhceniswE (1799), and Medea(1801), his finest single piece of criticism being the Supplement to the preface in the second edition of the Hecuba in which he states and illustrates certain rules of iambic and trochaic verse; died in London, and was buried in the chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge, His memory was remarkable, not only for its tenacity, but also for its readiness. In later life he gave way to intemperance. His transcripts of Photius from the Gale MS. and of theMedeaand Plxrniasre are marvels of calligraphy. His literary remains were published after his death, between 1812 and 1834. HisCorrespondenceappeared in 1867. He definitely advanced Greek scholarship in three principal respect;: (1) by remarks upon countless points of Greek idiom and usage: (2) by adding to the knowledge of metre, and especially of the iambic trimeter; (3) by emendation of texts.
^ Adam de Port or Porz (d. 1213?), baron; accused (1172) of treason and plotting Henry IPs death; fled from England on being summoned to appear before Henry I I's court and was outlawed; joined William of Scotland during the baronsrebellion of 1174, but in 1180 made his peace with Henry II and received back his paternal lands; ward.MI of Southampton Castle, 1213.
^ Sir John Port (1480?–1541), judge; studied law in the Middle Temple (governor, 1520): attorney to the earldom of Chester before 1512: serjeant-at-law, 1622; knighted, 1625; a judge of the king's bench, 1525. He was a benefactor to Braseuose College, Oxford, at the time of its foundation.
^ Sir John Port (d. 1557), founder of Repton School; son of Sir John Port (1480 ?-1641); first scholar on his father's foundation at Brasenose College, Oxford; knighted at the coronation of Edward VI: knight of the shire for Derbyshire, 1553; sheriff of Derbyshire, 1654. By his will he left a bequest for the foundation of Repton school.
^ Abraham Portal (fl. 1768–1796), dramatist; wrote a number of plays between 1768 and 1796; published Poems 1781.
^ Sir Gerald Herbert Portal (1858–1894), diplomatist; entered the diplomatic service, 1879; stationed in Egypt between 1882 and 1887; went on a mission to Abyssinia, 1887; K.O.M.G., 1892; visited Uganda, 1892. Accounts of his missions to Abyssinia and Uganda were written by him and published in 1888 and 1894 respectively.
^ Sir Stanier Porten (d. 1789), government official; entered the diplomatic service, and was undersecretary to Lord Rochford, 1768-82; knighted, 1T72; appointed keeper of the state papers at Whitehall, 1774; uncle of Edward Gibbon, the historian,
^ John Porteous (d. 1736), captain of the Edinburgh city guard; enlisted in the army, and, after serving wime time in Holland, was employed in 1716 to train the Edinburgh city guard; promoted to be captain; fired on th- crowd and killed or wounded nearly thirty persons inM) to a slight tumult at the execution of Andrew Wilson, an Edinburgh merchant, who had excited the admiration of the Edinburgh mob by contriving the e*-ape of his accomplice in robbing the custom house was brought to trial, found guilty, and sentenced to death, but reprieved: taken out of prison and Innged by a number of persons (7 Sept. 1736), none of whom were captured, in spite of the most rigorous investigation. The plot of Sir Walter Scott% Heart of Midlothian turns upon the incidents of the Porteous riot.
^ William Porteous (1735–1812), Scottish divine; minister of Whitburn, 1759-70, and of the Wynd Church, Glasgow, and the new St. George's Church, Glasgow, 17701812; strongly orthodox, writing against all innovations.
^ Anna Maria Porter (1780–1832), novelist; sister of Sir Robert Ker Porter; devoted herself to literature, and at thirteen began a series of Artless Tales published in 1795; published (1807) The Hungarian Brothers a tale of the French revolutionary wur, besides other novels.
^ Sir Charles Porter (d. 1696), Irish lord chancellor; was concerned as a London apprentice in the riots of 1648: escaped to Holland, served as a common soldier, and kept an eating-house: received among the chancery clerks on returning to London, and (1660) called to the bar at the Middle Temple; taken into custody (June 1675) in the middle of an argument, by order of the House of Commons, for breach of privilege, in common with all parties engaged in the Dalmahoy case; knighted, 1675: made Irish lord chancellor in 1686 by James II, who hoped he would prove a useful tool: recalled at Tyrconnel's instance, January 1687: an active partisan of William III, returning to Ireland as lord chancellor in 1690. He was frequently assailed by the extreme protestants, but retained office till his death.
^ Classon Emmett Porter (1814–1885), ecclesiastical historian; brother of John Scott Porter; minister of the first presbyterian church at Larne, co. Antrim, 1834-85. His contributions to Irish presbyterian church history were numerous and important.
^ Endymion Porter (1587–1649), royalist; brought up in Spain, and some time page in the household of Olivares; after his return obtained a place in Buckingham's service, and became groom of the bedchamber to Prince Charles; made use of by Buckingham to conduct his Spanish correspondence; sent to Spain (October 1622) to prepare the way for Prince Charles's visit; accompanied Prince Charles and Buckingham to Spain, 1623, and was again in that country in 1628 with proposals for peace; rewarded with numerous promotions and grants; wrote verses and was the friend and patron of poets, including D'Avenant, Dekker, Gervase Warmestry, and Edmund Bolton; one of the agents employed by Charles I in forming his great collection of pictures: sat in the Long parliament as M.P., Droitwich, and voted against Strafford's attainder; attended Charles I from London; expelled from parliament and exempted from pardon, on account of the unfounded belief that he was a chief instrument in a popish plot against English liberties, 1643; left England, 1645, and after enduring great poverty compounded in 1649.
^ Francis Porter (d. 1702), Irish Franciscan; passed most of his life at Rome, where he became president of the Irish college; author of five rare Latin works.
^ George Porter (1622?–1683), royalist; eldest son of Endymion Porter; major-general of Newcastle's foot at Marston Moor, where he was taken prisoner, 1644; was exchanged and subsequently became lieutenant-general and commander of the horse under his brother-in-law, Goring; deserted Charles I's service and went to London, November 1645: engaged in plots for Charles I I's restoration, 1659, and after Charles I I's return became gentleman of the privy chamber to the queenconsort,
^ George Porter (fl. 1684–1697), conspirator; captain in Slingsby's horse, 1688; was proclaimed a dangerous Jacobite, 1692; engaged in the plot to assassinate William III, 1696; was captured, turned king's evidence, and was largely instrumental in the conviction of the other prisoners.
^ Sir George Hornidge Porter , first baronet (1822-1896), surgeon; only son of William Henry Porter : M.D. Trinity College, Dublin: elected surgeon to the Meath Hospital, Dublin, 1849: president of the College Of Surgeon? of Ireland, 18C8-U: KTven a baronet. -y. regius professor of surgery at Dublin UniverMty, l8'Jl.
^ George Richardson Porter (1792–1852), statistician; failed in business as a sugar-broker, and devoted himself to economics and statistics; the rtat. department of the board of trade established mainly under his supervision, 1834: became joint-secretary to the board, 1841; published The Progress of the Nation from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century 1886-48, and other work*.
^ Henry Porter (fl. 1696–1699), dramatist; author of five plays mentioned In Hcnslowe'sDiary of which the only one extant is The Pleasant Historic of the two Angrie Women of Abington ( 15'J9), which has been frequently edited, and was praised by Charles Lamb.
^ Sir James Porter (1710–1786), diplomatist; employed at Vienna, 1741 and 1743; ambassador at Constantinople, 1746-62; minister plenipotentiary at Brussels, 1768-6: knighted, 1763; published Observations on the Religion, Law, Government and Manners of the Turks 1768.
^ James Porter (1753–1798), author of Billy Bluff; presbyterian minister at Oreyabbey, oo. Down, 1787-98: joined the volunteer movement, 1778, and after its suppression (1793) became a prominent opponent of government; contributed (1796) to the Northern Star a aeries of letters, forming an admirable satire on local tyranny in Ireland, which were at once reprinted with the title Billy Bluff and Squire Firebrand and made his name a household word in Ulster: apprehended on the outbreak of the rebellion of 1798, convicted before a courtmartial on the testimony of an informer, whom he was not even suffered to cross-examine, and hanged at Greyabbey. He was a well-known collector of books, and his scientific apparatus was unrivalled in the north of Ireland in his day.
^ Jane Porter (1776–1860), novelist; sister of Sir Robert Ker Porter; published (1803) her first romance,Thaddeus of Warsaw which had a rapid success, and reached a ninth edition by 1 810: published (1810) her most notable novelThe Scottish Chiefs which had an immense success in Scotland and, being translated into German and Russian, won European fame; attempted plays with less success, her tragedies of Switzerland 1819, andOwen, Prince of Powys 182J, being entire failures: settled in London with her sister, Anna Maria Porter, 1832; suffered from pecuniary difficulties In later life.
^ Jerome Porter or Nelson (d. 1632), Benedictine monk; an inmate of St. George's, Douay; wrote biographies of English, Scottish, and Irish saints; died at Douay.
^ John Scott Porter (1801–1880), Irish biblical scholar and Unitarian divine; minister of the presbyterian congregation in Carter Lane, London, 1826-31, and of the first presbyterian church at Belfast, 1831-8: was appointed (1838) joint-professor of theology to theAssociation of Irish non-subscribing presbyterians and (1851) became in addition professor of Hebrew; published theological works.
^ Josias Leslie Porter (1823–1889), traveller and promoter of Irish education; M.A. Glasgow, 1842: studied theology at Edinburgh, 1842; presbyterian minister at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1846-9; became missionary to the Jews at Damascus, 1 849, and during the next ten years acquired an intimate knowledge of Syria and Palestine; professor of biblical criticism in the presbyterian college, Ik-Hast, 1860-78; nominated by government (1878) one of the two assistant-commissioners of the newly established board of intermediate education for Ireland; president of Queen's College, Belfast, 1879-89. Among his works may be mentioned Five Years in Damascus 1856, and The Giant Cities of Bashan 1865.
^ Mary Porter (d. 1765), actress; at Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, 1699; acted at the new theatre (Opera House) in the Haymarket, London, 1705; migrated to Drury Lane, London, 1708, returning to the Haymarket, London, 1709; reappeared at Drury Lane, London, 1710; l.-ft without a rival on the retirement of Mrs. oMticl.L 1730; retirul, 1743.
^ Robert Porter (c.1620-1690), ejected divine; educated at Cambridge; became vicar of Pentrich, Derbyshire, 1660, but was ejected, IMS; on the passing of the Five hews* unmolested. Mile Act retired to ies painting easel-pictures, the historical pieces or landscapes; iter to the czar of Russia, 1804; A valuable collection of Derbyshire nonconformist biographies by him was posthumously published.
^ Sir Robert Ker Porter (1777–1842), painter and traveller; was admitted an academy student at Somerset House, London, 1790: scene-painter at the Lyceum Theatre, London, 1800; executed (1800) the Storming of SeringapatenV a sensational panorama 190 feet in length, "wequently producing a number of other battle scenes of the same kind, besides majority of which were appointed historical painter to the czar of Russia, 1804; left Russia, 1806, and travelled in Finland, Sweden, and Germany; accompanied Sir John Moore throughout the Ooruiia campaign, and published accounts of bis journeys in 1809; married a Russian princess, 1812, and (1813), returning to England, published a graphic Narrative of the Campaign in Russia during 1812;; knighted, 1813; visited (1817-20) Georgia, Persia, Armenia, and ancient Babylonia, publishing un account of his Travels in thoseeoontrlH, 1S21: British consul in Venezuela, 18)6-41; died at St. Petersburg.
^ Sarah Porter (1791–1862), writer on education; sister of David Ricardo; married George Richardson Porter; published On Infant Schools for the Upper and Middle Classes 1838, and similar works.
^ Thomas Porter (1636–1680), dramatist; son of Endymion Porter: imprisoned (1665) for abducting Anne, daughter of Mountjoy Blouut, earl of Newport ; his tragedy, Tlie Villain (acted 1668, published IVps. 1663), thought deficient in fancy by the diarist Pepj
^ Walter Porter (1595?–1669), composer; appointed master of the choristers of Westminster Abbey, 1639; composed chiefly madrigals and hymn-tunes.
^ Whitworth Porter (1827–1892), major-general, royal engineers; entered the royal engineers, 1846; served before Sebastopol, 1865; commanding royal engineer in the western district, 1877-81; retired, 1881; works im-hiie an elaborateHistory of the Corps of Royal Engineers 1889.
^ William Porter (1805–1880), attorney-general at the Cape of Good Hope; brother of John Scott Porter ; called to the Irish bar, 1831; attorney-general at the Cape of Good Hope, 1839-65.
^ William Henry Porter (1790–1861), surgeon; president of the Irish College of Surgeon., 1838; professor of surgery in College of Surgeons school of medicine at Dublin.
^ Beilby Portetjs (1731–1808), successively bishop of Chester and London; B.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1752; fellow, 1752; appointed (1762) domestic chaplain to Thomas Seeker, archbishop of Canterbury; chaplain to George III, 1769; bishop of Chester, 1776-87, of London, 1787-1808; supported the rising evangelical party hi both sees, although not Identifying himself with their more decidedly Culvinistic doctrines: was an early patron of the Church Missionary Society, and joined th British and Foreign Bible Society; published several doctrinal treatises, besides collected sermons, charges, and hortatory letters.
^ Dukes of Portland . See BKXTISCK, WILLIAM Cavendish Henry , third DUKK, 1738–1809 ; William John Cavendish Scott , fifth DCKK, 1800–1879.
^ Earls of Portland . See WESTOX, SIR RICHARD, first EARL, 1677-1635; WKSTOX, JKKOMK, second EARL, 1605-1663; BKXTINI-K, WILLIAM, first EARL of the second creation, 1649-1709.
^ Portland, titular Earl of. See Edward Herbert, 1648?–1698.
^ Baron Portlester . See Roland Fitz Eustace.
^ Joseph Ellison Portlock (1794–1864), major-general, royal engineers; only son of Nathaniel Portlock ; entered the royal engineers, 1813; took part in the Canadian campaign, 1814; engaged (1824-43) in the Irtoh surrey, particularly on the geological and productive economical sections; retired from active service, 1867.
^ Nathaniel Portlock (1748?–1817), captain in the navy; entered the navy (1772) as an able seaman bat was placed on the quarterdeck by (Sir) Charles Douglas; sailed round the world (1786-8) in command of the King George, and published A Voyage round the World 1789; attained post rank, 1799.
^ Edward Berkeley Portman, first Viscount Portman (1799–1888), of Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; M.A., 1826; liberal M.P. for Dorset, 182S-:J2, MaryIcbooe, 1832-3; created Baron Portman of Orchard Portman, 1837, and Viscount Portman, 1873.
^ Sir William Portman (d. 1557), judge; made 1547; knighted by Edward VI; made chief
^ Sir William Portman, sixth baronet (1641?-1690), captor of the Duke of Monmouth; of All Souls College, Oxford: K.B. at the Restoration; M.P., Taunton, 1641-79 and 1686-90; was considered the most influential tory in the west of England, after Sir Edward Seymour (1633-1708): F.R.S., 1664: with Lord Lumley captured Monmouth in the New Forest, 8 July 1685; joined the Prince of Orange at Exeter, 1688.
^ Portmore, first Earl of (d. 1730). See David Colyear.
^ Duchess of Portsmouth (1649–1734). See Louise Renée de Keroualle.
^ Portsmouth, first Earl of (1690–1762). See John Wallop.
^ Mauritius de Portu (d. 1613). See Maurice O'Fihely.
^ John Port (d. 1570), master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge: M.A. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1527; D.D., 1557; elected fellow of his college, c. 1534, and master, 1557; resigned mastership under pressure (1570) on account of infirmity; friend of Matthew Parker.
^ John Pory (1570?–1635), traveller and geographer; M.A. Caius College, Cambridge, 1595 (incorporated at Oxford, 1610); MJ., Bridgwater, 1605; travelled in France and the Low Countries, 1607, in Turkey, 1613-16; went to America as secretary to Sir George Yeardley, 1619; settled in London, 1624.
^ Robert Pory or Porey (1608?–1669), archdeacon of Middlesex; educated at St. Paul's School. London, and Christ's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1632; D.D. per tittreu rrgieu, 1660 (incorporated at Oxford, 1663); collated to the rectory of St. Margaret's, Fish Street, Ixmdon, 1640; plundered and sequestered on the outbreak of the civil war; rector of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate Street, London, 1660-3; appointed archdeacon of Middlesex, 1660.
^ Jacob Post (1774–1856), quaker; publishedJular expositions of the history and belief of the Society of -.
^ Beale Poste (1793–1871), divine and antiquary: educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; LL.B.,1819; curate successively of High Haitian and Milstead in Kent; bis works mainly concerned with early British history.
^ John Postgate (1820-1881), initiator of the laws against adulteration; started life as a grocer's boy at Scarborough; began practice in Birmingham as a surgeon, 1861; F.R.C.S. 1864: he began (1864) his lifelong crusade test the adulteration of food substances, the result of wnfch was that the Birmingliam member, William Schole a, obtained a parliamentary committee of inquiry in 1866, and a restraining bill was passed in 1860; the Amendment Act Introduced at his instance, and passed to render the check more effective, 1872.
^ Thomas Postlethwaite (1731–1798), master of Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A. Trinity College, Cum bridge, 1756; D.D. (by royal mandate), 1789: elected fellow of his college, 1755; master of his college, 1789-98; when master passed over Richard Porson, who was in 1792 a candidate for the lay fellowship.
^ James Postlethwayt (d. 1761), writer on revenue; probably a brother of Malachy Postlethwuyt ; publishedThe History of the Public Revenue from 1688 to 1758 1769.
^ John Postlethwayt (1660–1713), chief master of St. Paul's School, London; M.A. Merton College, Oxford, 1678; high master of St. Paul's School, 1697-1713: proved an eminent schoolmaster.
^ Malachy Postlethwayt (1707?–1767), economic writer; devoted twenty years to the preparation of 'The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce 1761 (4th ed. 1774), a translation, with large additions, from the French of J. Savary des Brulons; wrote, among other topics, on the African trade.
^ Matthew Postlethwayt (1679–1745), archdeacon of Norwich; nephew of John Postlethwayt: M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1706; archdeacon of Norwich and rector of Redenhall, 1742.
^ Joseph Pote (1703?–1787), bookseller; kept a boarding-house for Eton boys, and was well known as an editor and publisher in Eton.
^ John Potenger or Pottinger (1647–1733), master in chancery and author; of Winchester College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford; B.A., 1668; admitted to the Inner Temple, 1675: obtained the post of master in chancery after 1678, subsequently selling it; refused to support James IPs religious policy; author of A Pastoral Reflection on Death 1691, and many unpublished poems.
^ Joseph Holden Pott (1759–1847), archdeacon of London; son of Percivall Pott; of Eton and St. John's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1783; was archdeacon of St. Albans, 1789-1813, of London, 1813-42; chancellor of Exeter, 1826; wrote works in prose and verse.
^ Percivall Pott (1714–1788), surgeon; was bound an apprentice to Edward Nourse, 1729; became master of anatomy to the newly formed Corporation of Surgeons, 1753, and master of the corporation, 1765; became surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1749; introduced many improvements into the art of surgery during his long tenure of office, rendering its practice more humane; suffered a compound fracture of the leg (still known as Pott's fracture), 1756, which, in spite of the opinion of the surgeons in favour of amputation, he and his friend and colleague Nourse succeeded in curing without it; resigned his office of surgeon, 1787. He was the teacher of John Hunter (1728-1793), whom he excelled in practical, but to whom he was much inferior in scientific, surgery. The spinal disease known as Pott's disease obtained its name from his discussion of it in a medical work published in 1779. His works, which are numerous and important, were collected, 1775.
^ Barnaby Potter (1577–1642), provost of Queen's College, Oxford, and bishop of Carlisle; M.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1602; D.D., 1615; fellow of his college, 1604; provost, 1616-26; liked by Charles I, in spite of his puritan leanings; chief almoner to Charles I, 1628; bishop of Carlisle, 1629-42.
^ Charles Potter (1634–1663), courtier; son of Christopher Potter (1591-1646); educated at Queen's College, Oxford; student of Christ Church, Oxford, 1647; M.A., 1651; joined the exiled court of Charles II, and became a Roman catholic; made usher to Queen Henrietta Maria at the Restoration.
^ Christopher Potter (1591–1646), provost of Queen's College, Oxford; nephew of Barnaby Potter; M.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1613; D.D., 1627; fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1615; provost, 1626-46. He attached himself to Laud, and was made chaplain in ordinary to Charles I; dean of Worcester, 1636; vice-chancellor of Oxford University, 1640; suffered much in Charles I's cause during the civil war: was nominated dean of Durham, 1646, but died before his installation.
^ Christopher Potter (d. 1817), introducer into France of printing on porcelain; settled in Paris in 1789, and received credit for the invention of nrintinir on porcelain and glass, though it had been practised at Liverpool aii'i Worcester from 1756-7. He reopened the Chantilly potteries.
^ Francis Potter (1594–1678), divine and mechanician; brother of Hannibal Totter; M.A. Trinity College, Oxford, 1616; B.A., 1616; rector of Kilmington, 1628-78; made quadrants with a graduated compass of his own invention, which he gave to John Aubrey; P.R.S., 1663.
^ George Potter (1832–1893), trade-unionist; a carpenter by trade; first became prominent in the lockout in the building trades in 1869: headed the deputation of London workmen who welcomed Garibaldi, 1864; member of the London school board, 1873-83; contributed to The Times and the Contemporary Review.
^ Hannibal Potter (1592–1664), president of Trinity College, Oxford; M.A. Trinity College, Oxford, 1614; D.D., 1630; fellow of bis college, 1613: president in 1643; deprived of the presidentship by the parliamentary visitors, 1647, but restored, 1660.
^ John Potter (1674?–1747), archbishop of Canterbury; matriculated at University College, Oxford, 1688; M.A., 1694; D.D., 1706; fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, 1694; became domestic chaplain to Archbishop Teulson, 1704; regius professor of divinity at Oxford, 1707-16; bishop of Oxford, 1715-37; archbishop of Canterbury, 1737-47; edited Lyoophron, 1697, and Clement of Alexandria, 1716, and published Archalogia Onecn vol. i 1697, vol. ii. 1698.
^ John Potter (fl. 1754–1804), dramatic and miscellaneous author; resided chiefly in Loudon, wrote plays and contributed theatrical criticism to the Public Ledger: M.D. Edinburgh, 1784; L.R.C.P., 1785; practised medicine at Enniscorthy after 1785, but in 1798 returned to London and supported himself by literature.
^ John Phillips Potter (1818–1847), anatomist; studied at University College, London; became bouse surgeon to Robert Listen in University College, Hospital, London, e. 1840; assistant-surgeon to University College Hospital, 1847; died of a poisoned wound received while dissecting.
^ Philip Cipriani Hambly Potter (1792-1871), musician; ranked high among contemporary pianists and (1823) was appointed principal professor ol the pianoforte at the Royal Academy of Music; priucipa of the academy, 1832-69. His published works extend to Opus 39, but are now rarely beard.
^ Richard Potter (1778–1842), politician; known as Radical Dick; brother of Sir Thomas Potter (17731845), with whom he was associated in business and politics at Manchester; M.P., Wigan, 1832, 1835, 1837
^ Richard Potter (1799–1886), scientific writer after engaging in mercantile life without success wa elected a fellow of QueensCollege, Cambridge, in 1839 M.A., 1841; professor of natural philosophy and astro norny, University College, London, 1841-3 and 1844-66.
^ Robert Potter (1721–1804), poet and politician; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1788; master Seaming school, 1761-89; occupied his spare time translating the Greek tragedians; canon of Norwicl 1788; best known by his translation of echylus (1777 and in a less degree by his translation of Sophocles an Euripides; attacked the administration of the poor 1785.
^ Thomas Potter (1718–1759), wit and politician son of John Potter (1674 ?-1747); M.A. Chn Church, Oxford, 1738; barrister, Middle Temple, 1740 secretary to Frederick, prince of Wales, 174H-51; M.I 1. St. Germans, 1747-64, Aylesbury, 1764-7, Okehainptou, 1757-9; attacked the Duke of Newcastle in his first session in a speech, which was rebuked by Henry Pdham aud published in the magazines, and (1756) allied himself with Pitt; appointed paymaster-general of the laud forces, December 1756, and (July 1757) joint vicetreasurer of Ireland; was notorious at Medmeuham and ail asboclate of Wilkes, whom he Introduced to Jewish lore. To him DM bom attributed the infamous Essay on Woman.
^ Sir Thomas Potter (1771–1845), politician: nnl..i. with his brother, Richard Potter (1778-1843) asPotterV which _ Suppl. UL J811
^ Thomas Bayley Potter (1817–1898), politcian; son of Sir Thomas Potter fa. r.; educated at Rugby; entered his father's business bom* at and became hool of liberals; snooted cause of North in civil war, 1861; foun.tal Union and Mines (Manchester), later ter called 'Examiner and -..: "..-.::--..:.. -.-: Society, 1861; succeeded his friend, Richard Cobden q. v., M M.P. for Rochdale, 18*1, aud held seat till 18M; consistently supported free trade; established Cobden lub, 1866, and acted as secretary. (SappL ill. Ml
^ Thomas Joseph Potter (1828–1873), Roman atholic story-writer and professor; director of All HallowsCollege, Dublin, and professor of sacred douenoe: his works chiefly passable religious poems or nances. xlvi. ttt}
^ Thomas Rossell Potter (1799–1873), antiquary; kept a school at Wymeswold In Leicestershire; nblishedThe History and Antiquities of Charnwood orest and other works.
^ William Potter (fl. 1650–1656), writer on milks; one of the earliest writers on paper currency; ecommeuded the issue, by means of a laud-bank, of bills payable at sight, under a guarantee of land mortgages.
^ Eldred Pottinger (1811–1843), soldier and diplomatist; nephew of Sir Henry Pottinger: entered the Bombay artillery, 1827; subsequently entered the political department and became assistant to his uncle; travelled In Afghanistan disguised as a horsedealer, 1837, and, on the siege of Herat by the Russians made himself known and conducted a successful defence; B.; made political officer In Kohlstan, 1841, and on the revolt against Shah Shnja succeeded in escaping to Kabul, wlre he succeeded Sir William Hay Macnaghten q. v. as resident; detained as a hostage when the British troops agreed to evacnate the town, January 1842; returned to India, September 1843; died on a visit to Hongkong.
^ Sir Henry Pottinger, first baronet (1789-1856), soldier and diplomatist; obtained a cadetahip m the Indian army, 18O4; with a friend explored the country between Persia and India disguised as a nattje, 1809-11 served during the Mahratto war, and (18J was political agent in Siudh; create! baronet in recognition of his services, 1840; appointed envoy in China, 1840: distinguished himself during the opium war, G.C.B., 1842; made first British governor of Hongkong, 1843; returned to **"* ME* councillor: governor of the Cape of Good Hope, 1ft returned to India as governor of Madras, 1847; was an unsuccessful governor, and retired, 1864.
'^ Sir Israel Pottinger (fl. 1759-1761), dramatist: up a* a bookseller in Paternoster Row, London, and SSA a variety of periodicals: He frequenUy suffered from a mental disorder, but supported himself in his lucid intervals by his pen, writing several plays farcical.
'^ John Pottinger (1647-1733). See Potenger.
^ sinking foundations by means ol
^ Robert Potts (1805–1885), mathematician; M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge, 18:5: n successful Iprivatc ; acquired a wide reputation as editor of Ku.-li-1's IMS.
^ Thomas Potts (fl. 1612), author of the 'Discoverie of Witches'; clerk of the circuit at the trial of th Lancashire witches, 1612, compiling an account of the proceedings.
^ Thomas Potts (1778–1842), compiler; a solicitor, at one time connected with SkinnersHall; published compilations on law, 1803, agriculture, 1806, and topography, 1810.
^ Sir John Poulett , first Baron Poulett (1586-1649), cavalier: grandson of Sir Amias Paulet (1536?1188); of University College, Oxford; student of the Middle Temple, 1610; M.P., Somerset, 1610 and 1614, Lyme Regis, 1621-2; raised to the peerage, 1627; knighted, 1636; regarded as a popularman until the passing of the militia ordinance in 1642, when he withdrew from parliament and assisted to put the commission of array into execution: was taken prisoner near Bridgnorth, October 1642, but regained his liberty and served under Hopton; again taken prisoner at Exeter, 1646, and was afterwards set free on payment of a fine.
^ Sir John Poulett, second Baron Poulett (1615-1666), eldest son of Sir John Poulett, first baron Poulett: knighted, 1635; M.P., Somerset, 1640-2; M.D. Exeter College, Oxford, 1643; fought on the royalist side; compounded at the surrender of Exeter; went abroad, 1658, but returned, 1660.
^ Sir John Poulett , fourth Baron and first Earl Poulett (1663–1743), grandson of Sir John Poulett, second baron Poulett; threw in his lot with the tones, but was always a lukewarm politician; privy councillor, 1702: created Earl Poulett 1706; F.R.S., 1706; nominally first lord of the treasury, Harley in reality directing affairs, 1710-11: E.G., 1713; lost his places on the accession of George I.
^ George Poulson (1783–1858), topographer; published the History and Antiquities of Holderness 1840-1, and other works.
^ Benjamin Thomas Pouncy (d. 1799), draughtsman and engraver; during the latter part of bis life executed plates of landscape and marine subjects after popular artists.
^ James Pound (1669–1724), astronomer; B.A. Hart Hall, Oxford, 1694; M.A. Gloucester Hall, Oxford, 1694; M.B., 1697; went to Madras (1699) as chaplain to the merchant* at Fort St. George, and thence proceeded to the settlement on the Cambodia, where he lost everything in an insurrection in 1705; afterwards held ecclesiastical preferments in England; admitted F.H.S., 1713: distinguished himself by his observations of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn.
^ John Pound (1766–1839), gratuitous teacher of poor children; crippled for life by an accident, 1781; started as a shoemaker at Portsmouth, 1803; from 1818 ) became famous an teacher and friend of children, and was proclaimed by Dr. Guthrie to be the originator of the idea of ragged schools.
^ Charles Povey (1652?–1743), miscellaneous writer and projector: wrote in favour of the revolution, and from 1?05 floated life and fire insurance scheme?.
^ Thomas Povey (fl. 1633–1686), civil servant; sat in the Long parliament as M.P., Liskeard, 1647; M.I, Bossiney, 1659; after the Restoration was much favoured at court: held many offices and wan a master of requests from 1662 till the accession of James II; friend of Evelyn nd Pepyi.
^ Mrs Powell (d. 1831), actress ; previously known Mrs Farmer and subsequently as Mrs. Renaud; appeared at the Haymarket as Mrs. Farmer, e. 1787: married H789) a Liverpool prompter named Powell, and (1814) another husband named Renaud; was generally cmrt for heavy * parts; retired, 1 829.
^ Baden Powell (1796–1860), Savilian professor of peornetry; M.A. Oriel College, Oxford, 1820; F.R.S., IH-J-I: Savilian professor at Oxford, 1H27-60; well kuowu for his researches on optics and radiation, and was active in university reform; engaged in theological controversy from a latitudinarian standpoint.
^ David Powell or Powel (1552?–1598), Welsh historian; B.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1573; fellow of All ; Souls College, Oxford, 1573; M.A., 1576; held several Welsh benefices; published (1584)The Historic of CamI bria practically: new work, though founded on a manuscript translation by Humphrey Llwyd q. v. of the Chronicle of the Princes
^ Edward Powell (1478?–1540), Roman catholic divine: M.A. Oxford; fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, I 1496; D.D., 1506; opposed the spread of Luther's doctrines in England and pronounced against the royal divorce; condemned for treason in refusing the oath of succession, 1534, and (1540) was executed at Smithfield, being drawn on the same hurdle as the protestant Robert Barnes
^ Foster Powell (1734–1793), pedestrian; clerk to an attorney in the Temple; performed extraordinary pedestrian feats for small wagers; walked (1792) from London to York and back, four hundred miles, in 5 days 15 J hours. Most of his feats were afterwards eclipsed by Robert Barclay Allardice
^ Gabriel Powell or Powel (1576–1611), polemical divine; son of David Powell; B.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1596; became domestic chaplain to Richard Vaughan (1550?-1607), bishop of London; wrote vigorously in support of Anglicanism.
^ George Powell (1658?–1714), actor and drarnaj tist; is first heard of at the Theatre Royal, London, 1687; ! retired, c. 1713; praised by Addison as a tragedian; lived a 1 profligate life, and was in such constant dread of arrest as to menace with his sword sheriffsofficers when he saw them in the street.
^ Sir George Smyth Baden Powell (1847-1898), author and politician; son of Baden Powell; educated at St. Paul's School, London, and Marlborough College; M.A. Balliol College, Oxford, 1878; entered Inner Temple, 1876: private secretary to Sir George Ferguson Boweii, governor of Victoria; joint-commissioner to inquire into administration of West India colonies, 1882; conservative M.P. for Kirkdale (Manchester), 1885-98; joint special commissioner to arrange details of new Maltese constitution, 1887; K.C.M.G., 1888; appointed to investigate subject of Behring Sea fisheries, 1891, and was British member of joint commission at Washington, 1892, and adviser on conduct of British case before arbitrators in Paris, 1893; published works and articles on political and economic questions.
^ Griffith Powell or Powel (1561–1620), principal of Jesus College, Oxford; M.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1589; D.C.L., 1599; principal, 1613-20; wrote on Aristotle and the sophists.
^ Humphrey Powell (fl. 1548–1556), printer; was in 1548 engaged in printing in Holborn Conduit, London, but in 1561 removed to Dublin, where he established the first printing-press in Ireland.
^ Sir John Powell (1633–1696), judge; M.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1664; barrister, Gray's" Inn, 1057 (antient, 1676); knighted and appointed a judge of the common pleas, 1686; removed to the king's bench, 1687, but disniisM-d (July 1688) for stating, on the trial of the srvm bishops, that the Declaration of Indulgence was a nullity; restored to the common pleas, May 1689.
^ Sir John Powell (1645-1713), judge; barrister, Inner Temple, 1671; appointed to the exchequer, 1691; knighted, 1691; transferred to the common pleas, 1695, and to the queen's bench, 1702.
^ John Powell (Jf. 1770–1786), portrait-painter; pupil and assistant of Sir Joshua Reynolds; lived at Sir Joshua's house, and made reduced copies of many of his portraits.
^ John Powell (fl. 1796–1829), water-colour painter; largely engaged as a teacher of painting in water-colours; executed landscapes chiefly drawn from English scenery.
^ John Joseph Powell (1755?–1801), legal writer; practised as a conveyancer, and wrote on mortgages, contracts, nod other legal subjects.,:...
^ Martin Powell (fl. 1709–1729), puppet showman; established (171U) his puppet-show in Coven: den, London, where it became famous, and was frequently alluded to in the Tatlcr and Spectator
^ Nathaniel Powell (d. 1622). navigator and colonist; settled in Virginia in 1607, when he made explorations aud wrote, apparently, The Diarie of the Second Voyage in discovering the Bay 1608.
^ Richard Powell (1767–1834), physician; of Pembroke and Merton Colleges, Oxford: M.A., 1791; M.D., 1795; physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital London, 1801-24: censor, H.C.P., 1798, 1807, 1820, and 1823: Lumleian lecturer, 1811-22; Harveian orator, 1808; one of the revisers of the 4 1'barmacopasia Loudinensis 1809. Hi medical writings were important
^ Robert Powell (fl. 1634–1662), legal writer; a solicitor in Gloucestershire; wrote on English legal antiquities,
^ Thomas Powell (1572?–1635?), attorney and author; solicitor-general in the marches of Wales, 16131622; published various works in poetry and prose, including A Welch Bayte to spare Prouender (1603), a justification of Queen Elizabeth's treatment of papists and puritans, which was suppressed.
^ Thomas Powell (1766–1842?), musician; taught music in Dublin, Edinburgh, aud London; a skilled artist on several instruments. His compositions are numerous.
^ Vavasor Powell (1617–1670), nonconformist divine; adopted the career of an itinerant evangelist in Wales, c. 1639, and on the outbreak of the civil war went to London: resumed his work in the principality, 1646, and created a band of missionary preachers, becoming known as the metropolitan of the itinerants; drew up a protest against Cromwell's usurpation and by 1654 had joined the baptist section of independents, holding many Fifth-monarchy opinions; arrested at the Restoration, and on his refusal to abstain from preaching imprisoned, with some slight intervals, for the rest of his life. His use of travelling preachers anticipated, and probably suggested, George Fox's employment of the same agency. He published over twenty trealam.
^ William Powell (1735–1769), actor; made his first appearance on the stage at Drury Lane, Ixmdon (1763) aa Garrick's understudy, after being carefully coached by Garrick, who was anxious for foreign travel; made Uarrick uneasy by the extent of his popularity; joined (1767) in the Covent Garden venture; the original Honeywood in the Good-natured Man 1768; his early death generally lamented.
^ William Samuel Powell (1717–1775), divine; fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1740 63; M.A., 1742; D.D., 1757; left Cambridge, 1761, aud took a house in London; master of St. John's College, Cambridge, 17*5-75.
^ Henry Power (1623–1668), physician and naturalist; B.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1644: practised for a time as a physician at Halifax: F.R.S., 1663; published Experimental Philosophy 1664, and left a number of works in manuscript.
^ Joseph Power (1798–1868), librarian of the university of Cambridge; fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, 1823, of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1829. and re-elected at Clare College, Cambridge, 1844; M.A. Clare College, Cambridge, 1824: librarian of the university, 1845-64: wr.ton mathematical subjects.
^ Lionel Power (fl. 1450?), composer and writer on musical theory; anthor of extant compositions and a tract in the British Museum entitled Lionel Power of the Cordis of Musike
^ Sir Manley Power (1773–1826), lieutenant-general; entered the army, 1783, and saw much active rvice between 1799 and 1802; took part in the IVninsular war from 1810, and (1813) was attached to the Portuguese army, commanding a brigade at Salamanca. Vittoria, Nivelle, and Orthes; K.O.B., 1815.
^ Marguerite Power , afterwards Countess of Blessington 1789–1849). See Blessington.
^ Marguerite A. Power (1815–1867), author; niece of Marguerite, countess of Blessington q. v.; wrote, besides other works, a poem entitled Virginia's Hand(I860).
^ Richard Power, first Earl of Tyrone (1610-1690), was taken into Cromwell's special protection to consequence of his father, John, lord de to Power (4. 1661), having become insane: made governor of Waterford, 1661: created Bart of Tyrone. 1671; was charged with tr.M-i.Mi on iiiinuhfttantial evidence. 1679, and failed to gain his discharge till 16H1; became a Roman catholic on the accession of James II; privy councillor, 1686: assisted in the defence of Cork against Marlborough, 1690, and after the capitulation was committed to the Tower of London, where he died.
^ Tyrone Power (1797–1841), Irish comedian; joined a company of strolling players hi bis fourteenth year; obtained small engagements in the London theatres, 1821; succeeded Charles Connor as tending Irish comedian at Drury Lane, 1826; his last appearance to London at the Haymarket 1840; went down to the President when returning from the United States.
^ Viscount Powerscourt (d. 1634). See Richard Wingfield.
^ Powis, titular Dukes of. See HKRBKRT, WILLIAM, first DUKE, 1617-1696; HKRBKRT, WILLIAM, second DUKK, d. 1745.
^ Marquises of Powis . See HKRBKRT, WILLIAM, first MARQUIX, 1617-1696; HKHBKHT, WILLIAM, second MARQCIS, rf. 1746.
^ Powis, second Earl of. See Edward Herbert, 1785-1818.
^ William Henry Powis (1808–1836), wood-engraver; regarded as one of the best wood-engravers of his day.
^ George Powle (fl. 1764–1771), etcher and miniature-painter; pupil of Thomas Worlidgc, whose mode of etching be imitated.
^ Henry Powle (1630–1692), master of the rolls and speaker of the Convention parliament: of Christ Church, Oxford; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1664 (bencher, 1669); MP., Cireucester, 1671 and 1679, East Grinstead, 1681, New Windsor, 1689; identified himself with the opponents of the court in Charles IIs reign; advocated a Dutch alliance, 1677; led the attack on Danby, 1678; made a member of Temple's new composite privy council, but from the commencement of 1681 took little part in politics until the revolution; was immediately voted to the chair on the as-emblageof the Convention parliament, and was William Ill's most trusted adviser while the parliament sat; made master of the rolls, 1690, on which be retired from parliament. His historical, legal, and antiquarian knowledge were highly esteemed,
^ Thomas Orde-Powlett, first Baron Bolton (1746-1807). See Orde.
^ Robert Pownall (1520–1571), proteatant divine; fled from England during Queen Mary's reign, and wo." afterwards rector of Harbledown (15G2-71); published several treatises aud translations from the French.
^ Thomas Pownall (1722–1805), known as 'Governor Pownall'; politician and antiquary; B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1743; obtained a place in the office of the board of trade aud plantations, r. 1744, aud (c. I7H)WM nominated lieutenant-governor of New Jersey, and in 1757 governor of Massachusetts: laboured zealously to drive the French from North America: commanded an expedition to the Penobscot River, 1759: transferred to South Carolina, 1759, his manners being nusuited to the gravity of the New England puritans: quitted America and resigned his post 1760; published (1764) hi* famous work (6th el. 1777) on The Administration of the Colonies to which he projected the union of all the American possession* in one dominion, and drew attention to the reluctance of colonists to be taxed without their own consent; MP Tregony, 1767-74, Minebead, 1774-80; allied himteif at first with the whigs, but supported Lord Nortb whan war broke out, insisting at the same time that England's sovereignty over tbe colonies was last, and urging the government to treat He was the author of twety-five subjects, chiefly political and five works on economic.
^ John Powrie-Ogilvy (fl. 1592–1601. See Ogilvy.
^ Horatio Powys (1805–1877), bishop of Sodor and Man of Harrow and St. John's College, Cambridge; M.A., 18*6; created D.D., 1854; consecrated, 1854; involved himself in mucb litigation on behalf of the rights of the aee.
^ Sir Littleton Powys (1648?–1732), judge; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1671; appointed a judge on the Chester circuit, 1689; serjeant and knighted, 1692; became a baron of the exchequer, 1695; transferred to the king's bench, 1700; retired, 1726.
^ Sir Thomas Powys (1649–1719), judge; brother of Sir Littleton Powys; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1673; solicitor-general and knighted, 1686; attorneygeneral, 1687: conducted the prosecution of the seven bishops, 1688, with much fairness; became a judge of the queen's bench, 1713 (removed, 1714).
^ Thomas Littleton Powys, fourth Baron Lilford (1833–1896), ornithologist; educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford; travelled abroad and made valuable ornithological collections: F.Z.S., 1852; F.L.S., 1863; one of the founders of the British Ornithologists Union, 1858, and president from 1867; published Coloured Figures of Birds of British Islands 1885-97 (completed by Osbert Salvin ), and various ornithological writings.
^ John Poyer (d. 1649), royalist; mayor of Pembroke, 1642: became captain in the service of parliament; went over to Charles I's party in 1648, and raised an armed force; executed nine months after Cromwell's capture of Pembroke.
^ John Poynder (1779–1849), theological writer: for nearly forty years clerk and solicitor to the royal hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlehem, London; attacked th Bast India Company for encouraging idolatry, and obtained the abolition of the suttee and of the pilgrim tax. His works are numerous.
^ John Poynet (1514?–1556). See Ponet.
^ Sir Edward Poynings (1459–1521), lord-deputy of Ireland: grandson of Robert de Poynings, fifth baron Poynuigs; a leader of the rising in Kent in 1483: planned to second Buckingham's insurrection against Richard III; escaped abroad and landed with Henry VII at Milford Haven; commanded an expedition sent to assist Maximilian in the reduction of Flanders, 1492; governor of Calais, 1493; sent to Ireland as deputy to the governor, Prince Henry, 1494; assembled a parliament (1494) which passed numerous important acts (repealed, 1782) restricting Irish independence, the most momentous of which was that (afterwards known as Poj'ningslaw) providing that no act of parliament should be valid unless previously submitted to tbe English privy council, and another which enacted that all laws passed in England previous to 1494 should be valid in Ireland; compelled Perkin Warbeck. who invaded Ireland, 1495, to seek refuge in Scotland; succeeded in extirpating Yorkist cause in Ireland: was recalled, 1496, and some time before Henry VII's death became controller of the household and warden of tlie Cinque ports, offices which were continued to him in the next reign; K.G; negotiated a league of partition against France, 1513; took part in the capture of T6rouenue and Tournai; took an important part in negotiations with the emperor Charles V.
^ Michael de Poynings or Ponyngs, second Baron Poynings (1317–1369), served in Flanders in lM-4,in Scotland in 1341, and in France in 1345-6 and in 1IM-6; summoned to parliament from 1342.
^ Robert de Poynings, fifth Baron Poynings (1380-1446), grandson of Michael de Poynings, second Poynlngi: ntimmoned to parliament, 1404: in thePwnch wars of Henry IV and Henry V. wed in the
^ Thomas Poynings, Baron Poynings (d. 1545), illegitimate son of Sir Edward Poynings: took part in the French expedition of 1544, greatly distinguishing himself at the capture of Boulogne; created baron, 1545.
^ Ambrose Poynter (1796–1886), architect; set up as an architect in Westminster, 1821; foundation member of the R.I.B.A.; designed, besides other buildings, many government schools and several London churches.
^ William Poynter (1762–1827), Roman catholic prelate; prefect of studies at the English College at Douay; D.D. Douay: imprisoned by the French revolutionaries, 1793 and 1795; sent to England; became president of St. Edmund's College, near Ware, 1801; coadjutor bishop to John Douglass, 1803; became vicar-apostolic of the London district, 1812.
^ Sir Anthony Poyntz (1480?–1533), diplomatist; knighted, 1513; went on an embassy to Francis I, 1518; was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520.
^ Sir Francis Poyntz (d. 1528), diplomatist; was sent as ambassador to Charles V, 1527; died of the plague.
^ John Poyntz (fl. 1658–1683), captain in the navy; fought for parliament in the civil war in Ireland and England: subsequently travelled in America; published a proposal (1683) for colonising Tobago.
^ Robert Poyntz (fl. 1554–1566), Roman catholic writer; of Winchester College and New College, Oxford; was elected perpetual fellow of New College, 1554; M.A., 1560; settled in Louvain early in Queen Elizabeth's reign; published (1566) Testimonies for the Real Presence.
^ Sir Robert Poyntz (1589?–1665), royalist; descended from Sir Anthony Poyntz; of Brasenose College, Oxford: M.P., Gloucestershire, 1626 and 1628-9; knighted, 1627; published A Vindication of Monarchy 1661.
^ Stephen Poyntz (1665–1750), diplomatist; fellow of King's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1711; envoy extraordinary to Sweden, 1724; governor to the Duke of Cumberland; privy councillor, 1735.
^ Sydenham Poyntz (fl. 1645–1650), soldier; brother of John Poyntz; served in the Dutch and imperial armies, returning to England in 1645; became commauder-in-chief of the northern association under parliament and governor of York, and gained the battle of Rowton Heath, 24 Sept. 1645: published (1646) a Vindication containing an account of his services; supposed by the presbyterians to be likely to oppose the new model, but in 1 647 was sent by his soldiers a prisoner to Fairfax; fought for London against the army, 1647, and on the collapse of his cause fled to Holland; accompanied Lord Willoughby to the West Indies, 1650, and finally settled in Virginia.
^ Winthrop Maokworth Praed (1802–1839), poet; descended from Sir Humphry Mackworth: educated at Eton, where he founded theEtonian and at Trinity College, Cambridge; B.A., 1826; fellow, 1827: barrister, Middle Temple, 1829; conservative M.P. for St. Germans, 1830, Great Yarmouth, 1834, Aylesbury, 1837; appointed secretary to the board of control under Peel, 1834. The first collection of his poems appeared at New York in 1844, and an authorised edition by Derwent Coleridge was published in 1864. His proae essays were collected in a volume of Henry Morley's Universal Library in 1887.
^ Miles Prance (fl. 1678–1689), perjurer; Roman catholic goldsmith of Coveiit Garden, London; arrested (1678) on suspicion of the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey and committed to Newgate: endeavoured to procure his release by a fabricated account of Godfrey's death, but his falsehood being detected was sent back to prison; procured his liberty and the death of three innocent men by a new story; subsequently gave evidence in support of Gates and Bedloe, was convicted of perjury (1686) and afterwards went abroad.
^ Anne Pratt, afterwards Mrs Pearless (1806-1893), botanist; married John Pearless, 1866; published popular but useful botanical works, including The Flowering Plants and Ferns of Great lintam 1855).
^ Sir Charles Pratt, first Earl Camden and first Baron Camden (1714-1794), lord chancellor; MOO of Sir John Pratt q. v.; educated at Kton un,t Cambridge; fellow, 1734; M.A., 1740; barrister, Middle Temple, 1738; failed at flnt, but eventually noceeded In gaining a reputation at the bar; became attorney-general under Pitt, 1767, and aat in parliament a* whiff M.P. for Downton; appointed chief- justice of the court of common pleas, 1761; knighted, 1761; decided in the eaM of John Wilkea ( 1763) that general warrant* were illegal: became almost as great a popular idol as W likes himself and (1766) was created baron; opposed in the House of Lord* the taxation of the American colonies, and declared the Stamp Act unconstitutional; became lord chancellor in Ghatham's administration, 1766; although opposed to the American policy of the ministry, retained the great seal until it wa taken from him, January 1770; threw himself into opposition until the death of Chatham, when be lost heart and (1781) withdrew from public life; entered the Rockingham ministry as president of the council, 1782, resigning during the negotiations for tlie formation of the coalition ministry In March 1783; resumed the presidency of the council, 1784, retaining it till his death; created Earl Camden, 1786.
^ Sir Charles Pratt (1768–1838), lieutenant-general; entered the army, 1794; served in the Peninsular war, 1812-14; K.C.B., 1830; lieutenant-general, 1884.
^ Sir John Pratt (1657–1726), judge; of Magdalen Hall and Wadham College, Oxford: fellow of Wadhain College, Oxford, 1678; M.A., 1679; barrister, Inner Temple, 1682: made a judge of the court of king's bench, 1714; M.P., Midhurst, 1711-16; knighted, 1714; became lord chief-justice, 1718.
^ John Pratt (1772–1856), organist; became organist at King's College, Cambridge, and to Cambridge University, 1799; organist at Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1813: occupied himself with publications for the choirs of college chapels, and published (1810) aPsalmody which was widely used.
^ John Burnett Pratt (1799–1869), Scottish divine and antiquary; M.A. Aberdeen (bon. LL.D., 1866); minister of the Scottish episcopal church at Cruden, 1826-69; author of several publications on local antiquities and other topics.
^ John Henry Pratt (d. 1871), mathematician; son of Josiah Pratt; M.A. and fellow, Caius College, Cambridge, 1836; wrote several mathematical treatises.
^ Sir John Jeffreys Pratt, second Earl and first Marquis of Camden (1759-1840), only son of Sir Charles Pratt, first earl of Camden; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1779: M.P., Bath, 1780-94; lonl of the admiralty (July 1782 to April 1783, and December 1783 to July 1788); a lord of the treasury, 1789-94; appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1794; unpopular with the Irish, who saw in his appointment the frustration of all remedial legislature; shared with the English cabinet the responsibilityfor the policy which terminated in the rebellion of 1798; placed Ulster under martial law ( March 1797), but on the outbreak of the rebellion (May 1798) maintained a merely defensive attitude, and implored to be superseded by a military man, on which Lord Cornwall is was sent; secretary of war, 1804-5; president of the council, 1805-6 and 1807-12; created Marquis of Camden, 1812.
^ John Tidd Pratt ( 1797–1870), registrar of friendly societies: banister, Inner Temple, 1824: barrister to the commissioners for the reduction of the national debt, 1828-70: registrar of friendly societies, 1846-70: published levral works.
^ Josiah Pratt (1768–1844), evangelical divine; B.A. St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, 1792: secretary to the Church Missionary Society, 1802-24, devoting all his energies to the institution, and displaying great tact and business capacity: helped to form the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804; became vicar of St. Stepl man Street, London, In 1826; edited Bishop Hall's works, 1808.
^ Sir Roger Pratt (l620-1684), architect: of Magdalen College, Oxford; a oonsidenible part in deigning and rebuilding London after the great fire of 1M6; knighted, 1668. Jdvi. SM)
^ Samuel Pratt or Prat (1669?–1723), dean of Rochester; -I Mated* lUrateal I.,-.:..- 1.-..-..-.1.1-,,. D.D. per literal reyitu, 1697; published, among other work*, treatise on the problem of restoring the currency, 1896.
^ Samuel Jackson Pratt (1749–1814), miscellaneous writer, mainly under the pseudonym of Courtney Melmoth; was ordained in the English church, but soon abandoned the clerical profession, and appeared in 1773 on the stage at Dublin under the name of Courtney Melmoth: failed as an actor: adopted literature as a profesMO... 1 7 7 1: traded in Bath for some yean at a bookseller; several of his plays produced at Drury published miscellaneous works in prose and
^ Sir Thomas Simeon Pratt (1797–1879), commander of the forces in Australia; educated at St. Andrews; entered the army, 1814: In command in Australia (1866-61), with tin- funk of major-general; conducted the war against the Maoris, 1860-1: K.C.B., 181; gfiii-rul, 1873; retired from active service, 1877.
^ Robert Sidney Pratten (1824–1868), flautist; made his debut at Clifton in 1836: went to London in 1846, and attained the front rank In his art.
^ Thomas Prence (1600–1673), governor of Massachusetts; emigrated to New Plymouth, and (1634) was elected governor; resigned, 1635; did good service against the Pecquot Indians, 1637; was a second time governor, 1638, and for a third time, 1657-73.
^ John Patrick Prendergast (1808–1893), historian; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1826; called to the Irish bar, 1830. He published The History of the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland 1863, and other.
^ Sir Thomas Prendergast or Pendergrass, first baronet (16607-1709), soldier and Jacobite; gave information to government of the plot to assassinate William III at Turnham Green in February 1696, and gave evidence against the conspirators; created baronet, 1699; entered the army, and (1709) was promoted brigadier-general; mortally wounded at Malplaquet.
^ Thomas Prendergast (1806–1886), inventor of the mastery system of learning languages; entered the East India Company's service, 1826, and retired, 1869. His system of learning languages, which was in some respects a development of the Ollendorffian, had considerulile success. He published several handbooks on it, which went through numerous editions.
^ Archibald Prentice (1792–1857), journalist; helped to found the Manchester Gazettein 1821, as the organ of radical opinion, which was incorporated (1828) with the Manchester Times (sole manager of the new paper, 1828); obtained the transfer of the centre of antlcornlaw agitation from London to Manchester, 1836, and (1838) assisted in forming the Anti-Corulaw League; devoted his paper solely to the Interest* of free trade: compelled to relinquish bis post in 1847 after the establishment ( 1845)of a rival radical journal, the Manchester Examiner which was started in the manufacturing interest, and proved a serious blow to the Times
^ Edward Prentis (1797–1864), painter; portrayed scenes from domestic life: exhibited (1823-6O) chiefly at the Society of British Artiste.
^ Stephen Prentis (1801–1862), poet; M.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1830; author of numerous short poems printed for private circulation.
^ Sir Henry Prescott (1783–1874), admiral; grandson of Richard Walter; entered UK navy, 1796; promoted to poet rank (1810) for gallantry while in command of the boat attack at Amautea; governor of Newfoundland, 1834-41; admiral, 1860: G.OJk, 1869.
^ Robert Prescott (1726–1816), general; served at Rochefort, 1757, at Louisburg, 1758, at Martinique, 1761, and in several actions in the American war of Independence ; reduced Martinique and was appointed civil governor, 1194; governor of Canada, 1796-9; general, 1798.
^ Viscount Preston, first Viscount (1648–1695). See Richard Graham.
^ Sir Amyas de Preston (d. 1617?), naval commander; took part in an expedition to the Spanish main, 1595; knighted, 1596: took part in the Islands voyage, 1697 keeper of stores and ordnance at the Tower of London, 160S-17.
^ George Preston (1659?–1748), governor of Edinburgh Castle; was a captain in the service of the ritatet-Geueral in 1688, and accompanied William of Orange to England; colonel of the Cameronian regiment, 1706-20: made governor of Edinburgh Castle and commander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland on the outbnak of the rebellion of 1716: superseded by General Joshua Gnest, 1745, but is said to have prevented Guest from surrendering to the Jacobites,
^ Gilbert de Preston (d. 1274), chief-justice of the court of common pleas: son of Walter de Preston B; justice itinerant, 1240; appointed to the common 1242, retaining the post till his death; first to hold tie of chief-justice of the court of common pleas.
^ Sir John Preston (fl. 1394–1428), judge; was recorder of London, 1406-15; a justice of common pleas, 1415-28.
^ Sir John Preston, Lord Fentonbarns (d. 1616), Scottish judge; appointed an ordinary judge of the court of session, 1595; became president, 1609; one of the new Octavians, 1611.
^ John Preston (1587–1628), puritan divine; fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1609; M.A., 1611; commenced, on becoming dean of Queens' College, Cambridge, a course of sermons, which drew large crowds; his appointment as chaplain in ordinary to Prince Charles (c. 1620) due to the influence of Buckingham, who desired to conciliate the puritans; became preacher at Lincoln's Inn, 1622, and master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1622-8; D.D. by royal mandate, 1623; exerted all his influence on behalf of the puritans after the accession of Charles I, but found his plans counteracted by Laud, and failed to accomplish anything considerable,
^ Richard Preston (1768–1850), legal author; began life as an attorney, but was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, 1807 (bencher, 1834); K.C., 1834; conservative M.P., Ashbarton, 1812-18; supported the corn duties; published an admirable Treatise on Conveyancing (1806-9) and other works.
^ Sir Simon Preston (fl. 1538–1570), provost of Edinburgh; provost, 1538-43 and 1544-5; one of the most trusted friends of Mary Queen of Scots after her arrival in Scotland; again made provost by her orders, 1566, becoming also a member of the privy council: by his hostile attitude compelled Moray to evacuate Edinburgh in September, 1565; abandoned the cause of Mary Qoeen of Scots after her marriage to Bothwell.
^ Thomas Preston (1537–1598), master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and dramatist; fellow of King's College, Cambridge 1556; M.A., 1561; LL.D., 1676; master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1584-98; vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, 1589-90; wroteA Lamentable Tragedy mixed full of Mirth conteyning the Life of Cambises, King of Percia (1569), which illustrates the transition from the morality play to historical drama. The bombastic grandiloquence of the piece became proverbial.
^ Thomas Preston, first Viscount Tara (1685-1655), son of the fourth Viscount Gormanstoun; educated in the Spanish Netherlands, where he took service with the archdukes; returned to Ireland and joined the rebellion, 1642; totally defeated by Ormonde near New Ross, 1643; captured Duncannon fort, 1646, and RosDommoo, 1646; injured the Roman catholic cause by his perttatent quarrels with Owen Roe O'Neill and r MlchaST nUBC0: hU Brmv WIUI almost annihilated SiS wSEiitSl5vM2iS; 1650; escaped to the continent, 1652; exempted from pardon in the Cromwellian Act of Settlement.
^ Walter de Preston (d. 1230), sheriff of Northamptonshire, 1207 and 1208: also known as Walter Fitz Winemar; took part with the barons against King John.
^ William Preston (1753–1807), poet and dramatist; M.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1773; called to the Irish bar, 1777; wrote occasional poems for periodicals and several tragedies, of which the most successful,Democratic Rage was produced at Dublin in 1793.
^ William Preston (1742–1818), printer and writer on freemasonry; became partner in Andrew Strahan's business, 1804, and published Illustrations of Masonry 1772. The first edition, which differs from all subsequent issues, was reprinted in 1887.
^ Loud Prestongrange (1701?–1764). See William Grant.
^ John Prestwich, called Sir John (d. 1795), antiquary; chiefly known by his heraldic work, Prestwich's Respublica 1787.
^ Sir Joseph Prestwich (1812–1896), geologist; studied science and chemistry at University College, London; entered his father's business of wine merchant in London; established reputation as geologist by two papers rend to Geological Society of London on coalfield of Coalbrookdale, Shropshire; published work on waterbearing strata round London, 1851; on water commission, 1862; professor of geology at Oxford, 1874-88; M.A. and member of Christ Church, Oxford, 1874; D.C.L., 1888: knighted, 1896; fellow of Geological Society, 1833, and Wollaston medallist, 1849; F.R.S., 1863, and royal medallist, 1865. As a geologist his chief strength lay in stratigraphy, and he accepted on the whole the uniformitarian view. His writings includeGeology, Chemical, Physical, and Stratigraphical 1886-8, The Tradition of the Flood 1895, and numerous pamphlets, reports, and contributions to scientific periodicals.
^ Sir George Pretyman (1750–1827). See Tomline.-
^ Sir George Prevost , first baronet (1767–1816), soldier and governor-general of Canada; nominated military governor of St. Lucia, 1798, and civil governor, 1801; appointed governor-in-chief in Dominica, 1802; created baronet, 1805; appointed lieutenant-governor in Nova Scotia, 1808; chosen governor of Lower Canada and governor-general of British North America, 1811; intervened, unfortunately for his reputation, in the military operations during the campaigns of 1812-14; left Canada to meet the charges against his conduct in the field, but died in London before the meeting of the court-martial.
^ Sir George Prevost second baronet (1804–1893), tractarian; only son of Sir George Prevost; M.A. Oriel College, Oxford, 1827; a pupil and disciple of John Keble: became perpetual curate of Stinchcombe (1834-93), archdeacon of Gloucester, 1865-81, and honorary canon of Gloucester, 1859-93; translated Chrysostom's homilies on St. Matthew for Pusey's Library of the Fathers 1843.
^ Louis Augustin Prevost (1796–1858), linguist; born at Troyes; came to England, 1823; became acquainted with upwards of forty languages, and was employed (1843-55) in cataloguing the Chinese books at the British Museum.
^ Arthur Price (d. 1752), archbishop of Cashel; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1700; D.D., 1724; consecrated bishop of Clonfert, 1724, and translated to Ferns and Leighlin, 1730, and to Meath, 1734: archbishop of Cashel, 1744-52; abandoned the old cathedral of Cashel.
^ Bartholomew Price (1818–1898), master of Pembroke College, Oxford; B.A. Pembroke College, Oxford, 1840; M.A., 1843; fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, 144; tutor and mathematical lecturer, 1845; proctor, 1868; F.R.S., 1852; F.R.A.8., 1866; Sedleian professor of natural philosophy at Oxford, 1853-98; as secretary of the Clarendon Press (1868-84) greatly improved its position and organisation; master of Pembroke College, 1891-8; published Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus (4 vols., 1862-60.
^ Bonamy Price (1807-1888), economist; Worcester ollegf, Oxford, 1838; became mathematical master at Rugby in ISM, resigning in 1860: Dnimin.m.1 professor of political economy at Oxford, 1868-88; wrote (.-tartly on currency and banking.
^ Sir Carbery Price (d. 1696). See Pryse.
^ Sir Charles Price , first baronet (1708-1722), speaker of the house of assembly of Jamaica: born in Jamaica; studied at Trinity College. Oxford; elected to the assembly, 1732, and cboneu speaker, 1746, holding office till 1763; created baronet, 1768.
^ Sir Charles Price, second baronet (1732-1788), speaker of the house of assembly in Jamaica; son of Sir Charles Price, flnt baronet; of Trinity College, Oxford; elected to the boose of assembly, 1763; speaker in succession to his father, 1763-76.
^ Daniel Price (1581–1631), divine; of St. Mary Hall and Exeter College, Oxford; M.A., 1604; joined the Middle Temple, 1609; D.D., 1613; chaplain to James I; published sermons.
^ David Price (1762–1836), orientalist; for a time at Jesua College, Cambridge; enlisted in the East India Company's service; became major, 1804; retired, 1807; devoted himself to oriental studies, writing long, leisurely works on Arabian, Persian, and Indian history, the best known being theChronological Retrospect... of Mahominedau History 1811-21, which i*.-till for some branches of eastern history almost the only English work of reference.
^ David Price (1790–1864), rear-admiral; entered the navy, 1801; commander-in-chlef in the Pacific, 1863; committed suicide while about to attack the Russian port of Petropaulovski on 30 Aug. 1864.
^ Edmund Price (1541?–1624). See Prys.
^ Ellen Price (1814–1887). See Ellen Wood.
^ Ellis Price (1506?-1699), Welsh administrator; LI..I5. St. Nicholas's Hostel, Cambridge, 1533; D.O.L., 1634: became commissary-general of the diocese of St. Asaph, 1638; devoted himself mainly to civil administration, repeatedly acting as sheriff for various counties during the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth.
^ Francis Price (d. 1753), architect ; became surveyor to Salisbury Cathedral and clerk of the works to the dean and chapter, 1734; published The British Carpenter 1736 (4th ed. 1759), long the best text-book on carpentry.
^ Hugh Price (1495?–1574), founder of Jesus College, Oxford; B.C.L. Oxford, 1512; I).Cau.L., 1526; prebendary of Rochester, 1541-74; treasurer of St. David's, 1571-4. Jesus College, Oxford, was established in 1571 oil his petition.
^ James Price (1752–1783), chemist; son of James Higginbotham; M.A. Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1777; changed his name to Price, 1781; professed (1782) to be able to convert mercury into gold and silver, but in 1783 failed to repeat his experiments and committed suicide.
^ John Price, ap Rice, or ap Rhys (d. c. 1570), visitor of the monasteries; acted with Sir Thomas Legh as a visitor of the greater monasteries, 1535; author of three historical treatises.
^ John Price (Pricaeus) (1600–1676?), scholar: student of Christ Church, Oxford, 1617; made his mark in 1635 by an edition of the Apologia* of Apuleius, published at Paris; professor of Greek at Pisa; passed the greater part of his life on the continent and settled in Florence, 1652.
^ John Price (1625?–1691), royalist; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge (fellow); MA., 1653 (incorporated at Oxford, 1680); D.D. per literas regias, 1661; attended Monck as chaplain from 1654 to 1659, and was his confidant in the enterprise of the Restoration; his loyalty rewarded with several church preferments.
^ John Price ((. 1736), architect; executed several buildings in London and the neighbourhood,
^ John Price (1773–1801), topographer; published works on Leominster (1796), Hereford (1796), Ludlow (1797), and Worcester (1799).
^ John Price (1734-1813)] Bodley's librarian; M.A. fi College, Oxford. 170; ! B.D., 1768 jSjSJof A in, 1767,sub-librarin. 1761. acting librarian 1766 SSv aSf? 1 * Ubnritn 17Wt fluin * * taS-fct i* forty-five yean. # ( xlvL w j
^ Joshua Price (fl. 1716–1717), glass-painter; bn.tl.rr.if William Price the elder (d. 1721) q. v., with whom he worked at Oxford.
^ Laurence Price (fl. 1625-1680?), writer of ballads and political squibs; Ten* on political or social subject*. pSviW)
^ Owen Price (d. 1671), schoolmaster and authorof Je-us College, Oxford; bead-nuttterTMIaJenConSe 5...... i. 5* li;;; ":-i " iSiSSn SE quently taught in Devonshire and near Abingdon publish*! two work, on orthography.
^ Richard Price (1723-1791), nonconformist minister and writer on morals, politic,, and economics: officiated in various dissenting congregation* nnhllihsrt ("1766) bis best-known work, aRevleToftbe Principal Question* in Morals (rofwwll directed i financial and political questions, ad rocatinir the reduction of the national debt, 1771, and attacWng tbejosttcfand policy of the American war, 1776; the intimate friend ol Franklin and (1778) Invited by congress to transfer himself to America: denounced by Burke for hU approbation of the French revolution.
^ Richard Price (1790–1833), philologist and antiquary; barrister, Middle Temple, 1830; practised as a barrister tnd assisted Henry Petrie in his edition of the Saxon Chronicle
^ Robert Price ( 1655–1783), judge; of St John's College, Cambridge: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1679; tory M.P. for Weobley, 1685-7, 1690-1700, and 1701-2; made a baron of the exchequer, 1702.
^ Sampson Price (1585–1630), divine; brother of Daniel Price; of Hart Hall and Exeter College, Oxford; M.A. Hart Hall, 1608: D.D. Exeter College, Oxford, 1617: became a noted preacher in Oxford and chaplain in ordinary to James I and Charles I.
^ Theodore Price (1570?–1631), prebendary of Westminster; M.A. All Souls College, Oxford, 1691; fellow of Jesus College, Oxford; D.D. New College, Oxford, 1614; held many ecclesiastical preferments through the favour of Williams and Laud; denounced by Prynne as an unpreachiug epicure and ait Arminiau
^ Thomas Price or Prys (fl. 1586–1632), captain and Welsh poet; eldest son of Ellis Price; though a gentleman of plentiful fortune followed a seafaring life for many years. His literary works in prose and verse are in manuscript in the British Museum.
^ Thomas Price (1599–1685), archbishop of Cashel; fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, 1626; M.A., 1618; bishop of Kildare, 1660-7, of Cashel, 1667-86.
^ Thomas Price (1787–1848), Welsh historian; best known as Carnhuanawc became vicar of Llanfihangel Cwmdu, 1826; commenced the great work of his life (1836), Hanes Cymru, a compilation of Welsh history in Welsh, and for many years the most trustworthy history of Wales, which appeared in fourteen parts, and was completed in 1842.
^ Sir Uvedale Price, first baronet (1747–1829), writer on the picturesque; of Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; came into a considerable fortune on bis father's death in 1761; developed his views on garden landscape in An Essay on the Picturesque 1794, in which be argued in favour of natural beauty; converted the age to his views according to Scott, who studied the work; created baronet, 1828: resided at Poxley in Herefordshire, and laid out his estate in accordance with his principles.
^ William Price (1597–1646), divine; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1619; B.D., 1628; first reader in moral philosophy at Oxford on Thomas White's foundation. 16211629; rector of Dolgelly, 1681-46.
^ William Price (d. 1666), divine; one of the Westminster divines; pastor of the presbyterian church at Amsterdam.
^ William Price, the elder (d. 1722), glass-painter; executed some work at Oxford, including (1700) the great east window of Merton Chapel.
^ William Price, the younger (d. 1765), glass-painter; son of Joshua Price: filled several windows in Westminster Abbey, at Winchester College, and at New College, Oxford.
^ William Price (1780–1830), orientalist; served in India as an interpreter; on his return to England devoted himself to literary pursuits; published several Persian translations and other works.
^ Evan Prichard, Richards, or Rhisiart (1770-1832), Welsh poet; usually called Ieuan Lleyn; successively excise officer and schoolmaster; a versatile writer in all forms of Welsh verse.
^ James Cowles Prichard (1786–1848), physician and ethnologist; studied at St. Thomas's Hospital, London: M.D. Edinburgh, 1808: possessed great knowledge of modern Greek and Spanish; began to practise medicine at Bristol, 1810; published Researches as to the Physical History of Man the fruit of his studies in ethnology, 1818, and Treatise on Insanity and other Disorders affecting the Mind 1836 (long the standard work on this branch of medicine), developing in it his theory of moral insanity apart from serious intellectual derangement; M.D. by diploma, Oxford, 1835; in his Natural History of Man 1843, sustained the opinion that the races of man are varieties of one species; made a commissioner of lunacy, 1846; F.R.S.
^ Rhys Prichard or Rice (1579–1644), Welsh religious poet; M.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1626; became vicar of Llandiugad, 1602, prebendary of Brecon, 1614, and chancellor of St. David's, 1626. The last edition of his poems, none of which were published till after his death, appeared in 1867.
^ Robert Pricke (fl. 1669–1698), engraver; kept a shop at Cripplegate, London; published architectural works, mostly translated from the French,
^ Robert Pricket (Jl. 1603–1646), poet ; saw some military service, and afterwards worked as a verse-writer and pamphleteer; took holy orders (c. 1606) and obtained gome preferment in Ireland, whence he was driven by the rebellion of 1641.
^ John Pridden (1758–1825), antiquary; of St. Paul's School, London, and Queen's College, Oxford; B.A., 1781; held a number of small ecclesiastical preferments at various times; was at once an antiquary, an amateur artist, an architect, and a philanthropist; F.S.A., 1785.
^ Thomas Pride (d. 1658), soldier; entered the parliamentary army as captain, and commanded Harley's regiment at Naaeby, 1645; active on behalf of the army against parliament, and in 1648, in order to frustrate the intended agreement with Charles I, prevented about 130 members from entering the House of Commons Pride's Purge; a commissioner for the trial of Charles I, signing the death-warrant, 1649; commanded a brigade at Duubar, 1650; fought at Worcester, 1651; opposed Cromwell's appointment as king, but accepted a seat in his upper bouse.
^ Sir Edmond Prideaux (d. 1659), lawyer and politician; M.A. Cambridge (incorporated at Oxford, 1625): barrister. Inner Temple, 1623, and was returned as M.P. for Lyme Regis to the Long parliament, when he opposed Charles I; solicitor-general, 1648-9; attorney-general, 1649-49; made important reforms in the postal service, with which be was connected for many years.
^ Frederick Prideaux (1817–1891), conveyancer; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1840; author of the standard treatise,Precedents in Conveyancing 1858 (16th edit. 1895), and other works.
^ Humphrey Prideaux (1648–1724), orientalist; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford; M.A 1876; D.D., 1686; became a canon of Norwich, J81, arodeaoon of Suffolk, 1688, dean of Norwich, 1702-1714. His literary reputation rents on his Life of w.. k. ritten M a the deists, and worthless as a biography, and on his Old and New Testament connected, in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations (1716-18), a work of great value in the author's day.
^ John Prideaux (1578–1650), bishop of Worcester; fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 1601; M.A., 1603; D.D., 1612: rector of Exeter College, Oxford, 1612-42; regius professor of divinity, 1615-41; vice-chancellor of Oxford University, 1619-21, 1624-G, and 1641-3; bishop of Worcester, 1641; maintained himself in his sec until the end of the war, when he took refuge with his son-inlaw, Henry Sutton, rector of Bredon; published logical and theological works, the latter showing a dislike of Arminianism.
^ John Prideaux (1718–1759), brigadier-general; entered the army, 1739; colonel, 55th foot, 1758; killed in Canada while conducting the siege of Fort Niagara, an outpost of the French.
^ Matthias Prideaux (1622–1646?), royalist; son of John Prideaux (1578-1650); fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 1641; M.A., 1645; obtained the rank of captain in Charles I's service.
^ Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), theologian and man of science; eldest child of Jonas Priestley, a Yorkshire cloth-dresser; adopted by his father's sister, Sarah Keighley, a strong Oalviuist; educated at Batley grammar school and at Heckmondwike, and (1751) entered Daventry academy under Caleb Ashworth to study for the presbyterian ministry; engaged (1755) as assistant and successor to John Meadows (1676-1757) , presbyterian minister at Needham Market; after a little time rejected the atonement, the inspiration of the sacred text, and other doctrines; became minister at Nantwich, 1758, and (1761) tutor in languages and belles-lettres at Warrington academy; hon. LL.D. Edinburgh, 1764; F.R.S., 1766; became minister of Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds, 1767; publishedAn Essay on Government 1768, containing the sentence to which Jeremy Beutham considered himself indebted for the phrase the greatest happiness of the greatest number; librarian or literary companion of the Earl of Shelburne, 1772-80: published his Examination of Scottish Philosophy his first effort in psychology, 1774: began to enunciate (1775) his doctrine of the homogeneity of man, which brought on him the imputation of atheism; elected an associate of the French Academy of Sciences soon after 1772, member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, 1780; elected junior minister of the New Meeting, Birmingham, 1780; published (1782) the best known, though not the best, of his theological writings, his History of the Corruptions of Christianity which was burned by the common hangman at Dort hi 1786; ultimately rejected the doctrine of the infallibility of Christ, publishing his History of Early Opinions concerning Jesus Christ 1786; involved in a controversy with Samuel Horsley, which lasted till 1790; produced (1790) the first instalment of his General History of the Christian Church; intended (July 1791) to be present at a dinner of the Constitutional Societyof Birmingham to commemorate the fall of the Bastille; his house at Fairhill wrecked, and nearly all his books, papers, and apparatus destroyed in consequence by the crowd, which had assembled to molest the guests; received insufficient compensation; resolved to settle in London, and in November 1791 was elected morning preacher at the Gravel Pit, Hackney; found that his opinions rendered life in England uncomfortable, and emigrated to New York, 1794; settled at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, where he died; adopted in America a doctrine of universal restitution He is most generally remembered as a man of science, and chiefly as a chemist, the discoverer of oxygen. In hisHistory of Electricity(1767) he anticipated the suggestion that the law of electric attraction is that of the inverse square, and explained the formation of rings (since known as Priestley's rings) when a discharge takes place on a metallic surface. He also attacked the problem of conduction, studied gases, and by the use of mercury in the pneumatic trough was able to deal for the first time with gases soluble in water. In 1774 he obtained what he termed dephlogisticated air afterwards named oxygen by Lavoisier, a discovery which was the germ of the modern science of chemistry, but owing to his blind faith in the phlogistic theory, its significance was lost on him. Cuvier has styled him a father of modern chemistry who never would acknowledge his daughter. ellaneous Works 'Theological and Hi* were edited in i x volume* ( 1817-88) by John Towil Rutt. His scientific works and memoir* are numerous, but have never been collected.
^ Timothy Priestley (1734-1814), independent minister; younger brother of Joneph Priestley q. v.): pastor at Kipping, Yorkshire, 1780-8, at Hunter** Oroft, Manchester, 1788-84, at Dublin, 1784-6, and at Jewin Stiwt, London, 1786-1814; published reUgiou* work*.
^ Sir William Overend Priestley (1829–1900), physician: great nephew of Joseph Priestley; edueaU-d at King College, London, Paria, And Edinburgh University: M.R.C.S. England, 1862; M.D. Edinburgh, 1863; lecturer on midwifery at Middlesex Hospital, 1858; F.K.C.S. Edinburgh, 1858; professor of obstetric medicine, King's College, London, and obstetric physician to Knur's College Hospital, London, 1882-73; F.R.C.P. London, 1864: Lumleiau lecturer, 1887, and censor, 1891-2: knighted, 1893: conservative M.I for universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews, 1896; published medical works.
^ John Priestman (1806–1866), Quaker; entered buslnes* a* a corn-miller, but commenced a* a manufacturer of worsted goods: was active in philanthropic enterprise, his treatment of his mill-hands, chiefly women and girls, being so successful in derating them, that his works became known as Lady Mills.*
^ John Prime (1550–1596), divine; of Winchester College; fellow of New College, Oxford, 1570-91; M.A., 1576; D.D., 1588; rector of Adderbury, 1587-96: published two treatises and some volumes of sermons,
^ Sir Archibald Primrose, first baronet, Lord Carrington (1616–1679), Scottish judge; son of James Primrose (. 1641); joined Montrose and (1646) was condemned for treason: after his release joined Charles II and was made a baronet in 1661 during the march to Worcester; his property sequestrated after the battle; appointed at the Restoration lord clerk register, and (1661) lord of session, a lord of exchequer, and a member of the privy council; principal author of the Isnntanry Act; removed (1676) from the office of lord clerk register and appointed justice-general, of which office he was deprived in 1678.
^ Archibald Primrose, first Viscount Rosebery and first Earl of Rosebery (1661–1723), son of Sir Archibald Primrose, lord Carrington; opposed the policy of James II; M.P., Edinburgh county (Scottish parliament), 1695; created Viscount Rosebery, 1700; created an earl on the accession of Queen Anne; Scottish representative peer, 1707, 1708, 1710, and 1713; a commissioner for the union with England.
^ Sir Archibald John Primrose, fourth Earl of Rosebery and sixth baronet (1783-1868), great grandson of Archibald Primrose, flrst earl of Rosebery; M.A. Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1804: M.P., Helston, 1806-6, Cashel, 1806-7; succeeded to earldom, 1814; hon. D.O.L. Cambridge, 1819; created Baron Rosebery (British peerage), 1828; privy councillor, 1831; supported the Reform Bill of 1832; F.R.S.; K.T., 1840. He was grandfather of the present and fifth Lord Rosebery.
^ Gilbert Primrose (1580?–1641), divine; M.A. St. Andrews; D.D. Oxford, 1625; became a minister of the French reformed church at Bordeaux, 1603: compelled to quit France on the prohibition to ministers of other nations to officiate, 1623: subsequently became a minister of the French church in London; canon of Windsor, 1629.
^ James Primrose (d. 1641), clerk of the privy council of Scotland; appointed clerk for life, 1699.
^ James Primrose or Primerose (d. 1659), physician; son of Gilbert Primrose; born at St. Jean d'Angely; M.D. Montpellier, 1617 (incorporated at Oxford, 1628): settled in Hull; published medical treatises.
^ John Prince (1643–1723), author of Worthies of Devon: B.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1664; M.A. Cains College, Cambridge, 1676; vicar of Berry Pomeroy, 1681-1723; remembered by hisDamnonii Orientates Illustres better known as the Worthies of Devon 1701 (2nd edit. 1810).
^ John Critchley Prince (1808-1866), poet; practised reed-making at Wigan: began to write verse to 1827; published (1840) Hours with the Muses (6th edit, 1867); fell into dissipated habits.
^ John Henry Prince (fl. 1794–1818), author; started life an an erm a solicitor clerk awl a metbodlst minister: miscellaneous works.
^ Martin Pring (1580–1626?), ssft-oaptaln : after making three expeditions to America, entered the service of the Bast India Company, 1608; became general of the company's MUDS, 1619; fell under the displeasure of the company for fraternising with the Dutch, and joined the Virginia Company in 1621.
^ Andrew Pringle, Lord Alemoor, Scottish judge; named Scottish solicitor-general, 1766; lord of session as Lord Akmoor. 1769. He had an unrivalled reputation as a lawyer and pleader,
^ George Pringle (1631–1689), covenanter: fought against Cromwell at Dunbar, 1660: made his peace with Cromwell, 1655, and in 1662 accepted Charles II's pardon; implicated in the Rye House plot, 1683, after which he fled to Holland; aide in Argyll's expedition and returned to Scotland after the revolution; member of the Convention parliament.
^ Sir John Pringle , baronet (1707–1782), physician; nephew of Sir Walter Pringle; studied medicine at Leyden (M.D., 1730), and settled in Edinburgh as a physician; joint-professor of pneumatics (metaphysics) and moral philosophy at Edinburgh University, 1734-44; resigned his professorship on being to the forces in Flanders, 1748; F.R.C.P., 1763; given 1,1774; appointed physician-general 1744; settled in London. 1 baronetcy, 1766; became physician to George III, attained a position of great influence in scientific ci and (1772) was elected president of the Royal Society. His great work in life was the reform of military medicine and sanitation. His book, Observations on the Diseases of the Army (1752), attained a European reputation, and has become a military classic.
^ Robert Pringle (d. 1736), politician; brother of Sir Walter Pringle; studied at Leyden; took service under William of Orange, and was appointed under-secretary of state for Scotland; secretary at war, 1718.
^ Thomas Pringle (1789–1834), Scottish poet; studied at Edinburgh University; was permanently lamed by an accident in infancy: gained the friendship of Scott by a contribution to Hogg'sPoetic Mirror* (1816); obtained by Scott's influence a grant of land in South Africa for his father and brothers, 1819; became librarian at Cape Town, but ruined his prospects by publishing two violent political papers, which were suppressed by the governor; returned to London and becai secretary to the Anti-Slavery Society; published merides 1828, andSouth African Sketches 1834.
^ Walter Pringle (1625–1667), covenanter; fought against Cromwell at Dunbar; imprisoned for refusing the oath of allegiance, 1664.
^ Sir Walter Pringle, Lord Newhall (1664?-1736), Scottish judge; great-nephew of Walter Pringle; lord of session as Lord Newhall, 1718; knighted and made a lord of justiciary, 1718.
^ Charles Robert Prinsep (1789–1864), economic writer: M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1814; barrister. Inner Temple, 1817: was advocate-general of Bengal: created LL.D., 1824; author of an Essay on Money 1818.
^ Henry Thoby Prinsep (1792–1878), Indian civil servant; brother of Charles Robert Prinsep; entered the service of the East India Company in Bengal, 1807; published (1823) a History of Transactions in India during the Administration of the Marquis of Hastings the best narrative of the events of the time; appointed Persian secretary to the government, 1820; became a member of the council, 1836, retiring, 1843; nominated on the council of India, 1868, retaining hfe seat till 1874. His writings on Indian subjects were Important; especial value attaches to his autobiographical sketch of his official life, written in 1866.
^ James Prinsep (1799-1840), architect and orientalist; brother of Charles Robert I'rinsep; M assistant assay- master at the Calcutta mint, 1819, wlaaT-master 1883: executed several important IwThltectural works in India, besides completing the 1.:.MM. n.utbori* ***
^ Sir James Prior (1790?–1869), miscellaneous entered the navy as a surgeon, and wrote accounts which were published (1820) in the became deputy-inspector of hospitals, 1843; his chief works biographies of Burke (1824) and Goldsmith (1837).
^ Matthew Prior (1664–1721), poet and diplomatist- educated at Westminster School, under the patronage of Lord Dorset (king's scholar, 1681); obUineda fellowship at St. John's College, Cambridge, 1688, having graduated B.A. 16H6; appointed secretary to the at the Hague; was employal (1697) as secre tary In the negotiations at the treaty of Ryswick: M.P., East GriusteyL. 1701: joined the tories, 1702: made a commissioner of customs, 1711: proceeded to Pans to negotiate peace, 1711, the subsequent treaty of Utrecht (1718) being popularly known asMart's peace: became plenipotentiary at Paris, 1712: recalled on Queen Anne's death, and (1716) imprisoned: a folio edition of his poems (1719) brought out bv his admirers after his release (1717), by which he gained four tlwusand guineas: given by Lord Harley 4.000., for the purchase of Down Hall in Essex, where he resided till his death. He is one of the neatest of English epigrammatists, and in occasional pieces and i has no rival in English. Among his poems may be mentioned The Town and Country Mouse an answer to Drvden's Hind and Panther Alma, or the Program of the Mind The Secretary The Female Phaeton To a Child of Quality andThe Conversation His prose works are of slight importance.
^ Thomas Prior (1682?–1761), founder of the Dublin Society and philanthropist: B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1708 -."devoted himself to the promotion of material and industrial works among the Irish protestants; established the Dublin Society for the promotion of agriculture, manufactures, art*, and sciences, 1731.
^ Thomas Abiel Prior (1809–1886), line-engraver; executed a number of plates after Joseph Mallord William Tamer: resided at Calais in later life.
^ Sir John Prisot (d. 1460), judge; serjeant-at-law, 1443: made chief- justice of the common bench, 1449: knighted: assisted Sir Thomas Littleton (1402-1481) in compiling his tenures.
^ Andrew Pritchard (1804–1882), microscopist; in business as a London optician till 1852: early turned his attention to microscopy and wrote extensively: his History of Infusoria (1841) long a standard work.
^ Charles Pritchard (1808–1893), astronomer; of Merchant Taylors School and Christ's Hospital, London: fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1832; M.A., 1883: turned his attention to educational reform, on which the Clapham grammar school was founded to give him an opportunity, 1834; head-master of Clapham grammar school, 1884-62: had a small observatory at Clapham, where he did some useful astronomical work; Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge, 1867: became Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, 1870; a new observatory in the Parks where his chief work was accomplished, especially in stellar photometry, erected through his initiative": invented the wedge-photometer to obviate discordances in estimate* of the brightness of various stars, 1881; fellow of New College, Oxford, 1883: member of the council of tho Hoyal Society, 1885-7; wrote numerous astronomical papers and scientific articles, and also gave much attention to the relations of science and religion.
^ Edward William Pritchard (1826–1865), poisoner; practised as a surgeon at Glasgow; M.D. Erlangen; poisoned his wife and mother-in-law with deMi of antimony, 1865: tried, found guilty, and executed in front of Glasgow gaol. He published several works, many papers on medical subjects.
^ George Pritchard (1796–1883), missionary and consul at Tahiti; settled in the Society islands, 1824, which were annexed by France in spite of his protests, 1843; compelled to leave the islands, 1844: subsequently lived in retirement in England.
^ Hannah Pritchard (1711–1768), actress; nee Vaughan; married a poor actor in early life; appeared at Bartholomew Fair, London, and at the Haymarket, London, 1733; played nt Drury Lane, London, 1734 to 1740-1, appearing in a wide range of characters, chiefly comic; afterwards appeared chiefly at Drury Lane, London, and Covent Garden, London; last appeared, April 1768. She was held the greatest Lady Macbeth of her day, and the Queen in Hamlet. Estifania, and Common were also among her greatest parts.
^ Henry Baden Pritchard (1841–1884), chemist and writer; son of Andrew Pritchard; conducted the photographic department at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich; published novels and other works.
^ John Langford Pritchard (1799–1850). actor; first appeared at Bath, 1820, as Captain Absolute; joined Murray's company at Edinburgh, 1823, and (1835) made his first appearance in London at Covent Garden.
^ William Pritchard or Prichard (16329-1705), lord mayor of London; a merchant taylor became sheriff, 1672; knighted, 1672; elected mayor as court candidate, 1682; took active measures against the whig party; M.P. for the city of London, 1702.
^ James Pigott Pritchett (1789–1868), architect; practised in York, where he and his partner, Watson, had almost a monopoly of the architectural work in Yorkshire.
^ Sir Theophilus Pritzler (d. 1839), Indian commander; entered the army, 1793; served in Holland, 1794-5; proceeded to India, c. 1814; took an important part in the third Mahratta war, 1817-18, with the rank of brigadier-general; K.C.B., 1822.
^ William Probert (1790–1870), Unitarian minister; minister at Walmsley for over forty-eight years: an authority on Welsh laws.ami customs, and an orientalist of some ability.
^ Probus (rf. 948?), biographer of St. Patrick ; was the author of the first life of the saint to be printed (Basle, 1563). In it he falsified the earlier part of Patrick's life.
^ Granville Leveson Proby, third Earl of Carysfort (1781–1868), admiral; son of Sir John Joshua Proby, first earl of Carysfort: entered the navy, 1798; present at the battles of the Nile and Trafalgar: admiral, 1857.
^ Sir John Proby, first Baron Carysfort (1720-1772), M.A. Jesus College, Cambridge, 1742; M.P., Stamford, 1747, Huntingdonshire, 1754-68: made an Irish baron, 1752; Irish privy councillor; K.B., 1761: a lord of the admiralty, 1757 and 1763-5.
^ Sir John Joshua Proby, first Earl of Carysfort and second Baron Carysfort(1751–1828), only son of Sir John Proby, first baron Carysfort; of Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 1770; P.R.S., 1779; appointed joint-guardian and keeper of the rolls in Ireland and created an Irish earl, 1789; M.P., East Looe, 1790, Stamford, June 1790-1801; supported Pitt; created an English baron, 1801, and (February 1806) appointed joint postmaster-treneral, a post which he resigned in the following year; created D.O.L. Oxford, 1810, and LL.D. Cambridge, 1811; author of several tragedies, poems, and essays.
^ Sir Edmund Probyn (1678–1742), judge: of Christ Church, Oxford: barrister. Middle Temple, 1702; made a Welsh judge, 1721: defended the Earl of Macclesfield, 1726; became puisne judge of the king's bench, 1726; knighted, 1726: lord chief-baron of the exchequer, 1740.
^ Adelaide Ann Procter (1825–1864), poetess; eldest child of Bryan Waller Procter: contributed to theBook of Beautyin 1843, and afterward* to Dickens's periodicals, under the pseudonym Mary Berwick; took great interest in social questions affecting enu were collected, 1868, mi-i.-r th- title 'Legend* iin.i i.rn (luth edit. 1866). M, Ir.mn- are still in use.
^ Bryan Waller Procter (1787–1874), poet; 1 us a solicitor iu London, ami ultimately obtained a large connection as a conveyanoer; began to contribute to theLiterary Gazette,* 1816; intimate with Leigh Hunt, Charles Iwimb,: barrister and (1832 1861) a metropolitan commissioner in lunacy: produced a successful tragedy. Mirandola at Oovent Garden Theatre, London, under the p*eudon in of Barry Cornwall1881; songs published., 1832; published hi* biography of Charles Lamb, his last important work, 1864.
^ Richard Wright Procter (1816–1881), author; a Manchester barber who published a number of works on Manchester.
^ John Proctor (1521?–1584), divine and historian; of Corpus Curisti and All Souls Colleges, Oxford; fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1540; M.A., 1544; presented to the rectory of St. Andrew, Holborn, London, 1578; published The Historie of Wyat's Rebellion 1544, and two other works.
^ Richard Anthony Proctor (1837–1888), astronomer; twenty-third wrangler, St. John's, Cambridge, 1860: kept terms at the Temple, but abandoned law for science; devoted himself, 1863, to the study of astronomy and mathematics; published, 1865, his celebrated monograph on Saturn and his System and, 1866, his Handbook of the Stars which hardly paid expenses, but made his reputation; successfully lectured iu America from 1873; founded Knowledge a weekly scientific periodical, 1881 (after 1885 a monthly periodical); removed to Florida, 1887, and died of yellow fever in New York.
^ Thomas Proctor (fl. 1578–1584), poet; son of John Proctor; author or editor of several works, chiefly in verse, including A gorgious Gallery of gallant Inventions 1578.
^ Thomas Proctor (1753–1794), historical painter and sculptor: exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1780; discovered by West subsisting in Clare Market, London, in great poverty; died of mental anguish and privation before measures could be taken for his relief,
^ Joseph Proud (1746–1826), minister of the New Church; became a general baptist minister, 1767, but (1788) accepted the opinion- of Sweden bprg and (1791) became a * new church minister at Birmingham; removed to Manchester, 1793, returning to Birmingham, 1794; went to London, 1797; again retunied to Birmingham, 1814, and retired, 1821; published theological works.
^ Father Prout (pseudonym). See Francis Sylvester Mahony, 1804–1866.
^ John Prout (1810–1894), agriculturist; brought up as a farmer; emigrated to Ontario, 1832; returned to England, 1842, and iu 1861 bought Blouut's farm, Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, which he cultivated till his death. His scientific system of farming, based on his Canadian experience, was of great value to agriculturists.
^ John Skinner Prout (1806–1876), water-colour painter; nephew of Samuel Prout; was a member of a little coterie of Bristol artiste, and subsequently member of the Institute of Painters iu Water-colours.
^ Samuel Prout (1783–1862), water-colour painter; began to exhibit scenes in the south-western counties in 1805, and contributed to Beauties of Kngland and Wales 1803-13; began iu 1818 the series of paintings of continental streets which made his fame; highly esteemed by Ruskiu.
^ William Prout (1785–1850), physician and chemist; M.D. Edinburgh, 1811: L. R.C.I, 1H12: one of the jticnu vi - of physiological chemistry: discovered fret- hydrochloric acid iu the stomach, 1823. The view tint the atomic weight* of all the elements arc multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen is known as 1rout's Iiw
^ Lord Provand (d. 1593). See William Baillie.
^ William Prowse (1752?–1826), rear-admiral: entered the navy ae an able seaman, 1771: rated a midfhipxnau, 1778; became a commander, 1796, and saw much service In the French war; C.B., 1811; n: -;
^ William Jeffery Prowse (1836–1870), humorist; developed a muarkabl. jmoron verse before the age of twenty; contributed to various periodicals, including Fun.
^ Sir Francis Prujean (1593-1666), physician; M.D. Gains College, Cambridge, l2f; practised in London from 16S8; president R.C.P., 16W-4; knighted, 1641.
^ George Pryce (1801-1868), historian of Bristol; an accountant in BrUtol; F-S.A., 167; published teveral historical works relating to that city, including a Popular History of Bristol 1861.
^ William Pryce (1725?–1790), antiquary; of i:!.,-:-.,!o., nrmiblcnsi* 1778, and Archs-otogia Cornu-Britanuica 1790.
^ Prydydd y Bychan (i.e. The Little Poet) (1200-1270?), Welsh bard: his real name unknown; wrote a number of compositions, twenty-one of which are printed in Myvyrian Archalology
^ Prydydd y Moch (fl. 1160–1220). See Llywarch ab Llywelyn.
^ Abraham de la Pryme (1672–1704), antiquary; B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1694; F.R.S., 1702; wrote on the antiquities of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. His diary was published by the Surtees Society (vol. liv.)
^ George Pryme (1781–1868), political economist; sixth wrangler, 1803; fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1806; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1806; began to If-ctiirv at Cambridge on political economy, 1816, and (1828) was , recognised as professor by the senate; whig M.P. fenCambridge, 1832-41; published several pamphlets and tr it-.,.
^ William Prynne (1600–1669), puritan pamphleteer; educated at Bath grammar school anl nel College, Oxford; B.A., 1621; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1628; studied law, theology, and ecclesiastical antiquities; wrote against Arminiunism from 1627, and endeavoured to reform the manners of his age; published Hi-triomaBtix directed against stage-plays, 1632; for supposed aspersion on Charles I and his queen in Histriomastix was sentenced by Star-chamber, in 1634, to be imprisoned during life, to be fined 5,000*., and to lose both bis ears iu the pillory; continual to write in the Tower of London, and (lt37) was again fined 5,000*., deprived of the remainder of his ears, and branded on the cheeks: released by Long parliament, and hi* sentences declared illegal, November 1640; defended parliament in the press on the outbreak of war, and pursued Land with great animosity; after Laud's execution published by order of the parliament the first part of an account of the trial, entitled - Canterburies Doom 1646; devoted much attention to independency, which he detested as heartily as episcopacy; was equally opposed to the ascendency of the presbyterian clergy, his theory of ecclesiastical policy being thoroughly erastian: assailed the army in various pamphlets 1647, and (1648) attacked it in the House of Commons; arrested by Pride, November 1648; retired to Swanswick, January 1649, and began a paper war against the government, demonstrating that he was bound to pay taxes to the Commonwealth neither in conscience, law, nor prudence, for which government imprisoned him for nearly three years without trial; on his release (1658) drew a parallel between Cromwell and Richard III, and (May 1668) forced his way into the House of Commons, which could only get rid of him by adjournment; walked into parliament at the head of the members; readmitted by Monck, 1660; asserted the rights of Charles II with such boldness as to IK- styled tlic a to of the ageby a royalist, and was thanked by Charles II; M.P. for Bath in'thc Convention parliament, 1660: laboured zealously to restrict the Act of Indemnity and to dUlwiMl the army; opposed the thirty-nine articles, aud, in 1661, was reprimanded by the speaker for a speech against the Corporation Bill; appointed keeper of the records iu the Tower of London; puhlUhvd hid most valuable work, Brevia Parliamenturia Rediviva 1662. He published about Uo hundred books and pamphlets, 3z
^ Alfred Reginald Pryor (1839–1881), botanist; College, oxford, 1802; projected a E..V flora of his naUve county, Hertfordshire, which x-cu*1 the remainder of his life. HisFlora of Hertford hireappeared in 1887.
^ Edmund Prys (1541?–1624), translator of the Psalms into Welsh verse; of St. John's College, CambridSr became archdeacon of Merioneth, 1576, and of St Asaph, 1602; bis translation of the Psalms,
^ Sir Carbery Pryse, fourth baronet (d. 1695), mine-owner; formed a company to work mines discovered on his estate in Cardiganshire, which were afterwards ! exploited by Sir Humphry Mackworth.
^ George Psalmanazar (1679?-1763), impostor; a native of the south of France; bis real name unknown, his designation being fashioned by himaelf from the biblical character, Shalmaneser; educated at a Dominican convent: commenced life as a mendicant, ml to insure alms styled himself a native Japanese Christian, but afterwards represented himself as still a mutan, lining on raw flesh, roots, and herbs; invented an elaborate alphabet and grammar and a worship of his own; enlisted in a regiment of the Duke of Mecklenburg, and attracted the attention of William Innes, chaplain to the Scottish regiment at Sluys, who became a confederate in the Imposture, baptized Psalmanazar as a protestant convert, and for security persuaded him to remove his birthplace to the obscurity of Formosa; came to London at the end of 1 703 and became a centre of interest, presenting Bishop Oompton with the catechism in Fonnosan (bU Invented language), ami being voluble in Latin to Archbishop Tillotson: silenced suspicion by never modifying a statement, and gained the sympathy of English churchmen by abuse of the Jesuits: published, 1704, Descrition of Formosa, with an introductory autobi , Description of Formosa, with an introductory autobiography: after the withdrawal of his mentor Innes, who was rewarded by being appointed chaplain-general of the forces in Portugal (c. 1707), was unable to sustain the imposture unaided, and passed from ridicule to obscurity, although he still found patrons; renounced his past life after a serious illness in 1728; became an accomplished hebraist, wrote A General History of Printing and contributed to the Universal History; was regarded with veneration by Dr. Johnson, who used to sit with him at an alehouse in Old Street, London. In 1764 appeared his autobiographical Memoirs containing an account of the imposture.
^ Francesco Pucci (1540–1593?), theological writer; born in Florence, embraced reformed opinions, and came to Oxford, 1572 (admitted M.A., 1574), but was expelled, 1575; being an extreme Pelagian, encountered persecution in most countries in Europe; met John Dee and Edward Kelley at Cracow, 1585, and was initiated into their trade of magic, but re-entered the Roman communion shortly afterwards.
^ Richard Puckeridge (1690?–1769). See Pockrich.
^ Sir Henry Puckering (1618–1701). See Newton.
^ Sir John Puckering (1544–1596), lord keeper of the great seal; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1567 (governor, 1575): M.P., Carmarthen, 1584-tt, Gatton, 1586-7; i-ncakcr of the House of Commons, 1581-5 nnd 1586-7; made lord keeper and knighted, 1592.
^ Sir Thomas Puckering , first baronet (1592-1636), politician; son of Sir John Puckering: M.P., Tamworth, 1621-8; created baronet, 1612; a companion of Henry, prince of Wales.

[1] Sir George Pocock (1706–1792), admiral; entered the navy, 1718; was in chief command in the Leeward islands, 1747-8; rear-admiral, 1755; vice-admiral, 1756: commanded on the East India station, 1758-9, and fought two indecisive actions with the French: admiral, 17G1; K.B., 1761; captured Havana, 1762; retired, 1766.

[2] Isaac Pocock (1782–1835), painter and dramatist; son of Nicholas Pocock (1741?-1821); painted historical pictures and portraits from 1800 till 1818, when he inherited some property and turned his attention to the drama; wrote musical farces, comic operas, and operatic dramas, among other achievements converting some of the Waverley novels into plays.

[3] Isaac John Innes Pocock (1819–1886), barrister; only son of Isaac Pocock; of Eton and Morton College, Oxford; B.A., 1842; called to the bar, 1847; printed privately Franklin, and other Poems 1872.

[4] Lewis Pocock (1808–1882), art amateur; took the leading part in founding the Art Union of London in 1837; published (1842) a work on life assurance, with a bibliography of the subject.

[5] Nicholas Pocock (1741?-1821), marine painter; in early life a merchant captain; commenced painting sea pieces in oils, 1780; settled (1789) in London, where he rose to distinction an a painter of naval engagements; helped to found the Water-colour Society, 1804, and exhibited there and at the Royal Academy no fewer than 295 works.

[6] Nicholas Pocock (1814-1897), historical writer; grandson of Nicholas Pocock (1741?-1821); M.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1837; Michel fellow, 1838: mathematical lecturer: ordained priest, 1865; published an edition of Gilbert Burnet's History of the Reformation 1864-5, and other writings relating to the Reformation, besides mathematical and theological works.

[7] Robert Pocock (1760–1830), printer and antiquary; founded the first circulating library and printing office a tGravesend, 1786; published a history of Gravesend, 1797, aud other works.

[8] William Puller Pocock (1779–1849), architect; designed the hall of the LcathersellersCompany in London (1820-3) and other buildings.

[9] William Innes Pocock (1788–1836), author; son of Nicholas Pocock (1741 7-1821); a lieutenant in t IK- navy: published Five Views of the Island of St. Helena 1815.

[10] Edward Pococke (1604–1691), orientalist: of Magdalen Hall and Corpus ChrUti College, Oxford: M.A., 1620; fellow of Corpus Christ! College, Oxford, 1628; studied oriental languages under Matthias Pasor and William Bedwell; discovered and edited the missing Syriac version of Peter iL, John IL, iii.. and Jude, and published it at Leyden, 1630: chaplain to the 4 Turkey Merchants at Aleppo, 1630-6, where he collected manuscripts; appointed by Laud first Oxford professor of Arabic, 1636; appointed Hebrew professor by the parliamentary visitors, 1648, which appointment was confirmed at the Restoration. His learning was the admiration of Europe. His two most notable works were an edition of the Arabic text with a Latin translation of Abu-l-Faraj's Historia compendiosa Dynastiarum 1663, and his Lexicon Heptaglotton, 1669.

[11] Edward Pococke (1648–1727), orientalist; son of Edward Pococke (1604-1691); student at Christ Church, Oxford; translated Into Latin Ibn al Tnfuil, 1671, and began, in collaboration with his father, to edit AbdoUatiphi Historic Aegypti Compendium which remained a fragment.

[12] Richard Pococke (1704–1765), traveller; B.A. Corpus Ohristi College, Oxford, 1725: D.C.L., 1733; visited Egypt, 1737-8, ascending the Nile to Philte, and proceeded to Palestine, Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Greece, 1738-40; explored the Mer de Glace in the valley of Chamounix, 1741; regarded as the pioneer of Alpine travel; published au account of his eastern travels, 17431745; bishop of Ossory, 1756-65; translated as bishop of Meath, 1765. His manuscript account*; of his tours in England, Scotland, and Ireland between 1747 and 1760 have been recently published (1888-91).

[13] Leonard Poe (d. 1631?), physician; originally in the service of the Earl of Essex; a royal physician in ordinary, 1609; attended Lord-treasurer Salisbury on his deathbed, 1612; M.D. Cambridge

[14] Ranulf le Poer (d. 1182), sheriff of Gloucestershire; killed by the Welsh while sheriff.

[15] Robert le Poer (fl. 1166–1190), marshal in the court of Henry II; seized for ransom by Raymond of Toulouse (1188) while returning from u pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James of Compostella, thereby orruMoning the invasion of Toulouse by Richard (afterwards Richard I of England).

[16] Roger le Poer (d. 1186), one of the conquerors of Ireland; took part in the invasion of Ulster, 1177; subsequently settled in Ossory, where he was killed in battle.

[17] Walter le Poer (fl. 1215–1227), official; sheriff of Devonshire, 1222: justice itinerant, 1226 and 1227.

[18] Norman Robert Pogson (1829-1891, astronomer; tx-came in 1859 assistant-astronomer at the Radcltffe H,M-rviilory. nxford, where he discovered four minor ptanete; appointed (1819) director of the HartweU Observatory, and (1860) government sutrouomer at Madras, where he discovered fire minor planet*

[19] Jean Poingdestre (1600-16*1). writer on the laws and history of Jcwey; fellow of Exeter College. oxford, 1686; chief work, Cmsarea, or a Discourse of tin i -und of Jersey written hi 1883 and presented to James II.

[20] John Pointer (1668–1714), antiquary; M.A. Merton College, Oxford, 1694: rector of Slapton, 1694-17*4: urot,- SJBSJH otfeat worta. hnMlSaii n.,uir...! England 1714, and OxonleuaU Academla 1749.

[21] William Pointer (fl. 1624). See Kidley.

[22] Philip of Poitiers (d. 1108?). See Philip.

[23] Richard Pokeridge (1690?–1759). See Pockrich.

[24] Saint Pol (d. 573). See Paul.

[25] Joel Samuel Polack (1807–1882), trader and author of works on New Zealand; emigrated to New Zealand, 1831; returned to London, 1837, and finally settled at San Francisco.

[26] John Bede Folding (1794–1877), first Roman catholic archbishop of Sydney; consecrated bL-hop of Hiero-Ctesarea and vicar-apostolic of Australia, 1834, and archbishop of Sydney, 1842.

[27] Arthur Pole (1531–1570?), conspirator; eldest son of Sir Geoffrey Pole; proposal himself to France and Spain as a claimant of the English crown, and was imprisoned in the Tower of London from 1563.

[28] Sir Charles Morice Pole (1757–1830), admiral of the fleet; entered the navy, 1772; commanded at Newfoundland, 1800, and in the Baltic, 1801; G.C.B., 1818; admiral of the fleet, 1830.

[29] David Pole (d. 1568), bishop of Peterborough; fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1520: D.Can.1 1628; consecrated bishop, 1557, and deprived, 1559, for refusing to take the oath of supremacy.

[30] Sir Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk (1472?-1513), son of John de la Pole, second duke of Suffolk; created earl, 1493: led a company (1496) against the Cornish rebels at Blackheath: became diwouteuted (1499) and fled to Flanders, Henry VII being thereby alarmed; persuaded by Henry VII to return, and received again into favour: repaired to the Emperor Maximilian in the Tyrol, hearing that he would gladly help one of Edward IV's blood to gain the English throne. 1501: outlawed and hi* friends imprisoned; seized by the Duke of Gueldres while on his way to Friesland( 1504), and delivered to Henry VII by Philip, king of Castile, 1506: confined in the Tower of London: exempted from the general pardon on Henry VIU's accession; executed,

[31] Sir Geoffrey Pole (1502?–1558), a victim of Henry VIII's tyranny; brother of Reginald Pole; knighted, 1529; was opposed, like the rest of his family, to Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Arragon, and visited Chapuys, the Spanish ambassador, with a view to persuading Charles V to invade England; resolved to desert to the northern rebels, 1536, but was prevented by circumstances and (1538) was *ent to the Tower of London, Henry VIII having resolved to crush the whole family, chiefly on account of the action of RgnM Pole; endeavoured to commit suicide, fearing the rack, but was obliged to undergo seven separate examinations; his brother Sir Henry Pole, baron Montague, and others coi idem ncd from bis confessions; received a pardon, 1539; escaped to Rome, 1540, where he obtained absolution for his brother's death; returned to England after Queen Mary's accession.

[32] Sir Henry Pole, Baron Montague or Montacute (1492?-1538), brother of Reginald Pole; distinguished himself in the French campaign of 1513; knighted, 1513; took part in Suffolk's invasion of France, 1523; was deeply grieved at the overthrow of the abrogation of the pope's authority, loyal; committed to the Tower of of the confessions of bib brother, Sir Geoffrey Pole, 1538; found guilty of treason and executed on Tower Hill, London, on 9 Dec. with the Marquis of Exeter. In 1539 he was attainted,

[33] John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (1464?–1487), son of John de la Pole, second duke of Suffolk q. v., by Elizabeth, sister of Edward IV; created Earl of Lincoln, 1467; firmly attached to Richard III, and ( 1483) made president of the council of the north; became lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1484, and was recognised as heir- presumptive to the throne; was not molested by Henry VII after Richard Ill's death, though he still cherished the ambition to succeed Richard; promoted Lambert Simnel's plot, and was killed at Stoke.

[34] John de la Pole, second Duke of Suffolk (1442-1491), only son of William de la Pole, first Duke of Suffolk ; was restored to the dukedom by Henry VI, 1455, but notwithstanding joined the Yorkists and married Bdward IVs sister; fought at the second battle of St. Albans, 1461; steward of England at the coronation of Bdward IV, 1461: K.G., 1472; high steward of Oxford University, 1472; received many favours from Edward IV, bat on the king's duttth immediately supported Richard III, and after Bosworth field (1485) swore fealty to Henry VII, who continued to trust him in spite of his eldest son's defection.

[35] Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (1473-1541), daughter of George Plantagenet, duke of Clarence; married, by Henry VII, to Sir Richard Pole (d. 1505), a gentleman of Buckinghamshire, probably c. 1491; given the family hinds of the earldom of Salisbury in fee by Henry VI II, who was desirous to atone for the execution of her brother, Edward, earl of Warwick, and (1513) created Countess of Salisbury; governess to the Princess Mary; refused, on the marriage of Henry VIII with Anne Bolevn, to give up the Princess Mary's jewels to the new queen, and was discharged from her office; returned to court after Anne's fall in 1536; her position compromised (1536) by her son Reginald Pole's book, De Unitute Ecclesiastica for which, in spite of her condemnation of the work, Henry VIII resolved to destroy the whole family; her sou, Sir Henry Pole, baron Montague, executed, 1538; included in an act of attainder, May 1539; beheaded, May 1541, within the precincts of the Tower of London on the news of Sir John Neville's rising in Yorkshire.

[36] Michael de la Pole, called in English Michael Atte Pool, first Earl of Suffolk (1330–1389), son of Sir William de la Pole (d. 1366); chiefly occupied from 1355 onward, for many years, with the war against the French; first summoned to parliament as a baron, 1366; took part under the Black Prince in the famous siege of Limoges, 1370: attached himself to John of Gaunt, and in the Good parliament (1376) stood strongly on the side of the crown: appointed admiral north of the Thames, 1376; superseded as admiral, December 1377; became the most trusted personal adviser of the young king Richard II on the retirement of John of Gaunt to Castile; appointed chancellor of England, 1383; unsuccessfully advocated a policy of peace in his speech to parliament, 1884; incurred much odium on account of his great wealth; created Earl of Suffolk, 1385; opposition to liim formally organised (1386) under Richard II's uncle, lxmas, duke of Gloucester: his dismissal demanded by both Lords and Commons, who were apprehensive of large pecuniary demands for the prosecution of the war; dismissed, in spite of King Richard IPs reluctance, and articles of impeachment drawn up against him, charging him with misappropriation of funds and remis%ness in carrying on the war, 1386; convicted on three charges, tad sentenced to the loss of the lands and grants he had received contrary to his oath, and was committed to prison until he had paid au adequate fine: released from custody by Richard II on the termination of the Wonderful parliament, his fine remitted, and himself reinstated as Klchard IPs adviser; compelled (November 1387), by dread of the meeting of parliament, to flee the realm; reached Paris after many difficulties; died at Paris. During us absence be wa* condemned to death, and his title and - forfeited.

[37] Michael de la Pole, second Earl of Suffolk (1361?-1415), eldest son of Michael de la Pole, first earl of Suffolk; restored to his father's earldom, 1397, the restoration being renewed after Henry IV's accession. He joined Henry V's expedition to France hi 1415, and died during the siege of Harfleur.

[38] Michael de la Pole, third Earl of Suffolk (1394-1415), eldest son of Michael de la Pole, second Earl of Suffolk; served with his father before Harfleur; distinguished himself by his bravery at Agincourt, where he was killed.

[39] Ralph Pole or de la Pole (fl. 1442–1459), judge; serjeant-at-law, 1442; justice of the king's bench, 1452. His name occurs in the latter capacity until 1459.

[40] Reginald Pole (1500–1558), cardinal and archbishop of Canterbury; son of Sir Richard Pole, by his wife Margaret; educated at Charterhouse School and Magdalen College, Oxford; B.A., 1515; received several preferments while a youth and still a layman; sent by Henry VIII at his own wish to Italy, 1521, where he studied at Padua, and visited Rome: returned, 1527, and was elected dean of Exeter: studied at Paris, 1529-30; returned to England, soon after which Henry VIII, desirous to obtain his approbation of his divorce, pressed him to accept the archbishopric of York; refused the offer, though genuinely fond of Henry VIII; disapproved of the royal supremacy over the English church, and was allowed (Jauuarj1632) to return to Padua; formulated at Henry VIII's request (1536) his views on Henry VIII's divorce and the divine institution of the papal supremacy in his treatise Pro Ecclesiastics Unitatis Defensione severely criticising Henry VIII's conduct; declined au invitation to return to England: summoned to Rome in November by Pope Paul III to act on a committee to draw up a scheme for reforming the discipline of the church; took deacon's orders and was made a cardinal, December 1536; nominated papal legate to England, February 1537, and despatched thither by Pope Paul III; travelled through France, where Francis I was summoned by Henry VIII to deliver him up as a rebel; received an intimation from Francis I that he must leave France; mode his way to Cambray, and eventually to Liege, where he was safe from extradition; returned to Rome, and (1538) heard of the arrest of his mother and eldest brother on charge of treason; accepted a mission from Pope Paul III to form a league of Christian princes against Henry VIII, which, however, failed, chiefly on account of the jealousies between Francis I and Charles V; returned to Rome in 1540, when Pope Paul III bestowed on him the legation of the patrimony; one of the three legates appointed (1540) to open the council of Trent; vainly endeavoured, on the death of Henry VIII in 1547, to reconcile England with the holy see, through the Protector Somerset and the Earl of Warwick: just missed election as pope, though supported by the Spanish party, 1549; favoured by the new pontiff, Juliu? Ill; nominated papal legate to the queen on Mary's accession, but hindered from coming to England by the Emperor Charles V'e reluctance to allow him to influence Queen Mary before her marriage with his son Philip; his attainder reversed in November 1554, after the marriage, and he himself permitted to return, Queen Mary praying him to come, not as legate, but only as cardinal and ambassador: entrusted with the care of Queen Mary by her husband, Philip, on Philip's leaving England in October 1555; raised to the dignity of cardinal-priest, December 1555, Queen Mary designing him to succeed Cranuier as archbishop; occupied with the proceedings in a synod of both convocations for the reform and settlement of the affairs of the English church and its reconciliation with Rome; consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, March 1556: chancellor of Cambridge University, 1656; found that he had underestimated the difficulties of reconciling the realm with Rome, the question of the restoration of church property proving an especial stumbling-block, as no assurances of immunity to the lay proprietors could allay their disquiet: his anxieties increased by the war between Pope Paul IV and Philip II, and by the violent personal animosity of Pope Paul IV, who cancelled his legation and stigmatised him privately as a heretic; died at Lamin-th Palace on 17 Nov. 1568, the evening of the day of Mary's death; buried in St. Thomas's Chapel, Canterbury. His De Concilio was printed at Venice in 15U2, his De Unitate at IuKoldU.lt in 1887. His life WM animated by a single purpose, the restoration of that ecclesiastical system which Henry VIII had shattered.

[41] Sir Richard de la Pole (d. 1345), royal officer; became collector of Edward II's customs at Hull, 1320; M.I, Hull, 1322 and 1327; Edward II-, -I, i.-i hul 1338; removed to London, 1333; knighted, 1840.

[42] Richard de la Pole (d. 1525), pretender to the crown, son of John de la Pole, second duke of Suffolk; escaped abroad in 1501 with his brother, Sir Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk; attainted, 1504, and exempted (1509) from the general pardon at the accession of Henry VIII; nxxwnlsed M king of England by Loots XII, 1512; fought for France in Spain and the Netherlands; compelled to leave France on the conclusion of peace in 1514: resided at Mete till 1519; made preparations to invade England, in concert with the Scots, 1523: killed at the battle of Pavin, by the side of Francia I.

[43] Thomas Pole (1753–1829), quaker and physician; settled in London, 1781; published his Anatomical Instmctor 1790; M.D. St. Andrews, 1801; removal to Bristol, 1802; devoted much time throughout life to ministerial work in the Society of Friends, travelling through England and Wales to visit their meetings.

[44] Sir William de la Pole, called in English William Atte Pool (d. 1366), baron of the exchequer and merchant; younger brother of Sir Richard de la Pole; was a merchant of Hull, who with his brother advanced larsre sums to the government during the regency of Isabella and Mortimer; M.P., Hull, 1S32, 1334, 1336, and 1338; received various offices from Edward III in return for loans of money; knight-banneret, 1838; appointed baron of the exchequer, 1339: fell into temporary disgrace, 1340, and although eventually enjoying royal favour, for more than twenty yean does not again appear in & prominent position.

[45] William de la Pole, fourth Earl and first Duke of Suffolk (1396–1450), son of Michael de la Pole, second earl of Suffolk; served in Henry V's French wars, and after Henry V's death fought under the Duke of Bedford; created Earl of Dreux, e. 14S6, and on the death of the Earl of Salisbury in 1428 succeeded to the command of the English forces; forced to surrender at Jargeau, soon after Jeanne d'Arc had raised the siege of Orleans, 1429; ransomed himself and (1430) again took part in the war; occupied himself with home politics from 1431; admitted a member of the council, 1431, becoming an advocate of peace; inclined, by his marriage to the widowed Countess of Salisbury, to connection with the Beanfortti; came forward as the chief opponent of Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, who after Bedford's death (1435) led the war party: desired that Henry VI should marry Margaret of Anjou, and defeated Gloucester's project to unite him to a daughter of the Count of Armagnac. 1442; escorted Margaret to England, November 14 14; peace negotiations continued under hi.- influence without definite result through 1446; with Queen Margaret spared no pains to effect the overthrow of Gloucester, who was arrested at the parliament summoned nt Bury, February 1447, and died five days later; left without a rival by the death of Cardinal Beaufort six weeks after; had Richard of York deprived of the command in France and.-out into banishment as lieutenant of Ireland, thereby in.-nrring his implacable enmity, which, however, troubled him little, as he had Henry VI's support; became a duke, 1448, thereby reaching the summit of his power; had become, unpopular, in consequence of the cession of the English possessions in Anjou and Maine, to which he hud agreed at the time of the royal marriage, and was finally discredited by the renewed outbreak of war in France and the English losses, 1449; accused by the Commons (1450) of having sold the realm to the French, and was committed to the Tower of London; banished by Henry VI for live years (March 1450), a compromise by which Henry VI hoped to save him and satisfy the Commons as well; intercepted when off Dover and beheaded at sea, poesibly at the institution of Richard of York. He married Alice, daughter of Thomas Chaucer, probably a granddaughter of the poet.

[46] Sir William Pole (1561–1636), antiquary; a Devonshire landowner; entered the Inner Temple, 1578; -iney, 1586; knurhted. 1606; left Urge mannscript,-,,li.ti,,,,, for the hutory und antiquities of Devonshin-, tin- greater part of which perished during the civil war; i.ut two folio volumes, entitled The Description of Deronshirr were printed in 179L

[47] William Pole (1814–1900), engineer, musician and authority on whist; apprenticed as *# ?* bseqaenUj worked in at Mr M.K 1... n,;.,.-,...! -.,,..,.-., -1, SMtM Pi l*m M.K 1... i*". " b""""S..... 5"7, i** Mi M pMfcsiBi i engineering at rfphinstone College, Bombiy, 1844-7: assistant (1852-7) to James Meadow. Kendd q. T.I. under bo* hi MM sti* -i.-,;;,;.,!:! JJy: MslsUnt to Sir John Fowler. 18*7; eU Wished himself as consulting engineer at Westminster, ls,-,;uHt,.,,,:,,;,!,,,,:;... M.:,,::.,.:,,,,, 1,, !;.M,v,r !. meat work; secretary to royal commission on London water supply, 1867; processor of ciTil engineering at University College, London, 18*9-67: FJUi!, 18l7and vi,-e..r,-:,iri,t. i*;:,;i,,.i IMS; M-.n..-. OztMd, tiff; examiner for musical degree* in London University, 187H1891; vice-president of Hoyal College of Organists; published historical and technical works and papers relating to engineering and musical subject bkIe7seTeralsu cessf ul treatises on whist

[48] William Wellesley-Pole, third Earl of Mornington (1763-1845). See Wellesley-Pole.

[49] Henry Stedman Polehampton (1824–1817), Indian chaplain; fellow of Pembroke College. Oxford, 1846; M.A., 1849; accepted an East Indian chaplaincy, 1855, and took part in the defence of the residency at Lucknow, dyinir of cholera during the siege. The value of his services is attested by Havelock's despatches.

[50] Robert Polenius (d. 1147?). See Pullen.

[51] Edward Polhill (1628–1694?), religious writer; barrister, Uruy's Inn: divided his time between the care of his estates in Sussex and the compilation of religions tracts, somewhat Calvinlstic in temper, but supporting the established church.

[52] John William Polidori (1795–1821), physician and author; M.D. Edinburgh, 1815; appointed physician and secretary to Lord Byron, 1816; returned to England. the engagement being dissolved (1817) parting on good U-i-ins with Byron: published (1819) "The Vampire which he attributed to Byron, and which, in spite of Byron's disclaimer, gained great celebrity on the continent; wrote other tales in his own name; committed suicide in consequence of a gaming debt.

[53] Loud Polkemmet (d. 1816). See William Baillie.

[54] Sir Hugh Pollard, second baronet (d. 1666), royalist; descended from Sir Lewis Pollard; served aeainst the Scots, 1640: M.P., Heeralston, 1640: implicated in the first army plot, 1 1641: mainly employed in Devon and Cornwall during the civil war; governor of Dartmouth, 1646; taken prisoner, 1646, and afterward.* submitted; became governor of Guernsey and comptroller of Charles II V household at the Restoration,

[55] Sir John Pollard (d. 1557), speaker of the House of Commons; serjeant-at-law, 1547-50: M.P., Oxfordshire, 1553 and 1554, Wiltshire, 1556; knighed, 1553; speaker, 1553-5.

[56] Leonard Pollard (d. 1566), divine; fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1546; M.A., 1547; D.D.: prebendary of Worcester, 1651, of Peterborough, 1653: fellow of st. John's College, Cambridge.

[57] Sir Lewis Pollard (1465?–1540), judge; barrister, Middle Temple (reader, 1502): king's Serjeant, 1507; a justice of common pleas, 1514-26; knighted, 1514.

[58] Robert Pollard (1755–1838), designer and engraver; practised for a time as a landscape and marine painter, but (c. 1782) established himself in Spa Fields, London, us an engraver and printecller: director of the Incorporated Society of Artists, 1789.

[59] William Pollard (1828–1898), quaker ; wrote several school-books and works on quaker tenets; secretary of the Manchester Peace and Arbitration Society, 1872-91.

[60] William Pollard-Urquhart (1815–1871), miscellaneous writor; of Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge: M.A., 1843: took the additional name of Urquhart, 1846; liberal M.P. for Westineatb, 1852-7, and 1869-71; wrote chiefly on currency and agriculture.

[61] Sir Henry Pollexfen (1632?-1691), judge; barrister, Inner Temple, 1658 (bencher, 1674); earned the reputation as a barrister of being the antagonist of court and crown, but In 1685 was crown prosecutor against Monmouth's followers in the west: defended the seven bishops, Jane 1688: knighted, 1689; became attorneygeneral, February 1689; chief- justice of the common pleas, May 1689.

[62] John Pollexfen (fl.1675–1697), merchant and economic writer; was a member of the board of trade; published A Discourse of Trade (1697) in which he treated labour as the sole source of wealth.

[63] Sir Charles Edward Pollock (1823–1897), judge; son of ohief-baron Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock ; educated at St. Paul's School, London; served as private secretary and marshal to his father; called to bar at Inner Temple, 1847; bencher, 1866; Q.C., 1866; raised to exchequer bench, invested with coif, and knighted, 1873: received status of justice of high court, 1875, but retained his old official designation, and on death of Baron Huddleston ( 1890) was left hist baron of exchequer; published legal works.

[64] Sir David Pollock (1780–1847), judge; of St. Paul's School, London, and Edinburgh University; barrister, Middle Temple, 1803; K.C., 1833; chief-Justice of the supreme court of Bombay in 1846-7; knighted, 1846.

[65] Sir George Pollock, first baronet (1786–1872), field-marshal; brother of Sir David Pollock; entered the East India Company artillery, 1803; took part in the campaign against Holkar, 1804-5, and served in Nepal, 1814, and in the first Burmese war, 1824-6; major-general, 1838: appointed (January 1842) to command the expedition for the relief of Jalalabad, which he reached after heavy fighting in April; with Brigadier-general (Sir) William Nott, who was at Kandahar, was instructed by Lord Ellenborough, then governor-general, to make arrangements for withdrawing from Afghanistan; being, however, convinced of the practicability of advancing on Kabul, remonstrated strongly, and was allowed to advance at his own discretion; defeated the enemy at Jagdalak and Tezin, and arrived before Kabul in September 1842, and next day was joined by Nott; remained at Kabul till October, and returned to India in December 1849: created G.C.B. and thanked for his services by both booses of parliament; appointed military member of the supreme council of India, 1844: returned to England, 1846, and ( 1854) became senior government director of the Kast India Company; field-marshal, 1870; created baronet, 1872.

[66] Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock, first baronet (1783- 1870), judge; brother of Sir David Pollock ; fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1807; M.A., 1809; barrister. Middle Temple, 1809; K.C., 1827; tory M.P. for Huntingdon from 1831; knighted, 1834; attorneygeneral in Peel's first administration, 1834-5, and in his second administration, 1841-4: chief-baron of the exchequer, 1844-66; created baronet, 1866.

[67] Sir William Frederick Pollock, second baronet (1815-1888), queen's remembrancer and author; eldest son of Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock: M.A Trinity College, Cambridge, 1840; barrister, Inner Temple, 1838; queen's remembrancer, 1874-86; rendered Dante's 4 Divine Comedy into English blank verse. 1854; published 'Personal Remembrances, 1887.

[68] Robert Pollok (1798–1827), poet; seventh son of a small farmer in Renfrewshire: wrote The Course of Time(1827), a poem in ten books, the versification of which recalls Cowper and Young.

[69] Lord Polton (1660?–1733). See William Calderwood.

[70] Thomas Polton (d. 1433), successively bishop of Hereford, Chichester, and Worcester; papal prothonotary and head of the English nation at the council of 1414-18; consecrated bishop of Hereford, 1420; translated to Chichester, 1421, to Worcester, 1426; died and was buried at Basle, having been sent to the council of Basle.

[71] Baron Polwarth (1641–1724). See Sir Patrick Hume.

[72] Richard Polwhele (1760–1838), miscellaneous writer; was educated at Christ Church, Oxford; held several small livings in Cornwall, but was a man of independent means; commenced publishing poems at the age of seventeen, and became in turn poet, topographer, theologian, and literary chronicler. His topographical works included unsatisfactory histories of Devon and Cornwall, but his volumes of reminiscences and anecdotes were less worthless, including much interesting biographical matter.

[73] Theophilus Polwhele or Polwheile (d. 1689), puritan divine; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1651; held a rectory at Tiverton from 1654 till 1660, when he was ejected; author of devotional works.

[74] Pomfret fourth Earl of (1770–1833). See Thomas William Fermor.

[75] Countess of Pomfret (d. 1761). See Henrietta Louisa Fermor.

[76] John Pomfret (1667–1702), poet; M.A. Queens' College, Cambridge, 1688; rector of Maulden, 1695-1702, of Millbrook, 1702; chiefly remembered by The Choice (1700), which procured his inclusion in Johnson's Lives of the Poets

[77] Samuel Pomfret (1650–1722), divine; minister at Sandwich for seven years, when he was arrested for nonconformity; subsequently became an itinerant preacher.

[78] John Ponce (d. 1660?), author; professor of theology at the Irish College at Rome; died at Paris, after publishing several works on the theology of the schoolmen,

[79] Arthur Pond (1705?–1758), painter and engraver; a successful portrait-painter in London and a prolific etcher.

[80] Edward Pond (d. 1629), almanac-maker; published an annual almanac from 1601, which was continued after his death till 1709.

[81] John Pond (1767–1836), astronomer royal; of Trinity College, Cambridge; detected errors in the Greenwich observations when fifteen; settled at Westbury in Somerset, 1798, where he erected an altazimuth; appointed astronomer royal, 1811; substituted (1821) a mercury-horizon for the plumb-line and spirit-level, and (1825) introduced the system of observing the same objects alternately by direct and reflected vision: published (1833) a catalogue of 1,113 stars, determined with unexampled accuracy. His reform of the national observatory, by procuring for it a modern outfit, was of immense importance.

[82] John Ponet or Poynet (15l4?-1566), successively bishop of Rochester and Winchester; became fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1532; D.D., 1547; a strong divine of the reforming school; became Oranmer's chaplain before 1547, receiving also other preferments; consecrated bishop of Rochester, 1650, and in 1551 translated to Winchester: deprived on the accession of Queen Mary, after which he fled to the continent; died at Strasburg. He wrote, besides other works, an exposition of the doctrine of tyrannicide in a Short Treatise of Politique Power 1566.

[83] Lady Emily Charlotte Mary Ponsonby (1817-1877), daughter of John William Ponsonby, fourth earl of Bessborough; published a number of novels, some anonymously, between 1848 and 1873.

[84] Sir Frederic Cavendish Ponsonby (1783-1887), major-general; grandson of William Ponsouby, second earl of Bessborough; entered the army, 1800, and went with his regiment to Spain in 1809, distinguishing himself as a cavalry officer at Talavera and Barosa; obtained command (1811) of the llth light dragoons, whom he led for the rest of the war: wounded at Waterloo, 1K15: went on half-pay in 1K20; inaiorKeneral, 1825; governor of Malta, 1826-35; G.G.M.G., 1828; K.C.B. and K.C.H., 1831.

[85] Frederick George Brabazon Ponsonby, sixth Earl of Bessborough (1815-1895), son of John William Ponsonby, fourth earl of Bessborough; of Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 18*7: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1840; succeeded his brother an sixth nirl, 1880. He was an enthusiastic cricketer, playing for Harrow and Cambridge, an well as In Gentlemen r. Players, and founding I Zingari Club in 1845.

[86] George Ponsonby (1755–1817), lord chancellor of Ireland; son of John Ponsonby (1718-1789) q. T.J; -tiMi.-d iit Trinity College, Cambridge: M.P., Wicklow, 1776, Inistioge, 1783-97, Galway (in the last Irish parliament, dissolved 1800); called to the Irish bar, 1780; chancellor of the exchequer under the Duke of Portland, 1782: urged the claims of the Irish. being disappointed in his attempts to settle the question and to purify political life, seceded from parliament; returned to political life and resisted the union In the hut Irish parliament; M.I 1., co. Wicklow (United Kingdom), 1801, co. Cork, 1806-7, Tavistock, 1808; became lord chancellor of Ireland on the formation of the Fox-Grcnvilic ministry, 1806, retiring within a year; leader of the opposition in the Commons from 1808.

[87] Henry Ponsonby (.d 1745). major-general: captain of foot, 1705: M.P., Fethard (Irish parliament), 1715; subsequently M.I for Clonmeon, Inistioge, and Newtown: fought at Dettingen, 1743; major 1713: killed at Fontenoy, while in the front of the famous charge of the British and Hanoverian infantry.

[88] Sir Henry Frederick Ponsonby (1816–1895), major-general: eldest son of Sir Frederic Cavendish Ponsonby: served in the Crimea; major-general, 1868; appointal private secretary to Queen Victoria, 1870; privy councillor, 1880: G.C.B., 1887.

[89] John Ponsonby (1713–1789), speaker of the Irish House of Commons; entered Irish parliament as M.P., Newtown, 1739; appointed secretary to the revenue board, 1742: first commissioner, 1744-71; elected speaker, 1756; possessed very great parliamentary influence, being eminent among theundertaken? a few families who engrossed the emoluments of the county; the appointment of the Marquis of Townshend as resident viceroy a serious blow to his influence: dismissed from the board of revenue for opposition to government, 1771, resigning the speakership at the close of the session: gradually ceased to take an active part in politics after 1776.

[90] Sir John Ponsonby, Viscount Ponsonby and second Baron Ponsonby (1770?-1855), eldest son of William Brabazon Ponsonby, first baron Ponsonby; minister plenipotentiary at Buenos Ayres, 1826-8, and at Rio de Janeiro, 1828-30; envoy extraordinary at Brussels, 1830-1; envoy at Naples, 1832; ambassador at Constantinople, 1832-7; G.C.B., 1834; created Viscount Ponsonby, 1839; ambassador at Vienna, 1846-50.

[91] John William Ponsonby , fourth Earl of Bessborough and Viscount Duncannon(1781–1847), grandson of William Ponsonby, second Earl of Bessborough; created M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1802: whig M.P. for Knaresborough, 1806, Higbam Ferrers, 1806 and 1807, Malton, 1812-26, Kilkenny, 1826 and 1831, Nottingham, 1832-4; called to the House of Lords as Viscount Duncannon, 1834: home secretary under Lord Melbourne, 1834-5; succeeded to the earldom of Bessborough, 1844; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1846-7.

[92] Richard Ponsonby (1772–1853), bishop of Derry; son of William Brabazon Ponsonby, first baron Ponsonby ; M.A. Dublin, 1816; consecrated bishop of Killaloe and Kilfenora, 1828; translated to Derry, 1831, becoming also bishop of Raphoe in pursuance of the Church Temporalities Act, 1834.

[93] Sarah Ponsonby (1745?–1831), recluse of Llangollen; grand-daughter of Henry Ponsonby; was the companion of Lady Eleanor Butler for fifty years in her retirement at Llangollen.

[94] William Ponsonby (1546?–1604), publisher : apprenticed (1560-70) to William Norton; began business on his own account (1677) in St. Paul's Churchyard. He owes his fame to his aonnection with Spenser from 1590, no less than ten volumes of Spenser's works appearing under his auspices.

[95] William Ponsonby, second Earl of Bessborough (1704-1793), M.P., Newtown, 1716, oo, : M.P., Derby. 1741-64, Haltasb, 1764-6, 1766-8; succeeded to hi* father's title, 1768: secretary to the lord- lieutenant, 1789; became joint post m: i-t.-rv.-..,-r.i!. 17V... n-.u'n.n in LTttLOl UW !-,! of bis brother-in-law, the Duke of Devonshire; reap. pointed, 1768; resigned, 1766.

[96] Sir William Ponsonby (1771–1816), major-general; son of William Hrabaiou PotiMuby, first baron Ponsonby; obtained command of the 6th dragoon guards, 1808; served in Spain, 1811-14; tod his brigade at Vittoria, 1811; K.C.B., 1816; led the famous charge of the Union brigade on d'Rrlon's hattered corps at Waterloo, and was killed by French lancers.

[97] William Brabazon Ponsonby, first Baron Ponsonby (1744-1806), eldest son of John Ponsonby; M.P., Cork, 1764-76, Bandon Bridge, 1776-88. co. Kilkenny, 17K3-1806; appointed it pa tted Pa of Ireland. 1784; removed, 1789; ere of Imokilly in co. Cork, 1806; be wa a steady adherent of Charles James Fox

[98] Robert Pont, Kylpont, or Kynpont (1524-1606), Scottish reformer; studied at St. Andrews, where he wa settled in 1559: appointed minister inn iiisahrii at Dunblane and Dunkeld, 1562, and 1568 commissioner of Moray, Inverness, and Banff; became minister of Blrnie, 1567; appointed provost of Trinity College, near Edinburgh, 1571; nominated (1571) a lord of session by special permission of the assembly: translated (1573) to St. Cuthbert's, Edinburgh; became minister at St. Andrews, 1581; compelled to take refuge in England for protesting against the validity of acts of parliament regarding the jurisdiction of the church, 1684; returned to Scotland, 1586, and continued to take a leading part in ecclesiastical affairs until his death; published chronological and religious works.

[99] Timothy Pont (1560?–1614?), topographer ; elder son of Robert Pont; M.A. St. Andrews, 1684; was an accomplished mathematician, and the first projector of a Scottish atlas. The originals of his maps are in the OP (. 1181). See AdvocatesLibrary, Edinburgh.

[100] Roger of Pont l'Êveque (d. 1181). See Roger.

[101] Pontack (1638?–1720?), tavern-keeper; son of Arnaud de Pontac, president of the parliament of Bordeaux; had some skill in rabbinical learning; opened a tavern in Abcburch Lane, called Pontack's Head, which became the most fashionable eating-house in London. It is frequently noticed in contemporary literature.

[102] Mungo Ponton (1801–1880), photographic inventor; was a writer to the signet; discovered (1839) that the action of the sun renders bichromate of mercury insoluble, the basis of permanent photography.

[103] Arthur William Poole (1862–1885), missionary bishop; M.A. Worcester College, Oxford, 1876; D.D., 1883: went to Masnlipatam as a missionary in 1877; made bishop of Japan, 1883.

[104] Edward Stanley Poole (1830–1887), Arabic scholar; elder son of Sophia Poole: among other works, published (I860) a new edition of the translation of the Thousand and One Nights by his uncle, Edward William Lane

[105] George Ayliffe Poole (1809–1888), divine and author; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1888; vicar of Welford, 1843-76; rector of Winwick, 1876-88; was a strong high churchman, and took part in ecclesiastical controversy; but the work of his life was to promote the revival of Gothic architecture.

[106] Jacob Poole (1774–1827), antiquary; studied the customs and language of the dwellers in the barouies of Bargy and Forth in Wexford, who spoke an English dialect dating from the English conquest. His collection of words and phrases was published by William Barnes, 1867.

[107] John Poole (1788?–1872), dramatist and miscellaneous author; obtained pronounced success as a dramatist in early life; wrote comedies and farces for tin- London theatres: obtained a pension through Charles Dickens in later life.

[108] Jonas Poole (d. 1612), mariner; made a voyage Viixima In 1607 in the employment of Sir Thomas visited Spitsbergen. *M- 98 1

[109] Joshua Poole (fl. 1632–1646), writer of schoolboota-M A Clare Hail, Cambridge; published The English Accidence 1646, and The English Parnassus, (posthumous), 1667.

[110] Maria Poole (1770?–1833). See Dickons.

[111] Matthew Poole or Pole (1624–1679), biblical commentator; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1652 (incorporated at Oxford, 1657); rector of St Michael-leQuerneVl 649-62, resigning on the passing of the Uniformity Act: engaged (1666-76) on the work of his life, his 'Synopsisof the critical labours of biblical commentators, which ran to five folio volumes and had a large sale; died at Amsterdam in 1679.

[112] Paul Falconer Poole (1807–1879), historical painter; was almost entirely self-taught: began to exhibit in the Royal Academy, 1830; attracted much notice by his picture of Solomon Eagle exhorting the People to Repentance during the Plague of the Year 1665, 1843.

[113] Reginald Stuart Poole (1832–1895), archaeologist and orientalist; younger son of Sophia Poole; devoted himself in early life to the study of ancient Egypt: admitted assistant to the British Museum, 1852; became keeper of the coins and medals, 1870; initiated a system of scientific catalogues, editing and collating thirty-five volumes; lectured and wrote much'on Egyptology,

[114] Robert Poole (1708–1752), medical and theological writer; physician to the Middlesex infirmary, 1745-6, to the small-pox hospital, 1746-8; friend and follower of George Whitfield. Besides two books, recording his travels, issued in his own name, he wrote devotional and medical works under the pseudonym Theophilus Philanthropes.*

[115] Sophia Poole (1804–1891), author of The Englishwoman in Egypt; sister of Edward William Lane; married (1829) Edward Richard Poole, a wellknown bibliophile; resided in Egypt with her brother, 1842-9; published The Englishwoman in Egypt 1844-6.

[116] Thomas Poole (1765–1837), friend of Coleridge; a tanner by trade; began an intimacy with Coleridge (r. 1794) which continued throughout life. He assisted Coleridge pecuniarily.

[117] Herbert Poor or Pauper (d. 1217), bishop of Salisbury; son of Richard of Ilchester (i. 1188), bishop of Winchester; appointed archdeacon of Canterbury, 1175; consecrated bishop of Salisbury, 1194; conceived the design of removing the see from Old Sarum to a more suitable site in the plain, a project which was afterwards carried out by his brother and successor, Richard Poor

[118] Richard Poor, Poore, Poure, or Le Poor (d. 1237), successively bishop of Chichester, Salisbury, and Durham: son of Richard of Ilchester (d. 1188). bishop of Winchester: elected bishop of Chichester, 1214, and translated to Salisbury, 1217: commenced ( 1220) the erection of the present Early-English cathedral of Salisbury, which was consecrated in 1225; bishop of Durham, 1228-37; perhaps author of the Ancren Riwle Panciroli's Identification of him with Richard Anglicus the jorUt and canonist is probably Incorrect. POOR, ROGER LK (fl.–1139).

[119] [Alexander Pope (1688-1744), poet; son of Alexander Pope (1641 ?-1717), a Roman catholic linen draper of London; a precocious child, and calledthe little nightingale from the beauty of his voice; his health rained and his figure distorted by a severe illness at the age of twelve, brought on by perpetual application; began at an early age to imitate his favourite authors became Intimate (c. 1704) with William Wycherley I who introduced him to town life: came into notice by the publication of the Pastorals in 1709,iuTon8on'8 Poetic Miscellanies *; publiahed anonymously (1711) the Essay on Criticism which was warmly praised by Addison in tbeSpectator became known to the Addison circle his Messiah* published in the Spectator 14 May 1712; published Rape of the Lock in Lintot's Miscellanies 1712, and separately, 1714; published (1713)Windsor Forest which appealed to the tories by its references to the peace of Utrecht, and von liiui the friendship of Swift; drifted apart from Addison's little senate and became a memlxjr of theScriblerus Club an informal association, which included Swift, Gay, Arbuthnot, Atterbury, Oxford, and others; issued (1715) the first volume, of his translation of theIliad(completed in 1720), which reflected with genuine rhetorical vigour the classicism of the time; bought (1719) the lease of a house at Twickenham, where he lived for the rest of his life; a close friend of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Martha Blount, 1715-22; after the final publication of theIliadwas engaged for a time on task work, editing the poems of Parnell in 1722, and beginning an edition of Shakespeare for To M son, which appeared in 1825; assisted in his translation of the Odyssey by William Broorne and Elijah Fenton; issued his translation of the Odyssey 1725-6, which brought an addition of fortune, though not much of fame; published theDunciad (anonymously), 1712, thereby making an unprecedented stir among authors; issued an enlarged edition, 1729, though the poem was not acknowledged till it appeared in Pope'sWorksin 1735; hisDuuciadattacked in numerous rejoinders, which caused him some mortification; led by Bolingbroke's influence over him as a friend and philosopher into writing theEssay on Man(1733) and the four Moral Essays which were the only parts completed of a series of poems intended to embrace a systematic survey of human nature; published (1733) his translation from Horace of the first satire of the second book, the first of a series of his most felicitous writings, continued intermittently until the close of his life: occupied himself in the meantime with the publication of his earlier correspondence, which he edited and amended in such a manner as to misrepresent totally the literary history of the time, and also employed a series of discreditable artifices to make it appear that it was published against his wish; assisted Edmund Cur 11, the publisher, who had printed his Familiar Letters to Henry Cromwellin 1726, to publish hisLiterary Correspondence in 1735, and then endeavoured to disavow him; ungenerously took advantage of Swift's failing powers in 1741 ha order to saddle him with the responsibility for a similar publication in 1741; lost his friend, Arbuthnot, by death, 1735; deprived of the society of Boliugbroke, who retired to France, 1735; undertook, by the advice of William Warburton, to complete the 'Dunciadby a fourth book, which appeared in 1742, and contains some of his finest verses; his last literary quarrel the result of a reference in it to Colley Gibber; buried in Twickenham Church. His writings accurately reflect the tendencies of his age, and with reference to that age he was certainly a great poet. Satire and didactic poetry corresponded to the taste of such an epoch; and his scholarly sense of niceties of language led him to polish all liis work with unwearied care. The first collective edition of hisWorksappeared In 1751. The standard edition is that edited by Whitwell Elwin q. v. and Mr. W. J. Courthope, and published between 1871 and 1889.

[120] Alexander Pope or Paip (d. 1782), Scottish divine; M.A. King's College, Aberdeen, 1725; minister of Heay in Caithness, 1734-82; translated a large part of the Orcades of Torfaeus, and was acquainted wilh Alexander Pope (1688-1744)

[121] Alexander Pope (1763–1835), actor and painter; practised portrait-painting for a time at Cork, but subsequently went on the stage, appearing at Coveut Garden, London, in 1785; made an eminently favourable impression, and for many years played the principal tragic parts in the same house; also made occasional appearances in the country, especially at Edinburgh, where he was a favourite; exhibited fifty-nine miniatures at the Royal Academy between 1787 and 1821.

[122] Clara Maria Pope (d. 1838), painter; daughter of Jared Leigh; married at an early age Francis Wheatley, and in 1807 became the third wife of Alexander Pope (1763-1835); exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1796; in later life enjoyed a great reputation for her groups of flowers.

[123] Elizabeth Pope (1744?–1797), actress; nee Younge; became the first wife of Alexander Pope (1763-1835) in 1786; first appeared at Drury Lane, London (1768) in the character of Imogen and obtained immediate recognition; n-movr.i from Drury Lane, London (1778) to Covent ( l;irl-n, London, wliere a be remained for the rest of her stage ram-r; found Mr-. Siddon* a formidaMirival in tragedy and Miss Farreu in comedy, but while perhaps surpassed by each in her own province, had a wiiler range than either.

[124] Jane Pope (1742–1818), actress; first appeared at Drury Lane, London, 1756: remained at Drury Lane till her retirement from the stage, 1808; excelled in the role of soubrette; praised by Lamb, Hazlitt, and Leigh Hunt.

[125] Maria Ann Pope (1775–1803), actress; nee Campion: first appeared at the Crow Street Theatre, Dublin, 1792, and was rapidly promoted to be the heroine of the Irish stage; appeared at Covent Garden, London, under the name of Mrs. Spenser, 1797; became the second wife of Alexander Pope (1763-1836) in 1798: aooompanied her husband to Drury Lane, London, 1801, when she was taken ill on 10 June 1803. while playing Desdemona, and died on the 18th.

[126] Sir Thomas Pope (1507?–1559), founder of Trinity College, Oxford; educated at Eton; held many offices about the court, and was enriched by grants of monastic lands; knighted, 1637; withdrew largely from public life during Edward VI's reign, owing to lack of sympathy with the Reformation; became privy councillor on Queen Mary's accession, 1553; retained Queen Elizabeth's favour on her accession. On 28 March 1555 he executed a deed of erection for Trinity College, Oxford, which he endowed with the site and buildings of Durham College, the Oxford house of the abbey of Durham.

[127] Sir Thomas Pope, second Earl of Downe (1622-1660), of Christ Church, Oxford; succeeded his grandfather as earl, 1631; raised a troop of horse for Charles I, when the civil war broke out, but compounded, 1646, and took the solemn oath and covenant; left England, c. 1662, and travelled in France and Italy.

[128] Sir Thomas Pope, third Earl of Downe (1598-1668), uncle of Sir Thomas Pope, second earl of Downe ; suffered severely from both sides during the civil war; imprisoned by Charles I at Oxford, and arrested in 1656 on suspicion of complicity with the cavalier plot.

[129] Walter Pope (d. 1714), astronomer : of Mattf College, Cambridge, and Wadham College, Oxford; fellow of Wailham College, Oxford, 1651: M.A., 1651; became professor of astronomy in Gresham College, London, 1660; M.D. Oxford, 1661; published a Life of Seth Ward 1697, besides other works.

[130] Sir John Pope-Hennessy (1834–1891), colonial governor; M.P., King's County, 1869, being the first Roman catholic conservative who obtained a seat; barrister, Inner Temple, 1861: governor of Labuan, 1867-71, of the Gold Coast, 1872-3, of the Windward islands, 1875-6, of Hongkong, 1877-82, and of the Mauritius, 1883-9; espoused the cause of the French Creoles in the Mauritius and was suspended from office in 1886; returned for Kilkenny as an anti-Parnellite home rnler, 1890.

[131] Alexander Popham (1729–1810), prison reformer; of Balliol and All Souls Colleges, Oxford; M.A., 1765; barrister, Middle Temple, 1755 (bencher, 1786); M.P., Taunton, 1768, 1774-80, and 1784-96; was the author of the bill passed in 1774 for the prevention of the gaol distemper.

[132] Edward Popham (1610?-1651), admiral and general at sea; son of Sir Francis Popham; threw In his lot with parliament in the civil war: M.P., Minehead, 1644; commanded a force in Somerset and Dorset: appointed a commissioner for the immediate ordering of the navy, 1648; commanded in the Downs and North Sea, 1649; joined Blake at Lisbon in blockading Prince Rupert, 1650.

[133] Sir Francis Popham (1573–1644), soldier and politician; only son of Sir John Pophnm (1531 7-1607) ; of Balliol College, Oxford, and the Middle Temple; knighted, 1596; M.P., 1597-1644, for Somerset, Wiltshire, Marliwrougn, Great Bedwln, Ohippenham, and Mlnehead, . s an active interert in the settlement of Virginia and New England.

[134] Sir Home Riggs Popham (1760-1820), rear-admiral; lu,-utadat Westminster School and Cambridge: ,. in8;obfatMtlmtMtMife and engaged in the Bart India and China trad* 17*7, bat WM ueariy ruined by the capture of hU vend, the Btraseo, ... im, ud teontanttXii In HtMb M invention of the charter of the Bart India Company, in spite of the fact that he had obtained the ancttoioTthe gov.-rnor-general in council; served In Plandcn (1794) Duke of York, who obtained hi* promotion to the rank of pOHt-oaptaln; while in KronsUdt he received marks of favour from the Russian emperor, 179f; commanded an expedition against the Gape of Good Hope in conjunction with a land force under Sir Darid Balrd q. v.1, 1806: on the completion of this enterprise proceeded with William Carr Berwford (afterwards Viscount Berwford) to Buenos Ayrea, where Beiwford and his force were captured by the Spaniards; superseded, January 1807, and (March 1807) reprimanded by a courtmartial; took part in the expedition against Copenhagen, 1808; K.C.B., 1816: commander-ln-chlcf on the Jamaica station, with the rank of rear-admiral, 1817-20; retired in broken health, 1820.

[135] Sir John Popham (d. 1463?), military commander and speaker-elect of the House of Commons; took pan la Henry V's invasion of France in 1416 and in the French wars under the Duke of Bedford: elected speaker of the House of Commons (M.P., Hampshire), 1449, but WM permitted by Henry VI to decline the office on the ground of infirmity.

[136] Sir John Popham (1531?–1607), chief-justice of the King's Bench; ; privy councillor, 1571; solicitor-general, 1179; tngl eTei Middle Temple (treasurer, 1580); M.P., Bristol, 1571 and 1572-83; elected speaker of the House of Commons, 1580; appointed attorney-general, 1681; nominated lord chief justice, 1592; knighted, 1592.

[137] William Popple (d. 1708), author ; a London merchant; appointed secretary to the board of trade, 1696; published A Rational Catechism 1687.

[138] William Popple (1701–1764), dramatist; grandson of William Popple (d. 1708); entered the cofferer's office, e. 1730; promoted solicitor and clerk of the report to the commissioners of trade and plantations, 1737; governor of the Bermudas from 1746 till shortly before his* death; author of mediocre plays and pamphlets.

[139] Porchester, third Viscount (1800–1849). See Henry John George Herbert.

[140] John Pordage (1607–1681), astrologer and mystic; rector of Bradfield, Berkshire; ejected as ignorant and insufficient 1665, but restored, 1660; described by Baxter as chief of the Behmeniste; published a number of works, partly astrological and partly devotional

[141] Samuel Pordage (1683–1691?), poet; eldest son of John Pordage; of Merchant Taylors* School, London, and Lincoln's Inn; published a translation of Seneca, entitled Troades Englished 1660, and quently several poems and plays, Including an answer to Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel entitled Auuria and Hushai 1682.

[142] Eleanor Anne Porden (1797?–1886). See Franklin.

[143] William Porden (1755–1822), architect student under James Wyatt; his most important work Eaton Hall, Cheshire, 1804-12.

[144] Robert Porrett (1783–1868), chemist; was a clerk in the war office from 1796 until 1860, when he retired on a pension: discovered sulpho-cyanic acid between 1808 and 1814, and ferro-cyanic acid, 1814; independently discovered electric endosmosis, 1816; FJSJL, 1840; F.R.S., 1848.

[145] Richard Porson (1769–1808), Greek scholar; Mb of the pariah clerk at Bast Ruston, near North Walsham: showed an extraordinary memory when a boy, and attracted the attention "f T. Hewett, the cnrnte of the parish" who eduoaU-1 him with his own sons; placed at Eton bv Mr. Norris of Witton I'ark, 1771; a fund started to maintain him at Cambridge by Sir George laker on Norris's death; entered at Trinity Col*. 1778- scholar. 1780: Craven scholar, 1781: first kanccllor'i medallist and fellow, 1782; M.A., 1785: berarne widely known by hisLetters to Travissee TRAVW, GBOROK, 1788-9; lost his fellowship, which expired, 1792, owing to his refusal to take orders, and failed to obtain a lay fellowship, for which he applied; an annuity of 100. purchased for him by his admirers, on which be took rooms at Essex Court in the Temple: was elected regiu* professor of Greek at Cambridge University, November 1792, but continued to live in London, absorbed in private study: his society much sought by literary men: married (1796) Mrs. Lunan (d. 1797 ), the sister of James Perry, one of his intimate friends; edited four plays of Euripides, Hecuba(1797 and 1802),Orestes(1798), PhceniswE (1799), and Medea(1801), his finest single piece of criticism being the Supplement to the preface in the second edition of the Hecuba in which he states and illustrates certain rules of iambic and trochaic verse; died in London, and was buried in the chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge, His memory was remarkable, not only for its tenacity, but also for its readiness. In later life he gave way to intemperance. His transcripts of Photius from the Gale MS. and of theMedeaand Plxrniasre are marvels of calligraphy. His literary remains were published after his death, between 1812 and 1834. HisCorrespondenceappeared in 1867. He definitely advanced Greek scholarship in three principal respect;: (1) by remarks upon countless points of Greek idiom and usage: (2) by adding to the knowledge of metre, and especially of the iambic trimeter; (3) by emendation of texts.

[146] Adam de Port or Porz (d. 1213?), baron; accused (1172) of treason and plotting Henry IPs death; fled from England on being summoned to appear before Henry I I's court and was outlawed; joined William of Scotland during the baronsrebellion of 1174, but in 1180 made his peace with Henry II and received back his paternal lands; ward.MI of Southampton Castle, 1213.

[147] Sir John Port (1480?–1541), judge; studied law in the Middle Temple (governor, 1520): attorney to the earldom of Chester before 1512: serjeant-at-law, 1622; knighted, 1625; a judge of the king's bench, 1525. He was a benefactor to Braseuose College, Oxford, at the time of its foundation.

[148] Sir John Port (d. 1557), founder of Repton School; son of Sir John Port (1480 ?-1641); first scholar on his father's foundation at Brasenose College, Oxford; knighted at the coronation of Edward VI: knight of the shire for Derbyshire, 1553; sheriff of Derbyshire, 1654. By his will he left a bequest for the foundation of Repton school.

[149] Abraham Portal (fl. 1768–1796), dramatist; wrote a number of plays between 1768 and 1796; published Poems 1781.

[150] Sir Gerald Herbert Portal (1858–1894), diplomatist; entered the diplomatic service, 1879; stationed in Egypt between 1882 and 1887; went on a mission to Abyssinia, 1887; K.O.M.G., 1892; visited Uganda, 1892. Accounts of his missions to Abyssinia and Uganda were written by him and published in 1888 and 1894 respectively.

[151] Sir Stanier Porten (d. 1789), government official; entered the diplomatic service, and was undersecretary to Lord Rochford, 1768-82; knighted, 1T72; appointed keeper of the state papers at Whitehall, 1774; uncle of Edward Gibbon, the historian,

[152] John Porteous (d. 1736), captain of the Edinburgh city guard; enlisted in the army, and, after serving wime time in Holland, was employed in 1716 to train the Edinburgh city guard; promoted to be captain; fired on th- crowd and killed or wounded nearly thirty persons inM) to a slight tumult at the execution of Andrew Wilson, an Edinburgh merchant, who had excited the admiration of the Edinburgh mob by contriving the e*-ape of his accomplice in robbing the custom house was brought to trial, found guilty, and sentenced to death, but reprieved: taken out of prison and Innged by a number of persons (7 Sept. 1736), none of whom were captured, in spite of the most rigorous investigation. The plot of Sir Walter Scott% Heart of Midlothian turns upon the incidents of the Porteous riot.

[153] William Porteous (1735–1812), Scottish divine; minister of Whitburn, 1759-70, and of the Wynd Church, Glasgow, and the new St. George's Church, Glasgow, 17701812; strongly orthodox, writing against all innovations.

[154] Anna Maria Porter (1780–1832), novelist; sister of Sir Robert Ker Porter; devoted herself to literature, and at thirteen began a series of Artless Tales published in 1795; published (1807) The Hungarian Brothers a tale of the French revolutionary wur, besides other novels.

[155] Sir Charles Porter (d. 1696), Irish lord chancellor; was concerned as a London apprentice in the riots of 1648: escaped to Holland, served as a common soldier, and kept an eating-house: received among the chancery clerks on returning to London, and (1660) called to the bar at the Middle Temple; taken into custody (June 1675) in the middle of an argument, by order of the House of Commons, for breach of privilege, in common with all parties engaged in the Dalmahoy case; knighted, 1675: made Irish lord chancellor in 1686 by James II, who hoped he would prove a useful tool: recalled at Tyrconnel's instance, January 1687: an active partisan of William III, returning to Ireland as lord chancellor in 1690. He was frequently assailed by the extreme protestants, but retained office till his death.

[156] Classon Emmett Porter (1814–1885), ecclesiastical historian; brother of John Scott Porter; minister of the first presbyterian church at Larne, co. Antrim, 1834-85. His contributions to Irish presbyterian church history were numerous and important.

[157] Endymion Porter (1587–1649), royalist; brought up in Spain, and some time page in the household of Olivares; after his return obtained a place in Buckingham's service, and became groom of the bedchamber to Prince Charles; made use of by Buckingham to conduct his Spanish correspondence; sent to Spain (October 1622) to prepare the way for Prince Charles's visit; accompanied Prince Charles and Buckingham to Spain, 1623, and was again in that country in 1628 with proposals for peace; rewarded with numerous promotions and grants; wrote verses and was the friend and patron of poets, including D'Avenant, Dekker, Gervase Warmestry, and Edmund Bolton; one of the agents employed by Charles I in forming his great collection of pictures: sat in the Long parliament as M.P., Droitwich, and voted against Strafford's attainder; attended Charles I from London; expelled from parliament and exempted from pardon, on account of the unfounded belief that he was a chief instrument in a popish plot against English liberties, 1643; left England, 1645, and after enduring great poverty compounded in 1649.

[158] Francis Porter (d. 1702), Irish Franciscan; passed most of his life at Rome, where he became president of the Irish college; author of five rare Latin works.

[159] George Porter (1622?–1683), royalist; eldest son of Endymion Porter; major-general of Newcastle's foot at Marston Moor, where he was taken prisoner, 1644; was exchanged and subsequently became lieutenant-general and commander of the horse under his brother-in-law, Goring; deserted Charles I's service and went to London, November 1645: engaged in plots for Charles I I's restoration, 1659, and after Charles I I's return became gentleman of the privy chamber to the queenconsort,

[160] George Porter (fl. 1684–1697), conspirator; captain in Slingsby's horse, 1688; was proclaimed a dangerous Jacobite, 1692; engaged in the plot to assassinate William III, 1696; was captured, turned king's evidence, and was largely instrumental in the conviction of the other prisoners.

[161] Sir George Hornidge Porter , first baronet (1822-1896), surgeon; only son of William Henry Porter : M.D. Trinity College, Dublin: elected surgeon to the Meath Hospital, Dublin, 1849: president of the College Of Surgeon? of Ireland, 18C8-U: KTven a baronet. -y. regius professor of surgery at Dublin UniverMty, l8'Jl.

[162] George Richardson Porter (1792–1852), statistician; failed in business as a sugar-broker, and devoted himself to economics and statistics; the rtat. department of the board of trade established mainly under his supervision, 1834: became joint-secretary to the board, 1841; published The Progress of the Nation from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century 1886-48, and other work*.

[163] Henry Porter (fl. 1696–1699), dramatist; author of five plays mentioned In Hcnslowe'sDiary of which the only one extant is The Pleasant Historic of the two Angrie Women of Abington ( 15'J9), which has been frequently edited, and was praised by Charles Lamb.

[164] Sir James Porter (1710–1786), diplomatist; employed at Vienna, 1741 and 1743; ambassador at Constantinople, 1746-62; minister plenipotentiary at Brussels, 1768-6: knighted, 1763; published Observations on the Religion, Law, Government and Manners of the Turks 1768.

[165] James Porter (1753–1798), author of Billy Bluff; presbyterian minister at Oreyabbey, oo. Down, 1787-98: joined the volunteer movement, 1778, and after its suppression (1793) became a prominent opponent of government; contributed (1796) to the Northern Star a aeries of letters, forming an admirable satire on local tyranny in Ireland, which were at once reprinted with the title Billy Bluff and Squire Firebrand and made his name a household word in Ulster: apprehended on the outbreak of the rebellion of 1798, convicted before a courtmartial on the testimony of an informer, whom he was not even suffered to cross-examine, and hanged at Greyabbey. He was a well-known collector of books, and his scientific apparatus was unrivalled in the north of Ireland in his day.

[166] Jane Porter (1776–1860), novelist; sister of Sir Robert Ker Porter; published (1803) her first romance,Thaddeus of Warsaw which had a rapid success, and reached a ninth edition by 1 810: published (1810) her most notable novelThe Scottish Chiefs which had an immense success in Scotland and, being translated into German and Russian, won European fame; attempted plays with less success, her tragedies of Switzerland 1819, andOwen, Prince of Powys 182J, being entire failures: settled in London with her sister, Anna Maria Porter, 1832; suffered from pecuniary difficulties In later life.

[167] Jerome Porter or Nelson (d. 1632), Benedictine monk; an inmate of St. George's, Douay; wrote biographies of English, Scottish, and Irish saints; died at Douay.

[168] John Scott Porter (1801–1880), Irish biblical scholar and Unitarian divine; minister of the presbyterian congregation in Carter Lane, London, 1826-31, and of the first presbyterian church at Belfast, 1831-8: was appointed (1838) joint-professor of theology to theAssociation of Irish non-subscribing presbyterians and (1851) became in addition professor of Hebrew; published theological works.

[169] Josias Leslie Porter (1823–1889), traveller and promoter of Irish education; M.A. Glasgow, 1842: studied theology at Edinburgh, 1842; presbyterian minister at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1846-9; became missionary to the Jews at Damascus, 1 849, and during the next ten years acquired an intimate knowledge of Syria and Palestine; professor of biblical criticism in the presbyterian college, Ik-Hast, 1860-78; nominated by government (1878) one of the two assistant-commissioners of the newly established board of intermediate education for Ireland; president of Queen's College, Belfast, 1879-89. Among his works may be mentioned Five Years in Damascus 1856, and The Giant Cities of Bashan 1865.

[170] Mary Porter (d. 1765), actress; at Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, 1699; acted at the new theatre (Opera House) in the Haymarket, London, 1705; migrated to Drury Lane, London, 1708, returning to the Haymarket, London, 1709; reappeared at Drury Lane, London, 1710; l.-ft without a rival on the retirement of Mrs. oMticl.L 1730; retirul, 1743.

[171] Robert Porter (c.1620-1690), ejected divine; educated at Cambridge; became vicar of Pentrich, Derbyshire, 1660, but was ejected, IMS; on the passing of the Five hews* unmolested. Mile Act retired to ies painting easel-pictures, the historical pieces or landscapes; iter to the czar of Russia, 1804; A valuable collection of Derbyshire nonconformist biographies by him was posthumously published.

[172] Sir Robert Ker Porter (1777–1842), painter and traveller; was admitted an academy student at Somerset House, London, 1790: scene-painter at the Lyceum Theatre, London, 1800; executed (1800) the Storming of SeringapatenV a sensational panorama 190 feet in length, "wequently producing a number of other battle scenes of the same kind, besides majority of which were appointed historical painter to the czar of Russia, 1804; left Russia, 1806, and travelled in Finland, Sweden, and Germany; accompanied Sir John Moore throughout the Ooruiia campaign, and published accounts of bis journeys in 1809; married a Russian princess, 1812, and (1813), returning to England, published a graphic Narrative of the Campaign in Russia during 1812;; knighted, 1813; visited (1817-20) Georgia, Persia, Armenia, and ancient Babylonia, publishing un account of his Travels in thoseeoontrlH, 1S21: British consul in Venezuela, 18)6-41; died at St. Petersburg.

[173] Sarah Porter (1791–1862), writer on education; sister of David Ricardo; married George Richardson Porter; published On Infant Schools for the Upper and Middle Classes 1838, and similar works.

[174] Thomas Porter (1636–1680), dramatist; son of Endymion Porter: imprisoned (1665) for abducting Anne, daughter of Mountjoy Blouut, earl of Newport ; his tragedy, Tlie Villain (acted 1668, published IVps. 1663), thought deficient in fancy by the diarist Pepj

[175] Walter Porter (1595?–1669), composer; appointed master of the choristers of Westminster Abbey, 1639; composed chiefly madrigals and hymn-tunes.

[176] Whitworth Porter (1827–1892), major-general, royal engineers; entered the royal engineers, 1846; served before Sebastopol, 1865; commanding royal engineer in the western district, 1877-81; retired, 1881; works im-hiie an elaborateHistory of the Corps of Royal Engineers 1889.

[177] William Porter (1805–1880), attorney-general at the Cape of Good Hope; brother of John Scott Porter ; called to the Irish bar, 1831; attorney-general at the Cape of Good Hope, 1839-65.

[178] William Henry Porter (1790–1861), surgeon; president of the Irish College of Surgeon., 1838; professor of surgery in College of Surgeons school of medicine at Dublin.

[179] Beilby Portetjs (1731–1808), successively bishop of Chester and London; B.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1752; fellow, 1752; appointed (1762) domestic chaplain to Thomas Seeker, archbishop of Canterbury; chaplain to George III, 1769; bishop of Chester, 1776-87, of London, 1787-1808; supported the rising evangelical party hi both sees, although not Identifying himself with their more decidedly Culvinistic doctrines: was an early patron of the Church Missionary Society, and joined th British and Foreign Bible Society; published several doctrinal treatises, besides collected sermons, charges, and hortatory letters.

[180] Dukes of Portland . See BKXTISCK, WILLIAM Cavendish Henry , third DUKK, 1738–1809 ; William John Cavendish Scott , fifth DCKK, 1800–1879.

[181] Earls of Portland . See WESTOX, SIR RICHARD, first EARL, 1677-1635; WKSTOX, JKKOMK, second EARL, 1605-1663; BKXTINI-K, WILLIAM, first EARL of the second creation, 1649-1709.

[182] Portland, titular Earl of. See Edward Herbert, 1648?–1698.

[183] Baron Portlester . See Roland Fitz Eustace.

[184] Joseph Ellison Portlock (1794–1864), major-general, royal engineers; only son of Nathaniel Portlock ; entered the royal engineers, 1813; took part in the Canadian campaign, 1814; engaged (1824-43) in the Irtoh surrey, particularly on the geological and productive economical sections; retired from active service, 1867.

[185] Nathaniel Portlock (1748?–1817), captain in the navy; entered the navy (1772) as an able seaman bat was placed on the quarterdeck by (Sir) Charles Douglas; sailed round the world (1786-8) in command of the King George, and published A Voyage round the World 1789; attained post rank, 1799.

[186] Edward Berkeley Portman, first Viscount Portman (1799–1888), of Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; M.A., 1826; liberal M.P. for Dorset, 182S-:J2, MaryIcbooe, 1832-3; created Baron Portman of Orchard Portman, 1837, and Viscount Portman, 1873.

[187] Sir William Portman (d. 1557), judge; made 1547; knighted by Edward VI; made chief

[188] Sir William Portman, sixth baronet (1641?-1690), captor of the Duke of Monmouth; of All Souls College, Oxford: K.B. at the Restoration; M.P., Taunton, 1641-79 and 1686-90; was considered the most influential tory in the west of England, after Sir Edward Seymour (1633-1708): F.R.S., 1664: with Lord Lumley captured Monmouth in the New Forest, 8 July 1685; joined the Prince of Orange at Exeter, 1688.

[189] Portmore, first Earl of (d. 1730). See David Colyear.

[190] Duchess of Portsmouth (1649–1734). See Louise Renée de Keroualle.

[191] Portsmouth, first Earl of (1690–1762). See John Wallop.

[192] Mauritius de Portu (d. 1613). See Maurice O'Fihely.

[193] John Port (d. 1570), master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge: M.A. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 1527; D.D., 1557; elected fellow of his college, c. 1534, and master, 1557; resigned mastership under pressure (1570) on account of infirmity; friend of Matthew Parker.

[194] John Pory (1570?–1635), traveller and geographer; M.A. Caius College, Cambridge, 1595 (incorporated at Oxford, 1610); MJ., Bridgwater, 1605; travelled in France and the Low Countries, 1607, in Turkey, 1613-16; went to America as secretary to Sir George Yeardley, 1619; settled in London, 1624.

[195] Robert Pory or Porey (1608?–1669), archdeacon of Middlesex; educated at St. Paul's School. London, and Christ's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1632; D.D. per tittreu rrgieu, 1660 (incorporated at Oxford, 1663); collated to the rectory of St. Margaret's, Fish Street, Ixmdon, 1640; plundered and sequestered on the outbreak of the civil war; rector of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate Street, London, 1660-3; appointed archdeacon of Middlesex, 1660.

[196] Jacob Post (1774–1856), quaker; publishedJular expositions of the history and belief of the Society of -.

[197] Beale Poste (1793–1871), divine and antiquary: educated at Trinity College, Cambridge; LL.B.,1819; curate successively of High Haitian and Milstead in Kent; bis works mainly concerned with early British history.

[198] John Postgate (1820-1881), initiator of the laws against adulteration; started life as a grocer's boy at Scarborough; began practice in Birmingham as a surgeon, 1861; F.R.C.S. 1864: he began (1864) his lifelong crusade test the adulteration of food substances, the result of wnfch was that the Birmingliam member, William Schole a, obtained a parliamentary committee of inquiry in 1866, and a restraining bill was passed in 1860; the Amendment Act Introduced at his instance, and passed to render the check more effective, 1872.

[199] Thomas Postlethwaite (1731–1798), master of Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A. Trinity College, Cum bridge, 1756; D.D. (by royal mandate), 1789: elected fellow of his college, 1755; master of his college, 1789-98; when master passed over Richard Porson, who was in 1792 a candidate for the lay fellowship.

[200] James Postlethwayt (d. 1761), writer on revenue; probably a brother of Malachy Postlethwuyt ; publishedThe History of the Public Revenue from 1688 to 1758 1769.

[201] John Postlethwayt (1660–1713), chief master of St. Paul's School, London; M.A. Merton College, Oxford, 1678; high master of St. Paul's School, 1697-1713: proved an eminent schoolmaster.

[202] Malachy Postlethwayt (1707?–1767), economic writer; devoted twenty years to the preparation of 'The Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce 1761 (4th ed. 1774), a translation, with large additions, from the French of J. Savary des Brulons; wrote, among other topics, on the African trade.

[203] Matthew Postlethwayt (1679–1745), archdeacon of Norwich; nephew of John Postlethwayt: M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1706; archdeacon of Norwich and rector of Redenhall, 1742.

[204] Joseph Pote (1703?–1787), bookseller; kept a boarding-house for Eton boys, and was well known as an editor and publisher in Eton.

[205] John Potenger or Pottinger (1647–1733), master in chancery and author; of Winchester College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford; B.A., 1668; admitted to the Inner Temple, 1675: obtained the post of master in chancery after 1678, subsequently selling it; refused to support James IPs religious policy; author of A Pastoral Reflection on Death 1691, and many unpublished poems.

[206] Joseph Holden Pott (1759–1847), archdeacon of London; son of Percivall Pott; of Eton and St. John's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1783; was archdeacon of St. Albans, 1789-1813, of London, 1813-42; chancellor of Exeter, 1826; wrote works in prose and verse.

[207] Percivall Pott (1714–1788), surgeon; was bound an apprentice to Edward Nourse, 1729; became master of anatomy to the newly formed Corporation of Surgeons, 1753, and master of the corporation, 1765; became surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1749; introduced many improvements into the art of surgery during his long tenure of office, rendering its practice more humane; suffered a compound fracture of the leg (still known as Pott's fracture), 1756, which, in spite of the opinion of the surgeons in favour of amputation, he and his friend and colleague Nourse succeeded in curing without it; resigned his office of surgeon, 1787. He was the teacher of John Hunter (1728-1793), whom he excelled in practical, but to whom he was much inferior in scientific, surgery. The spinal disease known as Pott's disease obtained its name from his discussion of it in a medical work published in 1779. His works, which are numerous and important, were collected, 1775.

[208] Barnaby Potter (1577–1642), provost of Queen's College, Oxford, and bishop of Carlisle; M.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1602; D.D., 1615; fellow of his college, 1604; provost, 1616-26; liked by Charles I, in spite of his puritan leanings; chief almoner to Charles I, 1628; bishop of Carlisle, 1629-42.

[209] Charles Potter (1634–1663), courtier; son of Christopher Potter (1591-1646); educated at Queen's College, Oxford; student of Christ Church, Oxford, 1647; M.A., 1651; joined the exiled court of Charles II, and became a Roman catholic; made usher to Queen Henrietta Maria at the Restoration.

[210] Christopher Potter (1591–1646), provost of Queen's College, Oxford; nephew of Barnaby Potter; M.A. Queen's College, Oxford, 1613; D.D., 1627; fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, 1615; provost, 1626-46. He attached himself to Laud, and was made chaplain in ordinary to Charles I; dean of Worcester, 1636; vice-chancellor of Oxford University, 1640; suffered much in Charles I's cause during the civil war: was nominated dean of Durham, 1646, but died before his installation.

[211] Christopher Potter (d. 1817), introducer into France of printing on porcelain; settled in Paris in 1789, and received credit for the invention of nrintinir on porcelain and glass, though it had been practised at Liverpool aii'i Worcester from 1756-7. He reopened the Chantilly potteries.

[212] Francis Potter (1594–1678), divine and mechanician; brother of Hannibal Totter; M.A. Trinity College, Oxford, 1616; B.A., 1616; rector of Kilmington, 1628-78; made quadrants with a graduated compass of his own invention, which he gave to John Aubrey; P.R.S., 1663.

[213] George Potter (1832–1893), trade-unionist; a carpenter by trade; first became prominent in the lockout in the building trades in 1869: headed the deputation of London workmen who welcomed Garibaldi, 1864; member of the London school board, 1873-83; contributed to The Times and the Contemporary Review.

[214] Hannibal Potter (1592–1664), president of Trinity College, Oxford; M.A. Trinity College, Oxford, 1614; D.D., 1630; fellow of bis college, 1613: president in 1643; deprived of the presidentship by the parliamentary visitors, 1647, but restored, 1660.

[215] John Potter (1674?–1747), archbishop of Canterbury; matriculated at University College, Oxford, 1688; M.A., 1694; D.D., 1706; fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, 1694; became domestic chaplain to Archbishop Teulson, 1704; regius professor of divinity at Oxford, 1707-16; bishop of Oxford, 1715-37; archbishop of Canterbury, 1737-47; edited Lyoophron, 1697, and Clement of Alexandria, 1716, and published Archalogia Onecn vol. i 1697, vol. ii. 1698.

[216] John Potter (fl. 1754–1804), dramatic and miscellaneous author; resided chiefly in Loudon, wrote plays and contributed theatrical criticism to the Public Ledger: M.D. Edinburgh, 1784; L.R.C.P., 1785; practised medicine at Enniscorthy after 1785, but in 1798 returned to London and supported himself by literature.

[217] John Phillips Potter (1818–1847), anatomist; studied at University College, London; became bouse surgeon to Robert Listen in University College, Hospital, London, e. 1840; assistant-surgeon to University College Hospital, 1847; died of a poisoned wound received while dissecting.

[218] Philip Cipriani Hambly Potter (1792-1871), musician; ranked high among contemporary pianists and (1823) was appointed principal professor ol the pianoforte at the Royal Academy of Music; priucipa of the academy, 1832-69. His published works extend to Opus 39, but are now rarely beard.

[219] Richard Potter (1778–1842), politician; known as Radical Dick; brother of Sir Thomas Potter (17731845), with whom he was associated in business and politics at Manchester; M.P., Wigan, 1832, 1835, 1837

[220] Richard Potter (1799–1886), scientific writer after engaging in mercantile life without success wa elected a fellow of QueensCollege, Cambridge, in 1839 M.A., 1841; professor of natural philosophy and astro norny, University College, London, 1841-3 and 1844-66.

[221] Robert Potter (1721–1804), poet and politician; M.A. Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1788; master Seaming school, 1761-89; occupied his spare time translating the Greek tragedians; canon of Norwicl 1788; best known by his translation of echylus (1777 and in a less degree by his translation of Sophocles an Euripides; attacked the administration of the poor 1785.

[222] Thomas Potter (1718–1759), wit and politician son of John Potter (1674 ?-1747); M.A. Chn Church, Oxford, 1738; barrister, Middle Temple, 1740 secretary to Frederick, prince of Wales, 174H-51; M.I 1. St. Germans, 1747-64, Aylesbury, 1764-7, Okehainptou, 1757-9; attacked the Duke of Newcastle in his first session in a speech, which was rebuked by Henry Pdham aud published in the magazines, and (1756) allied himself with Pitt; appointed paymaster-general of the laud forces, December 1756, and (July 1757) joint vicetreasurer of Ireland; was notorious at Medmeuham and ail asboclate of Wilkes, whom he Introduced to Jewish lore. To him DM bom attributed the infamous Essay on Woman.

[223] Sir Thomas Potter (1771–1845), politician: nnl..i. with his brother, Richard Potter (1778-1843) asPotterV which _ Suppl. UL J811

[224] Thomas Bayley Potter (1817–1898), politcian; son of Sir Thomas Potter fa. r.; educated at Rugby; entered his father's business bom* at and became hool of liberals; snooted cause of North in civil war, 1861; foun.tal Union and Mines (Manchester), later ter called 'Examiner and -..: "..-.::--..:.. -.-: Society, 1861; succeeded his friend, Richard Cobden q. v., M M.P. for Rochdale, 18*1, aud held seat till 18M; consistently supported free trade; established Cobden lub, 1866, and acted as secretary. (SappL ill. Ml

[225] Thomas Joseph Potter (1828–1873), Roman atholic story-writer and professor; director of All HallowsCollege, Dublin, and professor of sacred douenoe: his works chiefly passable religious poems or nances. xlvi. ttt}

[226] Thomas Rossell Potter (1799–1873), antiquary; kept a school at Wymeswold In Leicestershire; nblishedThe History and Antiquities of Charnwood orest and other works.

[227] William Potter (fl. 1650–1656), writer on milks; one of the earliest writers on paper currency; ecommeuded the issue, by means of a laud-bank, of bills payable at sight, under a guarantee of land mortgages.

[228] Eldred Pottinger (1811–1843), soldier and diplomatist; nephew of Sir Henry Pottinger: entered the Bombay artillery, 1827; subsequently entered the political department and became assistant to his uncle; travelled In Afghanistan disguised as a horsedealer, 1837, and, on the siege of Herat by the Russians made himself known and conducted a successful defence; B.; made political officer In Kohlstan, 1841, and on the revolt against Shah Shnja succeeded in escaping to Kabul, wlre he succeeded Sir William Hay Macnaghten q. v. as resident; detained as a hostage when the British troops agreed to evacnate the town, January 1842; returned to India, September 1843; died on a visit to Hongkong.

[229] Sir Henry Pottinger, first baronet (1789-1856), soldier and diplomatist; obtained a cadetahip m the Indian army, 18O4; with a friend explored the country between Persia and India disguised as a nattje, 1809-11 served during the Mahratto war, and (18J was political agent in Siudh; create! baronet in recognition of his services, 1840; appointed envoy in China, 1840: distinguished himself during the opium war, G.C.B., 1842; made first British governor of Hongkong, 1843; returned to **"* ME* councillor: governor of the Cape of Good Hope, 1ft returned to India as governor of Madras, 1847; was an unsuccessful governor, and retired, 1864.

[230] '^ Sir Israel Pottinger (fl. 1759-1761), dramatist: up a* a bookseller in Paternoster Row, London, and SSA a variety of periodicals: He frequenUy suffered from a mental disorder, but supported himself in his lucid intervals by his pen, writing several plays farcical.

[231] '^ John Pottinger (1647-1733). See Potenger.

[232] sinking foundations by means ol

[233] Robert Potts (1805–1885), mathematician; M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge, 18:5: n successful Iprivatc ; acquired a wide reputation as editor of Ku.-li-1's IMS.

[234] Thomas Potts (fl. 1612), author of the 'Discoverie of Witches'; clerk of the circuit at the trial of th Lancashire witches, 1612, compiling an account of the proceedings.

[235] Thomas Potts (1778–1842), compiler; a solicitor, at one time connected with SkinnersHall; published compilations on law, 1803, agriculture, 1806, and topography, 1810.

[236] Sir John Poulett , first Baron Poulett (1586-1649), cavalier: grandson of Sir Amias Paulet (1536?1188); of University College, Oxford; student of the Middle Temple, 1610; M.P., Somerset, 1610 and 1614, Lyme Regis, 1621-2; raised to the peerage, 1627; knighted, 1636; regarded as a popularman until the passing of the militia ordinance in 1642, when he withdrew from parliament and assisted to put the commission of array into execution: was taken prisoner near Bridgnorth, October 1642, but regained his liberty and served under Hopton; again taken prisoner at Exeter, 1646, and was afterwards set free on payment of a fine.

[237] Sir John Poulett, second Baron Poulett (1615-1666), eldest son of Sir John Poulett, first baron Poulett: knighted, 1635; M.P., Somerset, 1640-2; M.D. Exeter College, Oxford, 1643; fought on the royalist side; compounded at the surrender of Exeter; went abroad, 1658, but returned, 1660.

[238] Sir John Poulett , fourth Baron and first Earl Poulett (1663–1743), grandson of Sir John Poulett, second baron Poulett; threw in his lot with the tones, but was always a lukewarm politician; privy councillor, 1702: created Earl Poulett 1706; F.R.S., 1706; nominally first lord of the treasury, Harley in reality directing affairs, 1710-11: E.G., 1713; lost his places on the accession of George I.

[239] George Poulson (1783–1858), topographer; published the History and Antiquities of Holderness 1840-1, and other works.

[240] Benjamin Thomas Pouncy (d. 1799), draughtsman and engraver; during the latter part of bis life executed plates of landscape and marine subjects after popular artists.

[241] James Pound (1669–1724), astronomer; B.A. Hart Hall, Oxford, 1694; M.A. Gloucester Hall, Oxford, 1694; M.B., 1697; went to Madras (1699) as chaplain to the merchant* at Fort St. George, and thence proceeded to the settlement on the Cambodia, where he lost everything in an insurrection in 1705; afterwards held ecclesiastical preferments in England; admitted F.H.S., 1713: distinguished himself by his observations of the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn.

[242] John Pound (1766–1839), gratuitous teacher of poor children; crippled for life by an accident, 1781; started as a shoemaker at Portsmouth, 1803; from 1818 ) became famous an teacher and friend of children, and was proclaimed by Dr. Guthrie to be the originator of the idea of ragged schools.

[243] Charles Povey (1652?–1743), miscellaneous writer and projector: wrote in favour of the revolution, and from 1?05 floated life and fire insurance scheme?.

[244] Thomas Povey (fl. 1633–1686), civil servant; sat in the Long parliament as M.P., Liskeard, 1647; M.I, Bossiney, 1659; after the Restoration was much favoured at court: held many offices and wan a master of requests from 1662 till the accession of James II; friend of Evelyn nd Pepyi.

[245] Mrs Powell (d. 1831), actress ; previously known Mrs Farmer and subsequently as Mrs. Renaud; appeared at the Haymarket as Mrs. Farmer, e. 1787: married H789) a Liverpool prompter named Powell, and (1814) another husband named Renaud; was generally cmrt for heavy * parts; retired, 1 829.

[246] Baden Powell (1796–1860), Savilian professor of peornetry; M.A. Oriel College, Oxford, 1820; F.R.S., IH-J-I: Savilian professor at Oxford, 1H27-60; well kuowu for his researches on optics and radiation, and was active in university reform; engaged in theological controversy from a latitudinarian standpoint.

[247] David Powell or Powel (1552?–1598), Welsh historian; B.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1573; fellow of All ; Souls College, Oxford, 1573; M.A., 1576; held several Welsh benefices; published (1584)The Historic of CamI bria practically: new work, though founded on a manuscript translation by Humphrey Llwyd q. v. of the Chronicle of the Princes

[248] Edward Powell (1478?–1540), Roman catholic divine: M.A. Oxford; fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, I 1496; D.D., 1506; opposed the spread of Luther's doctrines in England and pronounced against the royal divorce; condemned for treason in refusing the oath of succession, 1534, and (1540) was executed at Smithfield, being drawn on the same hurdle as the protestant Robert Barnes

[249] Foster Powell (1734–1793), pedestrian; clerk to an attorney in the Temple; performed extraordinary pedestrian feats for small wagers; walked (1792) from London to York and back, four hundred miles, in 5 days 15 J hours. Most of his feats were afterwards eclipsed by Robert Barclay Allardice

[250] Gabriel Powell or Powel (1576–1611), polemical divine; son of David Powell; B.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1596; became domestic chaplain to Richard Vaughan (1550?-1607), bishop of London; wrote vigorously in support of Anglicanism.

[251] George Powell (1658?–1714), actor and drarnaj tist; is first heard of at the Theatre Royal, London, 1687; ! retired, c. 1713; praised by Addison as a tragedian; lived a 1 profligate life, and was in such constant dread of arrest as to menace with his sword sheriffsofficers when he saw them in the street.

[252] Sir George Smyth Baden Powell (1847-1898), author and politician; son of Baden Powell; educated at St. Paul's School, London, and Marlborough College; M.A. Balliol College, Oxford, 1878; entered Inner Temple, 1876: private secretary to Sir George Ferguson Boweii, governor of Victoria; joint-commissioner to inquire into administration of West India colonies, 1882; conservative M.P. for Kirkdale (Manchester), 1885-98; joint special commissioner to arrange details of new Maltese constitution, 1887; K.C.M.G., 1888; appointed to investigate subject of Behring Sea fisheries, 1891, and was British member of joint commission at Washington, 1892, and adviser on conduct of British case before arbitrators in Paris, 1893; published works and articles on political and economic questions.

[253] Griffith Powell or Powel (1561–1620), principal of Jesus College, Oxford; M.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1589; D.C.L., 1599; principal, 1613-20; wrote on Aristotle and the sophists.

[254] Humphrey Powell (fl. 1548–1556), printer; was in 1548 engaged in printing in Holborn Conduit, London, but in 1561 removed to Dublin, where he established the first printing-press in Ireland.

[255] Sir John Powell (1633–1696), judge; M.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1664; barrister, Gray's" Inn, 1057 (antient, 1676); knighted and appointed a judge of the common pleas, 1686; removed to the king's bench, 1687, but disniisM-d (July 1688) for stating, on the trial of the srvm bishops, that the Declaration of Indulgence was a nullity; restored to the common pleas, May 1689.

[256] Sir John Powell (1645-1713), judge; barrister, Inner Temple, 1671; appointed to the exchequer, 1691; knighted, 1691; transferred to the common pleas, 1695, and to the queen's bench, 1702.

[257] John Powell (Jf. 1770–1786), portrait-painter; pupil and assistant of Sir Joshua Reynolds; lived at Sir Joshua's house, and made reduced copies of many of his portraits.

[258] John Powell (fl. 1796–1829), water-colour painter; largely engaged as a teacher of painting in water-colours; executed landscapes chiefly drawn from English scenery.

[259] John Joseph Powell (1755?–1801), legal writer; practised as a conveyancer, and wrote on mortgages, contracts, nod other legal subjects.,:...

[260] Martin Powell (fl. 1709–1729), puppet showman; established (171U) his puppet-show in Coven: den, London, where it became famous, and was frequently alluded to in the Tatlcr and Spectator

[261] Nathaniel Powell (d. 1622). navigator and colonist; settled in Virginia in 1607, when he made explorations aud wrote, apparently, The Diarie of the Second Voyage in discovering the Bay 1608.

[262] Richard Powell (1767–1834), physician; of Pembroke and Merton Colleges, Oxford: M.A., 1791; M.D., 1795; physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital London, 1801-24: censor, H.C.P., 1798, 1807, 1820, and 1823: Lumleian lecturer, 1811-22; Harveian orator, 1808; one of the revisers of the 4 1'barmacopasia Loudinensis 1809. Hi medical writings were important

[263] Robert Powell (fl. 1634–1662), legal writer; a solicitor in Gloucestershire; wrote on English legal antiquities,

[264] Thomas Powell (1572?–1635?), attorney and author; solicitor-general in the marches of Wales, 16131622; published various works in poetry and prose, including A Welch Bayte to spare Prouender (1603), a justification of Queen Elizabeth's treatment of papists and puritans, which was suppressed.

[265] Thomas Powell (1766–1842?), musician; taught music in Dublin, Edinburgh, aud London; a skilled artist on several instruments. His compositions are numerous.

[266] Vavasor Powell (1617–1670), nonconformist divine; adopted the career of an itinerant evangelist in Wales, c. 1639, and on the outbreak of the civil war went to London: resumed his work in the principality, 1646, and created a band of missionary preachers, becoming known as the metropolitan of the itinerants; drew up a protest against Cromwell's usurpation and by 1654 had joined the baptist section of independents, holding many Fifth-monarchy opinions; arrested at the Restoration, and on his refusal to abstain from preaching imprisoned, with some slight intervals, for the rest of his life. His use of travelling preachers anticipated, and probably suggested, George Fox's employment of the same agency. He published over twenty trealam.

[267] William Powell (1735–1769), actor; made his first appearance on the stage at Drury Lane, Ixmdon (1763) aa Garrick's understudy, after being carefully coached by Garrick, who was anxious for foreign travel; made Uarrick uneasy by the extent of his popularity; joined (1767) in the Covent Garden venture; the original Honeywood in the Good-natured Man 1768; his early death generally lamented.

[268] William Samuel Powell (1717–1775), divine; fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1740 63; M.A., 1742; D.D., 1757; left Cambridge, 1761, aud took a house in London; master of St. John's College, Cambridge, 17*5-75.

[269] Henry Power (1623–1668), physician and naturalist; B.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1644: practised for a time as a physician at Halifax: F.R.S., 1663; published Experimental Philosophy 1664, and left a number of works in manuscript.

[270] Joseph Power (1798–1868), librarian of the university of Cambridge; fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, 1823, of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1829. and re-elected at Clare College, Cambridge, 1844; M.A. Clare College, Cambridge, 1824: librarian of the university, 1845-64: wr.ton mathematical subjects.

[271] Lionel Power (fl. 1450?), composer and writer on musical theory; anthor of extant compositions and a tract in the British Museum entitled Lionel Power of the Cordis of Musike

[272] Sir Manley Power (1773–1826), lieutenant-general; entered the army, 1783, and saw much active rvice between 1799 and 1802; took part in the IVninsular war from 1810, and (1813) was attached to the Portuguese army, commanding a brigade at Salamanca. Vittoria, Nivelle, and Orthes; K.O.B., 1815.

[273] Marguerite Power , afterwards Countess of Blessington 1789–1849). See Blessington.

[274] Marguerite A. Power (1815–1867), author; niece of Marguerite, countess of Blessington q. v.; wrote, besides other works, a poem entitled Virginia's Hand(I860).

[275] Richard Power, first Earl of Tyrone (1610-1690), was taken into Cromwell's special protection to consequence of his father, John, lord de to Power (4. 1661), having become insane: made governor of Waterford, 1661: created Bart of Tyrone. 1671; was charged with tr.M-i.Mi on iiiinuhfttantial evidence. 1679, and failed to gain his discharge till 16H1; became a Roman catholic on the accession of James II; privy councillor, 1686: assisted in the defence of Cork against Marlborough, 1690, and after the capitulation was committed to the Tower of London, where he died.

[276] Tyrone Power (1797–1841), Irish comedian; joined a company of strolling players hi bis fourteenth year; obtained small engagements in the London theatres, 1821; succeeded Charles Connor as tending Irish comedian at Drury Lane, 1826; his last appearance to London at the Haymarket 1840; went down to the President when returning from the United States.

[277] Viscount Powerscourt (d. 1634). See Richard Wingfield.

[278] Powis, titular Dukes of. See HKRBKRT, WILLIAM, first DUKE, 1617-1696; HKRBKRT, WILLIAM, second DUKK, d. 1745.

[279] Marquises of Powis . See HKRBKRT, WILLIAM, first MARQUIX, 1617-1696; HKHBKHT, WILLIAM, second MARQCIS, rf. 1746.

[280] Powis, second Earl of. See Edward Herbert, 1785-1818.

[281] William Henry Powis (1808–1836), wood-engraver; regarded as one of the best wood-engravers of his day.

[282] George Powle (fl. 1764–1771), etcher and miniature-painter; pupil of Thomas Worlidgc, whose mode of etching be imitated.

[283] Henry Powle (1630–1692), master of the rolls and speaker of the Convention parliament: of Christ Church, Oxford; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1664 (bencher, 1669); MP., Cireucester, 1671 and 1679, East Grinstead, 1681, New Windsor, 1689; identified himself with the opponents of the court in Charles IIs reign; advocated a Dutch alliance, 1677; led the attack on Danby, 1678; made a member of Temple's new composite privy council, but from the commencement of 1681 took little part in politics until the revolution; was immediately voted to the chair on the as-emblageof the Convention parliament, and was William Ill's most trusted adviser while the parliament sat; made master of the rolls, 1690, on which be retired from parliament. His historical, legal, and antiquarian knowledge were highly esteemed,

[284] Thomas Orde-Powlett, first Baron Bolton (1746-1807). See Orde.

[285] Robert Pownall (1520–1571), proteatant divine; fled from England during Queen Mary's reign, and wo." afterwards rector of Harbledown (15G2-71); published several treatises aud translations from the French.

[286] Thomas Pownall (1722–1805), known as 'Governor Pownall'; politician and antiquary; B.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1743; obtained a place in the office of the board of trade aud plantations, r. 1744, aud (c. I7H)WM nominated lieutenant-governor of New Jersey, and in 1757 governor of Massachusetts: laboured zealously to drive the French from North America: commanded an expedition to the Penobscot River, 1759: transferred to South Carolina, 1759, his manners being nusuited to the gravity of the New England puritans: quitted America and resigned his post 1760; published (1764) hi* famous work (6th el. 1777) on The Administration of the Colonies to which he projected the union of all the American possession* in one dominion, and drew attention to the reluctance of colonists to be taxed without their own consent; MP Tregony, 1767-74, Minebead, 1774-80; allied himteif at first with the whigs, but supported Lord Nortb whan war broke out, insisting at the same time that England's sovereignty over tbe colonies was last, and urging the government to treat He was the author of twety-five subjects, chiefly political and five works on economic.

[287] John Powrie-Ogilvy (fl. 1592–1601. See Ogilvy.

[288] Horatio Powys (1805–1877), bishop of Sodor and Man of Harrow and St. John's College, Cambridge; M.A., 18*6; created D.D., 1854; consecrated, 1854; involved himself in mucb litigation on behalf of the rights of the aee.

[289] Sir Littleton Powys (1648?–1732), judge; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1671; appointed a judge on the Chester circuit, 1689; serjeant and knighted, 1692; became a baron of the exchequer, 1695; transferred to the king's bench, 1700; retired, 1726.

[290] Sir Thomas Powys (1649–1719), judge; brother of Sir Littleton Powys; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1673; solicitor-general and knighted, 1686; attorneygeneral, 1687: conducted the prosecution of the seven bishops, 1688, with much fairness; became a judge of the queen's bench, 1713 (removed, 1714).

[291] Thomas Littleton Powys, fourth Baron Lilford (1833–1896), ornithologist; educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford; travelled abroad and made valuable ornithological collections: F.Z.S., 1852; F.L.S., 1863; one of the founders of the British Ornithologists Union, 1858, and president from 1867; published Coloured Figures of Birds of British Islands 1885-97 (completed by Osbert Salvin ), and various ornithological writings.

[292] John Poyer (d. 1649), royalist; mayor of Pembroke, 1642: became captain in the service of parliament; went over to Charles I's party in 1648, and raised an armed force; executed nine months after Cromwell's capture of Pembroke.

[293] John Poynder (1779–1849), theological writer: for nearly forty years clerk and solicitor to the royal hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlehem, London; attacked th Bast India Company for encouraging idolatry, and obtained the abolition of the suttee and of the pilgrim tax. His works are numerous.

[294] John Poynet (1514?–1556). See Ponet.

[295] Sir Edward Poynings (1459–1521), lord-deputy of Ireland: grandson of Robert de Poynings, fifth baron Poynuigs; a leader of the rising in Kent in 1483: planned to second Buckingham's insurrection against Richard III; escaped abroad and landed with Henry VII at Milford Haven; commanded an expedition sent to assist Maximilian in the reduction of Flanders, 1492; governor of Calais, 1493; sent to Ireland as deputy to the governor, Prince Henry, 1494; assembled a parliament (1494) which passed numerous important acts (repealed, 1782) restricting Irish independence, the most momentous of which was that (afterwards known as Poj'ningslaw) providing that no act of parliament should be valid unless previously submitted to tbe English privy council, and another which enacted that all laws passed in England previous to 1494 should be valid in Ireland; compelled Perkin Warbeck. who invaded Ireland, 1495, to seek refuge in Scotland; succeeded in extirpating Yorkist cause in Ireland: was recalled, 1496, and some time before Henry VII's death became controller of the household and warden of tlie Cinque ports, offices which were continued to him in the next reign; K.G; negotiated a league of partition against France, 1513; took part in the capture of T6rouenue and Tournai; took an important part in negotiations with the emperor Charles V.

[296] Michael de Poynings or Ponyngs, second Baron Poynings (1317–1369), served in Flanders in lM-4,in Scotland in 1341, and in France in 1345-6 and in 1IM-6; summoned to parliament from 1342.

[297] Robert de Poynings, fifth Baron Poynings (1380-1446), grandson of Michael de Poynings, second Poynlngi: ntimmoned to parliament, 1404: in thePwnch wars of Henry IV and Henry V. wed in the

[298] Thomas Poynings, Baron Poynings (d. 1545), illegitimate son of Sir Edward Poynings: took part in the French expedition of 1544, greatly distinguishing himself at the capture of Boulogne; created baron, 1545.

[299] Ambrose Poynter (1796–1886), architect; set up as an architect in Westminster, 1821; foundation member of the R.I.B.A.; designed, besides other buildings, many government schools and several London churches.

[300] William Poynter (1762–1827), Roman catholic prelate; prefect of studies at the English College at Douay; D.D. Douay: imprisoned by the French revolutionaries, 1793 and 1795; sent to England; became president of St. Edmund's College, near Ware, 1801; coadjutor bishop to John Douglass, 1803; became vicar-apostolic of the London district, 1812.

[301] Sir Anthony Poyntz (1480?–1533), diplomatist; knighted, 1513; went on an embassy to Francis I, 1518; was present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520.

[302] Sir Francis Poyntz (d. 1528), diplomatist; was sent as ambassador to Charles V, 1527; died of the plague.

[303] John Poyntz (fl. 1658–1683), captain in the navy; fought for parliament in the civil war in Ireland and England: subsequently travelled in America; published a proposal (1683) for colonising Tobago.

[304] Robert Poyntz (fl. 1554–1566), Roman catholic writer; of Winchester College and New College, Oxford; was elected perpetual fellow of New College, 1554; M.A., 1560; settled in Louvain early in Queen Elizabeth's reign; published (1566) Testimonies for the Real Presence.

[305] Sir Robert Poyntz (1589?–1665), royalist; descended from Sir Anthony Poyntz; of Brasenose College, Oxford: M.P., Gloucestershire, 1626 and 1628-9; knighted, 1627; published A Vindication of Monarchy 1661.

[306] Stephen Poyntz (1665–1750), diplomatist; fellow of King's College, Cambridge; M.A., 1711; envoy extraordinary to Sweden, 1724; governor to the Duke of Cumberland; privy councillor, 1735.

[307] Sydenham Poyntz (fl. 1645–1650), soldier; brother of John Poyntz; served in the Dutch and imperial armies, returning to England in 1645; became commauder-in-chief of the northern association under parliament and governor of York, and gained the battle of Rowton Heath, 24 Sept. 1645: published (1646) a Vindication containing an account of his services; supposed by the presbyterians to be likely to oppose the new model, but in 1 647 was sent by his soldiers a prisoner to Fairfax; fought for London against the army, 1647, and on the collapse of his cause fled to Holland; accompanied Lord Willoughby to the West Indies, 1650, and finally settled in Virginia.

[308] Winthrop Maokworth Praed (1802–1839), poet; descended from Sir Humphry Mackworth: educated at Eton, where he founded theEtonian and at Trinity College, Cambridge; B.A., 1826; fellow, 1827: barrister, Middle Temple, 1829; conservative M.P. for St. Germans, 1830, Great Yarmouth, 1834, Aylesbury, 1837; appointed secretary to the board of control under Peel, 1834. The first collection of his poems appeared at New York in 1844, and an authorised edition by Derwent Coleridge was published in 1864. His proae essays were collected in a volume of Henry Morley's Universal Library in 1887.

[309] Miles Prance (fl. 1678–1689), perjurer; Roman catholic goldsmith of Coveiit Garden, London; arrested (1678) on suspicion of the murder of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey and committed to Newgate: endeavoured to procure his release by a fabricated account of Godfrey's death, but his falsehood being detected was sent back to prison; procured his liberty and the death of three innocent men by a new story; subsequently gave evidence in support of Gates and Bedloe, was convicted of perjury (1686) and afterwards went abroad.

[310] Anne Pratt, afterwards Mrs Pearless (1806-1893), botanist; married John Pearless, 1866; published popular but useful botanical works, including The Flowering Plants and Ferns of Great lintam 1855).

[311] Sir Charles Pratt, first Earl Camden and first Baron Camden (1714-1794), lord chancellor; MOO of Sir John Pratt q. v.; educated at Kton un,t Cambridge; fellow, 1734; M.A., 1740; barrister, Middle Temple, 1738; failed at flnt, but eventually noceeded In gaining a reputation at the bar; became attorney-general under Pitt, 1767, and aat in parliament a* whiff M.P. for Downton; appointed chief- justice of the court of common pleas, 1761; knighted, 1761; decided in the eaM of John Wilkea ( 1763) that general warrant* were illegal: became almost as great a popular idol as W likes himself and (1766) was created baron; opposed in the House of Lord* the taxation of the American colonies, and declared the Stamp Act unconstitutional; became lord chancellor in Ghatham's administration, 1766; although opposed to the American policy of the ministry, retained the great seal until it wa taken from him, January 1770; threw himself into opposition until the death of Chatham, when be lost heart and (1781) withdrew from public life; entered the Rockingham ministry as president of the council, 1782, resigning during the negotiations for tlie formation of the coalition ministry In March 1783; resumed the presidency of the council, 1784, retaining it till his death; created Earl Camden, 1786.

[312] Sir Charles Pratt (1768–1838), lieutenant-general; entered the army, 1794; served in the Peninsular war, 1812-14; K.C.B., 1830; lieutenant-general, 1884.

[313] Sir John Pratt (1657–1726), judge; of Magdalen Hall and Wadham College, Oxford: fellow of Wadhain College, Oxford, 1678; M.A., 1679; barrister, Inner Temple, 1682: made a judge of the court of king's bench, 1714; M.P., Midhurst, 1711-16; knighted, 1714; became lord chief-justice, 1718.

[314] John Pratt (1772–1856), organist; became organist at King's College, Cambridge, and to Cambridge University, 1799; organist at Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1813: occupied himself with publications for the choirs of college chapels, and published (1810) aPsalmody which was widely used.

[315] John Burnett Pratt (1799–1869), Scottish divine and antiquary; M.A. Aberdeen (bon. LL.D., 1866); minister of the Scottish episcopal church at Cruden, 1826-69; author of several publications on local antiquities and other topics.

[316] John Henry Pratt (d. 1871), mathematician; son of Josiah Pratt; M.A. and fellow, Caius College, Cambridge, 1836; wrote several mathematical treatises.

[317] Sir John Jeffreys Pratt, second Earl and first Marquis of Camden (1759-1840), only son of Sir Charles Pratt, first earl of Camden; M.A. Trinity College, Cambridge, 1779: M.P., Bath, 1780-94; lonl of the admiralty (July 1782 to April 1783, and December 1783 to July 1788); a lord of the treasury, 1789-94; appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1794; unpopular with the Irish, who saw in his appointment the frustration of all remedial legislature; shared with the English cabinet the responsibilityfor the policy which terminated in the rebellion of 1798; placed Ulster under martial law ( March 1797), but on the outbreak of the rebellion (May 1798) maintained a merely defensive attitude, and implored to be superseded by a military man, on which Lord Cornwall is was sent; secretary of war, 1804-5; president of the council, 1805-6 and 1807-12; created Marquis of Camden, 1812.

[318] John Tidd Pratt ( 1797–1870), registrar of friendly societies: banister, Inner Temple, 1824: barrister to the commissioners for the reduction of the national debt, 1828-70: registrar of friendly societies, 1846-70: published levral works.

[319] Josiah Pratt (1768–1844), evangelical divine; B.A. St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, 1792: secretary to the Church Missionary Society, 1802-24, devoting all his energies to the institution, and displaying great tact and business capacity: helped to form the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804; became vicar of St. Stepl man Street, London, In 1826; edited Bishop Hall's works, 1808.

[320] Sir Roger Pratt (l620-1684), architect: of Magdalen College, Oxford; a oonsidenible part in deigning and rebuilding London after the great fire of 1M6; knighted, 1668. Jdvi. SM)

[321] Samuel Pratt or Prat (1669?–1723), dean of Rochester; -I Mated* lUrateal I.,-.:..- 1.-..-..-.1.1-,,. D.D. per literal reyitu, 1697; published, among other work*, treatise on the problem of restoring the currency, 1896.

[322] Samuel Jackson Pratt (1749–1814), miscellaneous writer, mainly under the pseudonym of Courtney Melmoth; was ordained in the English church, but soon abandoned the clerical profession, and appeared in 1773 on the stage at Dublin under the name of Courtney Melmoth: failed as an actor: adopted literature as a profesMO... 1 7 7 1: traded in Bath for some yean at a bookseller; several of his plays produced at Drury published miscellaneous works in prose and

[323] Sir Thomas Simeon Pratt (1797–1879), commander of the forces in Australia; educated at St. Andrews; entered the army, 1814: In command in Australia (1866-61), with tin- funk of major-general; conducted the war against the Maoris, 1860-1: K.C.B., 181; gfiii-rul, 1873; retired from active service, 1877.

[324] Robert Sidney Pratten (1824–1868), flautist; made his debut at Clifton in 1836: went to London in 1846, and attained the front rank In his art.

[325] Thomas Prence (1600–1673), governor of Massachusetts; emigrated to New Plymouth, and (1634) was elected governor; resigned, 1635; did good service against the Pecquot Indians, 1637; was a second time governor, 1638, and for a third time, 1657-73.

[326] John Patrick Prendergast (1808–1893), historian; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1826; called to the Irish bar, 1830. He published The History of the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland 1863, and other.

[327] Sir Thomas Prendergast or Pendergrass, first baronet (16607-1709), soldier and Jacobite; gave information to government of the plot to assassinate William III at Turnham Green in February 1696, and gave evidence against the conspirators; created baronet, 1699; entered the army, and (1709) was promoted brigadier-general; mortally wounded at Malplaquet.

[328] Thomas Prendergast (1806–1886), inventor of the mastery system of learning languages; entered the East India Company's service, 1826, and retired, 1869. His system of learning languages, which was in some respects a development of the Ollendorffian, had considerulile success. He published several handbooks on it, which went through numerous editions.

[329] Archibald Prentice (1792–1857), journalist; helped to found the Manchester Gazettein 1821, as the organ of radical opinion, which was incorporated (1828) with the Manchester Times (sole manager of the new paper, 1828); obtained the transfer of the centre of antlcornlaw agitation from London to Manchester, 1836, and (1838) assisted in forming the Anti-Corulaw League; devoted his paper solely to the Interest* of free trade: compelled to relinquish bis post in 1847 after the establishment ( 1845)of a rival radical journal, the Manchester Examiner which was started in the manufacturing interest, and proved a serious blow to the Times

[330] Edward Prentis (1797–1864), painter; portrayed scenes from domestic life: exhibited (1823-6O) chiefly at the Society of British Artiste.

[331] Stephen Prentis (1801–1862), poet; M.A. Christ's College, Cambridge, 1830; author of numerous short poems printed for private circulation.

[332] Sir Henry Prescott (1783–1874), admiral; grandson of Richard Walter; entered UK navy, 1796; promoted to poet rank (1810) for gallantry while in command of the boat attack at Amautea; governor of Newfoundland, 1834-41; admiral, 1860: G.OJk, 1869.

[333] Robert Prescott (1726–1816), general; served at Rochefort, 1757, at Louisburg, 1758, at Martinique, 1761, and in several actions in the American war of Independence ; reduced Martinique and was appointed civil governor, 1194; governor of Canada, 1796-9; general, 1798.

[334] Viscount Preston, first Viscount (1648–1695). See Richard Graham.

[335] Sir Amyas de Preston (d. 1617?), naval commander; took part in an expedition to the Spanish main, 1595; knighted, 1596: took part in the Islands voyage, 1697 keeper of stores and ordnance at the Tower of London, 160S-17.

[336] George Preston (1659?–1748), governor of Edinburgh Castle; was a captain in the service of the ritatet-Geueral in 1688, and accompanied William of Orange to England; colonel of the Cameronian regiment, 1706-20: made governor of Edinburgh Castle and commander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland on the outbnak of the rebellion of 1716: superseded by General Joshua Gnest, 1745, but is said to have prevented Guest from surrendering to the Jacobites,

[337] Gilbert de Preston (d. 1274), chief-justice of the court of common pleas: son of Walter de Preston B; justice itinerant, 1240; appointed to the common 1242, retaining the post till his death; first to hold tie of chief-justice of the court of common pleas.

[338] Sir John Preston (fl. 1394–1428), judge; was recorder of London, 1406-15; a justice of common pleas, 1415-28.

[339] Sir John Preston, Lord Fentonbarns (d. 1616), Scottish judge; appointed an ordinary judge of the court of session, 1595; became president, 1609; one of the new Octavians, 1611.

[340] John Preston (1587–1628), puritan divine; fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, 1609; M.A., 1611; commenced, on becoming dean of Queens' College, Cambridge, a course of sermons, which drew large crowds; his appointment as chaplain in ordinary to Prince Charles (c. 1620) due to the influence of Buckingham, who desired to conciliate the puritans; became preacher at Lincoln's Inn, 1622, and master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 1622-8; D.D. by royal mandate, 1623; exerted all his influence on behalf of the puritans after the accession of Charles I, but found his plans counteracted by Laud, and failed to accomplish anything considerable,

[341] Richard Preston (1768–1850), legal author; began life as an attorney, but was called to the bar at the Inner Temple, 1807 (bencher, 1834); K.C., 1834; conservative M.P., Ashbarton, 1812-18; supported the corn duties; published an admirable Treatise on Conveyancing (1806-9) and other works.

[342] Sir Simon Preston (fl. 1538–1570), provost of Edinburgh; provost, 1538-43 and 1544-5; one of the most trusted friends of Mary Queen of Scots after her arrival in Scotland; again made provost by her orders, 1566, becoming also a member of the privy council: by his hostile attitude compelled Moray to evacuate Edinburgh in September, 1565; abandoned the cause of Mary Qoeen of Scots after her marriage to Bothwell.

[343] Thomas Preston (1537–1598), master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and dramatist; fellow of King's College, Cambridge 1556; M.A., 1561; LL.D., 1676; master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1584-98; vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, 1589-90; wroteA Lamentable Tragedy mixed full of Mirth conteyning the Life of Cambises, King of Percia (1569), which illustrates the transition from the morality play to historical drama. The bombastic grandiloquence of the piece became proverbial.

[344] Thomas Preston, first Viscount Tara (1685-1655), son of the fourth Viscount Gormanstoun; educated in the Spanish Netherlands, where he took service with the archdukes; returned to Ireland and joined the rebellion, 1642; totally defeated by Ormonde near New Ross, 1643; captured Duncannon fort, 1646, and RosDommoo, 1646; injured the Roman catholic cause by his perttatent quarrels with Owen Roe O'Neill and r MlchaST nUBC0: hU Brmv WIUI almost annihilated SiS wSEiitSl5vM2iS; 1650; escaped to the continent, 1652; exempted from pardon in the Cromwellian Act of Settlement.

[345] Walter de Preston (d. 1230), sheriff of Northamptonshire, 1207 and 1208: also known as Walter Fitz Winemar; took part with the barons against King John.

[346] William Preston (1753–1807), poet and dramatist; M.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1773; called to the Irish bar, 1777; wrote occasional poems for periodicals and several tragedies, of which the most successful,Democratic Rage was produced at Dublin in 1793.

[347] William Preston (1742–1818), printer and writer on freemasonry; became partner in Andrew Strahan's business, 1804, and published Illustrations of Masonry 1772. The first edition, which differs from all subsequent issues, was reprinted in 1887.

[348] Loud Prestongrange (1701?–1764). See William Grant.

[349] John Prestwich, called Sir John (d. 1795), antiquary; chiefly known by his heraldic work, Prestwich's Respublica 1787.

[350] Sir Joseph Prestwich (1812–1896), geologist; studied science and chemistry at University College, London; entered his father's business of wine merchant in London; established reputation as geologist by two papers rend to Geological Society of London on coalfield of Coalbrookdale, Shropshire; published work on waterbearing strata round London, 1851; on water commission, 1862; professor of geology at Oxford, 1874-88; M.A. and member of Christ Church, Oxford, 1874; D.C.L., 1888: knighted, 1896; fellow of Geological Society, 1833, and Wollaston medallist, 1849; F.R.S., 1863, and royal medallist, 1865. As a geologist his chief strength lay in stratigraphy, and he accepted on the whole the uniformitarian view. His writings includeGeology, Chemical, Physical, and Stratigraphical 1886-8, The Tradition of the Flood 1895, and numerous pamphlets, reports, and contributions to scientific periodicals.

[351] Sir George Pretyman (1750–1827). See Tomline.-

[352] Sir George Prevost , first baronet (1767–1816), soldier and governor-general of Canada; nominated military governor of St. Lucia, 1798, and civil governor, 1801; appointed governor-in-chief in Dominica, 1802; created baronet, 1805; appointed lieutenant-governor in Nova Scotia, 1808; chosen governor of Lower Canada and governor-general of British North America, 1811; intervened, unfortunately for his reputation, in the military operations during the campaigns of 1812-14; left Canada to meet the charges against his conduct in the field, but died in London before the meeting of the court-martial.

[353] Sir George Prevost second baronet (1804–1893), tractarian; only son of Sir George Prevost; M.A. Oriel College, Oxford, 1827; a pupil and disciple of John Keble: became perpetual curate of Stinchcombe (1834-93), archdeacon of Gloucester, 1865-81, and honorary canon of Gloucester, 1859-93; translated Chrysostom's homilies on St. Matthew for Pusey's Library of the Fathers 1843.

[354] Louis Augustin Prevost (1796–1858), linguist; born at Troyes; came to England, 1823; became acquainted with upwards of forty languages, and was employed (1843-55) in cataloguing the Chinese books at the British Museum.

[355] Arthur Price (d. 1752), archbishop of Cashel; B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1700; D.D., 1724; consecrated bishop of Clonfert, 1724, and translated to Ferns and Leighlin, 1730, and to Meath, 1734: archbishop of Cashel, 1744-52; abandoned the old cathedral of Cashel.

[356] Bartholomew Price (1818–1898), master of Pembroke College, Oxford; B.A. Pembroke College, Oxford, 1840; M.A., 1843; fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, 144; tutor and mathematical lecturer, 1845; proctor, 1868; F.R.S., 1852; F.R.A.8., 1866; Sedleian professor of natural philosophy at Oxford, 1853-98; as secretary of the Clarendon Press (1868-84) greatly improved its position and organisation; master of Pembroke College, 1891-8; published Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus (4 vols., 1862-60.

[357] Bonamy Price (1807-1888), economist; Worcester ollegf, Oxford, 1838; became mathematical master at Rugby in ISM, resigning in 1860: Dnimin.m.1 professor of political economy at Oxford, 1868-88; wrote (.-tartly on currency and banking.

[358] Sir Carbery Price (d. 1696). See Pryse.

[359] Sir Charles Price , first baronet (1708-1722), speaker of the house of assembly of Jamaica: born in Jamaica; studied at Trinity College. Oxford; elected to the assembly, 1732, and cboneu speaker, 1746, holding office till 1763; created baronet, 1768.

[360] Sir Charles Price, second baronet (1732-1788), speaker of the house of assembly in Jamaica; son of Sir Charles Price, flnt baronet; of Trinity College, Oxford; elected to the boose of assembly, 1763; speaker in succession to his father, 1763-76.

[361] Daniel Price (1581–1631), divine; of St. Mary Hall and Exeter College, Oxford; M.A., 1604; joined the Middle Temple, 1609; D.D., 1613; chaplain to James I; published sermons.

[362] David Price (1762–1836), orientalist; for a time at Jesua College, Cambridge; enlisted in the East India Company's service; became major, 1804; retired, 1807; devoted himself to oriental studies, writing long, leisurely works on Arabian, Persian, and Indian history, the best known being theChronological Retrospect... of Mahominedau History 1811-21, which i*.-till for some branches of eastern history almost the only English work of reference.

[363] David Price (1790–1864), rear-admiral; entered the navy, 1801; commander-in-chlef in the Pacific, 1863; committed suicide while about to attack the Russian port of Petropaulovski on 30 Aug. 1864.

[364] Edmund Price (1541?–1624). See Prys.

[365] Ellen Price (1814–1887). See Ellen Wood.

[366] Ellis Price (1506?-1699), Welsh administrator; LI..I5. St. Nicholas's Hostel, Cambridge, 1533; D.O.L., 1634: became commissary-general of the diocese of St. Asaph, 1638; devoted himself mainly to civil administration, repeatedly acting as sheriff for various counties during the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth.

[367] Francis Price (d. 1753), architect ; became surveyor to Salisbury Cathedral and clerk of the works to the dean and chapter, 1734; published The British Carpenter 1736 (4th ed. 1759), long the best text-book on carpentry.

[368] Hugh Price (1495?–1574), founder of Jesus College, Oxford; B.C.L. Oxford, 1512; I).Cau.L., 1526; prebendary of Rochester, 1541-74; treasurer of St. David's, 1571-4. Jesus College, Oxford, was established in 1571 oil his petition.

[369] James Price (1752–1783), chemist; son of James Higginbotham; M.A. Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1777; changed his name to Price, 1781; professed (1782) to be able to convert mercury into gold and silver, but in 1783 failed to repeat his experiments and committed suicide.

[370] John Price, ap Rice, or ap Rhys (d. c. 1570), visitor of the monasteries; acted with Sir Thomas Legh as a visitor of the greater monasteries, 1535; author of three historical treatises.

[371] John Price (Pricaeus) (1600–1676?), scholar: student of Christ Church, Oxford, 1617; made his mark in 1635 by an edition of the Apologia* of Apuleius, published at Paris; professor of Greek at Pisa; passed the greater part of his life on the continent and settled in Florence, 1652.

[372] John Price (1625?–1691), royalist; of Eton and King's College, Cambridge (fellow); MA., 1653 (incorporated at Oxford, 1680); D.D. per literas regias, 1661; attended Monck as chaplain from 1654 to 1659, and was his confidant in the enterprise of the Restoration; his loyalty rewarded with several church preferments.

[373] John Price ((. 1736), architect; executed several buildings in London and the neighbourhood,

[374] John Price (1773–1801), topographer; published works on Leominster (1796), Hereford (1796), Ludlow (1797), and Worcester (1799).

[375] John Price (1734-1813)] Bodley's librarian; M.A. fi College, Oxford. 170; ! B.D., 1768 jSjSJof A in, 1767,sub-librarin. 1761. acting librarian 1766 SSv aSf? 1 * Ubnritn 17Wt fluin * * taS-fct i* forty-five yean. # ( xlvL w j

[376] Joshua Price (fl. 1716–1717), glass-painter; bn.tl.rr.if William Price the elder (d. 1721) q. v., with whom he worked at Oxford.

[377] Laurence Price (fl. 1625-1680?), writer of ballads and political squibs; Ten* on political or social subject*. pSviW)

[378] Owen Price (d. 1671), schoolmaster and authorof Je-us College, Oxford; bead-nuttterTMIaJenConSe 5...... i. 5* li;;; ":-i " iSiSSn SE quently taught in Devonshire and near Abingdon publish*! two work, on orthography.

[379] Richard Price (1723-1791), nonconformist minister and writer on morals, politic,, and economics: officiated in various dissenting congregation* nnhllihsrt ("1766) bis best-known work, aRevleToftbe Principal Question* in Morals (rofwwll directed i financial and political questions, ad rocatinir the reduction of the national debt, 1771, and attacWng tbejosttcfand policy of the American war, 1776; the intimate friend ol Franklin and (1778) Invited by congress to transfer himself to America: denounced by Burke for hU approbation of the French revolution.

[380] Richard Price (1790–1833), philologist and antiquary; barrister, Middle Temple, 1830; practised as a barrister tnd assisted Henry Petrie in his edition of the Saxon Chronicle

[381] Robert Price ( 1655–1783), judge; of St John's College, Cambridge: barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1679; tory M.P. for Weobley, 1685-7, 1690-1700, and 1701-2; made a baron of the exchequer, 1702.

[382] Sampson Price (1585–1630), divine; brother of Daniel Price; of Hart Hall and Exeter College, Oxford; M.A. Hart Hall, 1608: D.D. Exeter College, Oxford, 1617: became a noted preacher in Oxford and chaplain in ordinary to James I and Charles I.

[383] Theodore Price (1570?–1631), prebendary of Westminster; M.A. All Souls College, Oxford, 1691; fellow of Jesus College, Oxford; D.D. New College, Oxford, 1614; held many ecclesiastical preferments through the favour of Williams and Laud; denounced by Prynne as an unpreachiug epicure and ait Arminiau

[384] Thomas Price or Prys (fl. 1586–1632), captain and Welsh poet; eldest son of Ellis Price; though a gentleman of plentiful fortune followed a seafaring life for many years. His literary works in prose and verse are in manuscript in the British Museum.

[385] Thomas Price (1599–1685), archbishop of Cashel; fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, 1626; M.A., 1618; bishop of Kildare, 1660-7, of Cashel, 1667-86.

[386] Thomas Price (1787–1848), Welsh historian; best known as Carnhuanawc became vicar of Llanfihangel Cwmdu, 1826; commenced the great work of his life (1836), Hanes Cymru, a compilation of Welsh history in Welsh, and for many years the most trustworthy history of Wales, which appeared in fourteen parts, and was completed in 1842.

[387] Sir Uvedale Price, first baronet (1747–1829), writer on the picturesque; of Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; came into a considerable fortune on bis father's death in 1761; developed his views on garden landscape in An Essay on the Picturesque 1794, in which be argued in favour of natural beauty; converted the age to his views according to Scott, who studied the work; created baronet, 1828: resided at Poxley in Herefordshire, and laid out his estate in accordance with his principles.

[388] William Price (1597–1646), divine; M.A. Christ Church, Oxford, 1619; B.D., 1628; first reader in moral philosophy at Oxford on Thomas White's foundation. 16211629; rector of Dolgelly, 1681-46.

[389] William Price (d. 1666), divine; one of the Westminster divines; pastor of the presbyterian church at Amsterdam.

[390] William Price, the elder (d. 1722), glass-painter; executed some work at Oxford, including (1700) the great east window of Merton Chapel.

[391] William Price, the younger (d. 1765), glass-painter; son of Joshua Price: filled several windows in Westminster Abbey, at Winchester College, and at New College, Oxford.

[392] William Price (1780–1830), orientalist; served in India as an interpreter; on his return to England devoted himself to literary pursuits; published several Persian translations and other works.

[393] Evan Prichard, Richards, or Rhisiart (1770-1832), Welsh poet; usually called Ieuan Lleyn; successively excise officer and schoolmaster; a versatile writer in all forms of Welsh verse.

[394] James Cowles Prichard (1786–1848), physician and ethnologist; studied at St. Thomas's Hospital, London: M.D. Edinburgh, 1808: possessed great knowledge of modern Greek and Spanish; began to practise medicine at Bristol, 1810; published Researches as to the Physical History of Man the fruit of his studies in ethnology, 1818, and Treatise on Insanity and other Disorders affecting the Mind 1836 (long the standard work on this branch of medicine), developing in it his theory of moral insanity apart from serious intellectual derangement; M.D. by diploma, Oxford, 1835; in his Natural History of Man 1843, sustained the opinion that the races of man are varieties of one species; made a commissioner of lunacy, 1846; F.R.S.

[395] Rhys Prichard or Rice (1579–1644), Welsh religious poet; M.A. Jesus College, Oxford, 1626; became vicar of Llandiugad, 1602, prebendary of Brecon, 1614, and chancellor of St. David's, 1626. The last edition of his poems, none of which were published till after his death, appeared in 1867.

[396] Robert Pricke (fl. 1669–1698), engraver; kept a shop at Cripplegate, London; published architectural works, mostly translated from the French,

[397] Robert Pricket (Jl. 1603–1646), poet ; saw some military service, and afterwards worked as a verse-writer and pamphleteer; took holy orders (c. 1606) and obtained gome preferment in Ireland, whence he was driven by the rebellion of 1641.

[398] John Pridden (1758–1825), antiquary; of St. Paul's School, London, and Queen's College, Oxford; B.A., 1781; held a number of small ecclesiastical preferments at various times; was at once an antiquary, an amateur artist, an architect, and a philanthropist; F.S.A., 1785.

[399] Thomas Pride (d. 1658), soldier; entered the parliamentary army as captain, and commanded Harley's regiment at Naaeby, 1645; active on behalf of the army against parliament, and in 1648, in order to frustrate the intended agreement with Charles I, prevented about 130 members from entering the House of Commons Pride's Purge; a commissioner for the trial of Charles I, signing the death-warrant, 1649; commanded a brigade at Duubar, 1650; fought at Worcester, 1651; opposed Cromwell's appointment as king, but accepted a seat in his upper bouse.

[400] Sir Edmond Prideaux (d. 1659), lawyer and politician; M.A. Cambridge (incorporated at Oxford, 1625): barrister. Inner Temple, 1623, and was returned as M.P. for Lyme Regis to the Long parliament, when he opposed Charles I; solicitor-general, 1648-9; attorney-general, 1649-49; made important reforms in the postal service, with which be was connected for many years.

[401] Frederick Prideaux (1817–1891), conveyancer; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1840; author of the standard treatise,Precedents in Conveyancing 1858 (16th edit. 1895), and other works.

[402] Humphrey Prideaux (1648–1724), orientalist; of Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford; M.A 1876; D.D., 1686; became a canon of Norwich, J81, arodeaoon of Suffolk, 1688, dean of Norwich, 1702-1714. His literary reputation rents on his Life of w.. k. ritten M a the deists, and worthless as a biography, and on his Old and New Testament connected, in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations (1716-18), a work of great value in the author's day.

[403] John Prideaux (1578–1650), bishop of Worcester; fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 1601; M.A., 1603; D.D., 1612: rector of Exeter College, Oxford, 1612-42; regius professor of divinity, 1615-41; vice-chancellor of Oxford University, 1619-21, 1624-G, and 1641-3; bishop of Worcester, 1641; maintained himself in his sec until the end of the war, when he took refuge with his son-inlaw, Henry Sutton, rector of Bredon; published logical and theological works, the latter showing a dislike of Arminianism.

[404] John Prideaux (1718–1759), brigadier-general; entered the army, 1739; colonel, 55th foot, 1758; killed in Canada while conducting the siege of Fort Niagara, an outpost of the French.

[405] Matthias Prideaux (1622–1646?), royalist; son of John Prideaux (1578-1650); fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, 1641; M.A., 1645; obtained the rank of captain in Charles I's service.

[406] Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), theologian and man of science; eldest child of Jonas Priestley, a Yorkshire cloth-dresser; adopted by his father's sister, Sarah Keighley, a strong Oalviuist; educated at Batley grammar school and at Heckmondwike, and (1751) entered Daventry academy under Caleb Ashworth to study for the presbyterian ministry; engaged (1755) as assistant and successor to John Meadows (1676-1757) , presbyterian minister at Needham Market; after a little time rejected the atonement, the inspiration of the sacred text, and other doctrines; became minister at Nantwich, 1758, and (1761) tutor in languages and belles-lettres at Warrington academy; hon. LL.D. Edinburgh, 1764; F.R.S., 1766; became minister of Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds, 1767; publishedAn Essay on Government 1768, containing the sentence to which Jeremy Beutham considered himself indebted for the phrase the greatest happiness of the greatest number; librarian or literary companion of the Earl of Shelburne, 1772-80: published his Examination of Scottish Philosophy his first effort in psychology, 1774: began to enunciate (1775) his doctrine of the homogeneity of man, which brought on him the imputation of atheism; elected an associate of the French Academy of Sciences soon after 1772, member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, 1780; elected junior minister of the New Meeting, Birmingham, 1780; published (1782) the best known, though not the best, of his theological writings, his History of the Corruptions of Christianity which was burned by the common hangman at Dort hi 1786; ultimately rejected the doctrine of the infallibility of Christ, publishing his History of Early Opinions concerning Jesus Christ 1786; involved in a controversy with Samuel Horsley, which lasted till 1790; produced (1790) the first instalment of his General History of the Christian Church; intended (July 1791) to be present at a dinner of the Constitutional Societyof Birmingham to commemorate the fall of the Bastille; his house at Fairhill wrecked, and nearly all his books, papers, and apparatus destroyed in consequence by the crowd, which had assembled to molest the guests; received insufficient compensation; resolved to settle in London, and in November 1791 was elected morning preacher at the Gravel Pit, Hackney; found that his opinions rendered life in England uncomfortable, and emigrated to New York, 1794; settled at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, where he died; adopted in America a doctrine of universal restitution He is most generally remembered as a man of science, and chiefly as a chemist, the discoverer of oxygen. In hisHistory of Electricity(1767) he anticipated the suggestion that the law of electric attraction is that of the inverse square, and explained the formation of rings (since known as Priestley's rings) when a discharge takes place on a metallic surface. He also attacked the problem of conduction, studied gases, and by the use of mercury in the pneumatic trough was able to deal for the first time with gases soluble in water. In 1774 he obtained what he termed dephlogisticated air afterwards named oxygen by Lavoisier, a discovery which was the germ of the modern science of chemistry, but owing to his blind faith in the phlogistic theory, its significance was lost on him. Cuvier has styled him a father of modern chemistry who never would acknowledge his daughter. ellaneous Works 'Theological and Hi* were edited in i x volume* ( 1817-88) by John Towil Rutt. His scientific works and memoir* are numerous, but have never been collected.

[407] Timothy Priestley (1734-1814), independent minister; younger brother of Joneph Priestley q. v.): pastor at Kipping, Yorkshire, 1780-8, at Hunter** Oroft, Manchester, 1788-84, at Dublin, 1784-6, and at Jewin Stiwt, London, 1786-1814; published reUgiou* work*.

[408] Sir William Overend Priestley (1829–1900), physician: great nephew of Joseph Priestley; edueaU-d at King College, London, Paria, And Edinburgh University: M.R.C.S. England, 1862; M.D. Edinburgh, 1863; lecturer on midwifery at Middlesex Hospital, 1858; F.K.C.S. Edinburgh, 1858; professor of obstetric medicine, King's College, London, and obstetric physician to Knur's College Hospital, London, 1882-73; F.R.C.P. London, 1864: Lumleiau lecturer, 1887, and censor, 1891-2: knighted, 1893: conservative M.I for universities of Edinburgh and St. Andrews, 1896; published medical works.

[409] John Priestman (1806–1866), Quaker; entered buslnes* a* a corn-miller, but commenced a* a manufacturer of worsted goods: was active in philanthropic enterprise, his treatment of his mill-hands, chiefly women and girls, being so successful in derating them, that his works became known as Lady Mills.*

[410] John Prime (1550–1596), divine; of Winchester College; fellow of New College, Oxford, 1570-91; M.A., 1576; D.D., 1588; rector of Adderbury, 1587-96: published two treatises and some volumes of sermons,

[411] Sir Archibald Primrose, first baronet, Lord Carrington (1616–1679), Scottish judge; son of James Primrose (. 1641); joined Montrose and (1646) was condemned for treason: after his release joined Charles II and was made a baronet in 1661 during the march to Worcester; his property sequestrated after the battle; appointed at the Restoration lord clerk register, and (1661) lord of session, a lord of exchequer, and a member of the privy council; principal author of the Isnntanry Act; removed (1676) from the office of lord clerk register and appointed justice-general, of which office he was deprived in 1678.

[412] Archibald Primrose, first Viscount Rosebery and first Earl of Rosebery (1661–1723), son of Sir Archibald Primrose, lord Carrington; opposed the policy of James II; M.P., Edinburgh county (Scottish parliament), 1695; created Viscount Rosebery, 1700; created an earl on the accession of Queen Anne; Scottish representative peer, 1707, 1708, 1710, and 1713; a commissioner for the union with England.

[413] Sir Archibald John Primrose, fourth Earl of Rosebery and sixth baronet (1783-1868), great grandson of Archibald Primrose, flrst earl of Rosebery; M.A. Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1804: M.P., Helston, 1806-6, Cashel, 1806-7; succeeded to earldom, 1814; hon. D.O.L. Cambridge, 1819; created Baron Rosebery (British peerage), 1828; privy councillor, 1831; supported the Reform Bill of 1832; F.R.S.; K.T., 1840. He was grandfather of the present and fifth Lord Rosebery.

[414] Gilbert Primrose (1580?–1641), divine; M.A. St. Andrews; D.D. Oxford, 1625; became a minister of the French reformed church at Bordeaux, 1603: compelled to quit France on the prohibition to ministers of other nations to officiate, 1623: subsequently became a minister of the French church in London; canon of Windsor, 1629.

[415] James Primrose (d. 1641), clerk of the privy council of Scotland; appointed clerk for life, 1699.

[416] James Primrose or Primerose (d. 1659), physician; son of Gilbert Primrose; born at St. Jean d'Angely; M.D. Montpellier, 1617 (incorporated at Oxford, 1628): settled in Hull; published medical treatises.

[417] John Prince (1643–1723), author of Worthies of Devon: B.A. Brasenose College, Oxford, 1664; M.A. Cains College, Cambridge, 1676; vicar of Berry Pomeroy, 1681-1723; remembered by hisDamnonii Orientates Illustres better known as the Worthies of Devon 1701 (2nd edit. 1810).

[418] John Critchley Prince (1808-1866), poet; practised reed-making at Wigan: began to write verse to 1827; published (1840) Hours with the Muses (6th edit, 1867); fell into dissipated habits.

[419] John Henry Prince (fl. 1794–1818), author; started life an an erm a solicitor clerk awl a metbodlst minister: miscellaneous works.

[420] Martin Pring (1580–1626?), ssft-oaptaln : after making three expeditions to America, entered the service of the Bast India Company, 1608; became general of the company's MUDS, 1619; fell under the displeasure of the company for fraternising with the Dutch, and joined the Virginia Company in 1621.

[421] Andrew Pringle, Lord Alemoor, Scottish judge; named Scottish solicitor-general, 1766; lord of session as Lord Akmoor. 1769. He had an unrivalled reputation as a lawyer and pleader,

[422] George Pringle (1631–1689), covenanter: fought against Cromwell at Dunbar, 1660: made his peace with Cromwell, 1655, and in 1662 accepted Charles II's pardon; implicated in the Rye House plot, 1683, after which he fled to Holland; aide in Argyll's expedition and returned to Scotland after the revolution; member of the Convention parliament.

[423] Sir John Pringle , baronet (1707–1782), physician; nephew of Sir Walter Pringle; studied medicine at Leyden (M.D., 1730), and settled in Edinburgh as a physician; joint-professor of pneumatics (metaphysics) and moral philosophy at Edinburgh University, 1734-44; resigned his professorship on being to the forces in Flanders, 1748; F.R.C.P., 1763; given 1,1774; appointed physician-general 1744; settled in London. 1 baronetcy, 1766; became physician to George III, attained a position of great influence in scientific ci and (1772) was elected president of the Royal Society. His great work in life was the reform of military medicine and sanitation. His book, Observations on the Diseases of the Army (1752), attained a European reputation, and has become a military classic.

[424] Robert Pringle (d. 1736), politician; brother of Sir Walter Pringle; studied at Leyden; took service under William of Orange, and was appointed under-secretary of state for Scotland; secretary at war, 1718.

[425] Thomas Pringle (1789–1834), Scottish poet; studied at Edinburgh University; was permanently lamed by an accident in infancy: gained the friendship of Scott by a contribution to Hogg'sPoetic Mirror* (1816); obtained by Scott's influence a grant of land in South Africa for his father and brothers, 1819; became librarian at Cape Town, but ruined his prospects by publishing two violent political papers, which were suppressed by the governor; returned to London and becai secretary to the Anti-Slavery Society; published merides 1828, andSouth African Sketches 1834.

[426] Walter Pringle (1625–1667), covenanter; fought against Cromwell at Dunbar; imprisoned for refusing the oath of allegiance, 1664.

[427] Sir Walter Pringle, Lord Newhall (1664?-1736), Scottish judge; great-nephew of Walter Pringle; lord of session as Lord Newhall, 1718; knighted and made a lord of justiciary, 1718.

[428] Charles Robert Prinsep (1789–1864), economic writer: M.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1814; barrister. Inner Temple, 1817: was advocate-general of Bengal: created LL.D., 1824; author of an Essay on Money 1818.

[429] Henry Thoby Prinsep (1792–1878), Indian civil servant; brother of Charles Robert Prinsep; entered the service of the East India Company in Bengal, 1807; published (1823) a History of Transactions in India during the Administration of the Marquis of Hastings the best narrative of the events of the time; appointed Persian secretary to the government, 1820; became a member of the council, 1836, retiring, 1843; nominated on the council of India, 1868, retaining hfe seat till 1874. His writings on Indian subjects were Important; especial value attaches to his autobiographical sketch of his official life, written in 1866.

[430] James Prinsep (1799-1840), architect and orientalist; brother of Charles Robert I'rinsep; M assistant assay- master at the Calcutta mint, 1819, wlaaT-master 1883: executed several important IwThltectural works in India, besides completing the 1.:.MM. n.utbori* ***

[431] Sir James Prior (1790?–1869), miscellaneous entered the navy as a surgeon, and wrote accounts which were published (1820) in the became deputy-inspector of hospitals, 1843; his chief works biographies of Burke (1824) and Goldsmith (1837).

[432] Matthew Prior (1664–1721), poet and diplomatist- educated at Westminster School, under the patronage of Lord Dorset (king's scholar, 1681); obUineda fellowship at St. John's College, Cambridge, 1688, having graduated B.A. 16H6; appointed secretary to the at the Hague; was employal (1697) as secre tary In the negotiations at the treaty of Ryswick: M.P., East GriusteyL. 1701: joined the tories, 1702: made a commissioner of customs, 1711: proceeded to Pans to negotiate peace, 1711, the subsequent treaty of Utrecht (1718) being popularly known asMart's peace: became plenipotentiary at Paris, 1712: recalled on Queen Anne's death, and (1716) imprisoned: a folio edition of his poems (1719) brought out bv his admirers after his release (1717), by which he gained four tlwusand guineas: given by Lord Harley 4.000., for the purchase of Down Hall in Essex, where he resided till his death. He is one of the neatest of English epigrammatists, and in occasional pieces and i has no rival in English. Among his poems may be mentioned The Town and Country Mouse an answer to Drvden's Hind and Panther Alma, or the Program of the Mind The Secretary The Female Phaeton To a Child of Quality andThe Conversation His prose works are of slight importance.

[433] Thomas Prior (1682?–1761), founder of the Dublin Society and philanthropist: B.A. Trinity College, Dublin, 1708 -."devoted himself to the promotion of material and industrial works among the Irish protestants; established the Dublin Society for the promotion of agriculture, manufactures, art*, and sciences, 1731.

[434] Thomas Abiel Prior (1809–1886), line-engraver; executed a number of plates after Joseph Mallord William Tamer: resided at Calais in later life.

[435] Sir John Prisot (d. 1460), judge; serjeant-at-law, 1443: made chief- justice of the common bench, 1449: knighted: assisted Sir Thomas Littleton (1402-1481) in compiling his tenures.

[436] Andrew Pritchard (1804–1882), microscopist; in business as a London optician till 1852: early turned his attention to microscopy and wrote extensively: his History of Infusoria (1841) long a standard work.

[437] Charles Pritchard (1808–1893), astronomer; of Merchant Taylors School and Christ's Hospital, London: fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, 1832; M.A., 1883: turned his attention to educational reform, on which the Clapham grammar school was founded to give him an opportunity, 1834; head-master of Clapham grammar school, 1884-62: had a small observatory at Clapham, where he did some useful astronomical work; Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge, 1867: became Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, 1870; a new observatory in the Parks where his chief work was accomplished, especially in stellar photometry, erected through his initiative": invented the wedge-photometer to obviate discordances in estimate* of the brightness of various stars, 1881; fellow of New College, Oxford, 1883: member of the council of tho Hoyal Society, 1885-7; wrote numerous astronomical papers and scientific articles, and also gave much attention to the relations of science and religion.

[438] Edward William Pritchard (1826–1865), poisoner; practised as a surgeon at Glasgow; M.D. Erlangen; poisoned his wife and mother-in-law with deMi of antimony, 1865: tried, found guilty, and executed in front of Glasgow gaol. He published several works, many papers on medical subjects.

[439] George Pritchard (1796–1883), missionary and consul at Tahiti; settled in the Society islands, 1824, which were annexed by France in spite of his protests, 1843; compelled to leave the islands, 1844: subsequently lived in retirement in England.

[440] Hannah Pritchard (1711–1768), actress; nee Vaughan; married a poor actor in early life; appeared at Bartholomew Fair, London, and at the Haymarket, London, 1733; played nt Drury Lane, London, 1734 to 1740-1, appearing in a wide range of characters, chiefly comic; afterwards appeared chiefly at Drury Lane, London, and Covent Garden, London; last appeared, April 1768. She was held the greatest Lady Macbeth of her day, and the Queen in Hamlet. Estifania, and Common were also among her greatest parts.

[441] Henry Baden Pritchard (1841–1884), chemist and writer; son of Andrew Pritchard; conducted the photographic department at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich; published novels and other works.

[442] John Langford Pritchard (1799–1850). actor; first appeared at Bath, 1820, as Captain Absolute; joined Murray's company at Edinburgh, 1823, and (1835) made his first appearance in London at Covent Garden.

[443] William Pritchard or Prichard (16329-1705), lord mayor of London; a merchant taylor became sheriff, 1672; knighted, 1672; elected mayor as court candidate, 1682; took active measures against the whig party; M.P. for the city of London, 1702.

[444] James Pigott Pritchett (1789–1868), architect; practised in York, where he and his partner, Watson, had almost a monopoly of the architectural work in Yorkshire.

[445] Sir Theophilus Pritzler (d. 1839), Indian commander; entered the army, 1793; served in Holland, 1794-5; proceeded to India, c. 1814; took an important part in the third Mahratta war, 1817-18, with the rank of brigadier-general; K.C.B., 1822.

[446] William Probert (1790–1870), Unitarian minister; minister at Walmsley for over forty-eight years: an authority on Welsh laws.ami customs, and an orientalist of some ability.

[447] Probus (rf. 948?), biographer of St. Patrick ; was the author of the first life of the saint to be printed (Basle, 1563). In it he falsified the earlier part of Patrick's life.

[448] Granville Leveson Proby, third Earl of Carysfort (1781–1868), admiral; son of Sir John Joshua Proby, first earl of Carysfort: entered the navy, 1798; present at the battles of the Nile and Trafalgar: admiral, 1857.

[449] Sir John Proby, first Baron Carysfort (1720-1772), M.A. Jesus College, Cambridge, 1742; M.P., Stamford, 1747, Huntingdonshire, 1754-68: made an Irish baron, 1752; Irish privy councillor; K.B., 1761: a lord of the admiralty, 1757 and 1763-5.

[450] Sir John Joshua Proby, first Earl of Carysfort and second Baron Carysfort(1751–1828), only son of Sir John Proby, first baron Carysfort; of Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge; M.A., 1770; P.R.S., 1779; appointed joint-guardian and keeper of the rolls in Ireland and created an Irish earl, 1789; M.P., East Looe, 1790, Stamford, June 1790-1801; supported Pitt; created an English baron, 1801, and (February 1806) appointed joint postmaster-treneral, a post which he resigned in the following year; created D.O.L. Oxford, 1810, and LL.D. Cambridge, 1811; author of several tragedies, poems, and essays.

[451] Sir Edmund Probyn (1678–1742), judge: of Christ Church, Oxford: barrister. Middle Temple, 1702; made a Welsh judge, 1721: defended the Earl of Macclesfield, 1726; became puisne judge of the king's bench, 1726; knighted, 1726: lord chief-baron of the exchequer, 1740.

[452] Adelaide Ann Procter (1825–1864), poetess; eldest child of Bryan Waller Procter: contributed to theBook of Beautyin 1843, and afterward* to Dickens's periodicals, under the pseudonym Mary Berwick; took great interest in social questions affecting enu were collected, 1868, mi-i.-r th- title 'Legend* iin.i i.rn (luth edit. 1866). M, Ir.mn- are still in use.

[453] Bryan Waller Procter (1787–1874), poet; 1 us a solicitor iu London, ami ultimately obtained a large connection as a conveyanoer; began to contribute to theLiterary Gazette,* 1816; intimate with Leigh Hunt, Charles Iwimb,: barrister and (1832 1861) a metropolitan commissioner in lunacy: produced a successful tragedy. Mirandola at Oovent Garden Theatre, London, under the p*eudon in of Barry Cornwall1881; songs published., 1832; published hi* biography of Charles Lamb, his last important work, 1864.

[454] Richard Wright Procter (1816–1881), author; a Manchester barber who published a number of works on Manchester.

[455] John Proctor (1521?–1584), divine and historian; of Corpus Curisti and All Souls Colleges, Oxford; fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1540; M.A., 1544; presented to the rectory of St. Andrew, Holborn, London, 1578; published The Historie of Wyat's Rebellion 1544, and two other works.

[456] Richard Anthony Proctor (1837–1888), astronomer; twenty-third wrangler, St. John's, Cambridge, 1860: kept terms at the Temple, but abandoned law for science; devoted himself, 1863, to the study of astronomy and mathematics; published, 1865, his celebrated monograph on Saturn and his System and, 1866, his Handbook of the Stars which hardly paid expenses, but made his reputation; successfully lectured iu America from 1873; founded Knowledge a weekly scientific periodical, 1881 (after 1885 a monthly periodical); removed to Florida, 1887, and died of yellow fever in New York.

[457] Thomas Proctor (fl. 1578–1584), poet; son of John Proctor; author or editor of several works, chiefly in verse, including A gorgious Gallery of gallant Inventions 1578.

[458] Thomas Proctor (1753–1794), historical painter and sculptor: exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1780; discovered by West subsisting in Clare Market, London, in great poverty; died of mental anguish and privation before measures could be taken for his relief,

[459] Joseph Proud (1746–1826), minister of the New Church; became a general baptist minister, 1767, but (1788) accepted the opinion- of Sweden bprg and (1791) became a * new church minister at Birmingham; removed to Manchester, 1793, returning to Birmingham, 1794; went to London, 1797; again retunied to Birmingham, 1814, and retired, 1821; published theological works.

[460] Father Prout (pseudonym). See Francis Sylvester Mahony, 1804–1866.

[461] John Prout (1810–1894), agriculturist; brought up as a farmer; emigrated to Ontario, 1832; returned to England, 1842, and iu 1861 bought Blouut's farm, Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, which he cultivated till his death. His scientific system of farming, based on his Canadian experience, was of great value to agriculturists.

[462] John Skinner Prout (1806–1876), water-colour painter; nephew of Samuel Prout; was a member of a little coterie of Bristol artiste, and subsequently member of the Institute of Painters iu Water-colours.

[463] Samuel Prout (1783–1862), water-colour painter; began to exhibit scenes in the south-western counties in 1805, and contributed to Beauties of Kngland and Wales 1803-13; began iu 1818 the series of paintings of continental streets which made his fame; highly esteemed by Ruskiu.

[464] William Prout (1785–1850), physician and chemist; M.D. Edinburgh, 1811: L. R.C.I, 1H12: one of the jticnu vi - of physiological chemistry: discovered fret- hydrochloric acid iu the stomach, 1823. The view tint the atomic weight* of all the elements arc multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen is known as 1rout's Iiw

[465] Lord Provand (d. 1593). See William Baillie.

[466] William Prowse (1752?–1826), rear-admiral: entered the navy ae an able seaman, 1771: rated a midfhipxnau, 1778; became a commander, 1796, and saw much service In the French war; C.B., 1811; n: -;

[467] William Jeffery Prowse (1836–1870), humorist; developed a muarkabl. jmoron verse before the age of twenty; contributed to various periodicals, including Fun.

[468] Sir Francis Prujean (1593-1666), physician; M.D. Gains College, Cambridge, l2f; practised in London from 16S8; president R.C.P., 16W-4; knighted, 1641.

[469] George Pryce (1801-1868), historian of Bristol; an accountant in BrUtol; F-S.A., 167; published teveral historical works relating to that city, including a Popular History of Bristol 1861.

[470] William Pryce (1725?–1790), antiquary; of i:!.,-:-.,!o., nrmiblcnsi* 1778, and Archs-otogia Cornu-Britanuica 1790.

[471] Prydydd y Bychan (i.e. The Little Poet) (1200-1270?), Welsh bard: his real name unknown; wrote a number of compositions, twenty-one of which are printed in Myvyrian Archalology

[472] Prydydd y Moch (fl. 1160–1220). See Llywarch ab Llywelyn.

[473] Abraham de la Pryme (1672–1704), antiquary; B.A. St. John's College, Cambridge, 1694; F.R.S., 1702; wrote on the antiquities of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. His diary was published by the Surtees Society (vol. liv.)

[474] George Pryme (1781–1868), political economist; sixth wrangler, 1803; fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1806; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1806; began to If-ctiirv at Cambridge on political economy, 1816, and (1828) was , recognised as professor by the senate; whig M.P. fenCambridge, 1832-41; published several pamphlets and tr it-.,.

[475] William Prynne (1600–1669), puritan pamphleteer; educated at Bath grammar school anl nel College, Oxford; B.A., 1621; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1628; studied law, theology, and ecclesiastical antiquities; wrote against Arminiunism from 1627, and endeavoured to reform the manners of his age; published Hi-triomaBtix directed against stage-plays, 1632; for supposed aspersion on Charles I and his queen in Histriomastix was sentenced by Star-chamber, in 1634, to be imprisoned during life, to be fined 5,000*., and to lose both bis ears iu the pillory; continual to write in the Tower of London, and (lt37) was again fined 5,000*., deprived of the remainder of his ears, and branded on the cheeks: released by Long parliament, and hi* sentences declared illegal, November 1640; defended parliament in the press on the outbreak of war, and pursued Land with great animosity; after Laud's execution published by order of the parliament the first part of an account of the trial, entitled - Canterburies Doom 1646; devoted much attention to independency, which he detested as heartily as episcopacy; was equally opposed to the ascendency of the presbyterian clergy, his theory of ecclesiastical policy being thoroughly erastian: assailed the army in various pamphlets 1647, and (1648) attacked it in the House of Commons; arrested by Pride, November 1648; retired to Swanswick, January 1649, and began a paper war against the government, demonstrating that he was bound to pay taxes to the Commonwealth neither in conscience, law, nor prudence, for which government imprisoned him for nearly three years without trial; on his release (1658) drew a parallel between Cromwell and Richard III, and (May 1668) forced his way into the House of Commons, which could only get rid of him by adjournment; walked into parliament at the head of the members; readmitted by Monck, 1660; asserted the rights of Charles II with such boldness as to IK- styled tlic a to of the ageby a royalist, and was thanked by Charles II; M.P. for Bath in'thc Convention parliament, 1660: laboured zealously to restrict the Act of Indemnity and to dUlwiMl the army; opposed the thirty-nine articles, aud, in 1661, was reprimanded by the speaker for a speech against the Corporation Bill; appointed keeper of the records iu the Tower of London; puhlUhvd hid most valuable work, Brevia Parliamenturia Rediviva 1662. He published about Uo hundred books and pamphlets, 3z

[476] Alfred Reginald Pryor (1839–1881), botanist; College, oxford, 1802; projected a E..V flora of his naUve county, Hertfordshire, which x-cu*1 the remainder of his life. HisFlora of Hertford hireappeared in 1887.

[477] Edmund Prys (1541?–1624), translator of the Psalms into Welsh verse; of St. John's College, CambridSr became archdeacon of Merioneth, 1576, and of St Asaph, 1602; bis translation of the Psalms,

[478] Sir Carbery Pryse, fourth baronet (d. 1695), mine-owner; formed a company to work mines discovered on his estate in Cardiganshire, which were afterwards ! exploited by Sir Humphry Mackworth.

[479] George Psalmanazar (1679?-1763), impostor; a native of the south of France; bis real name unknown, his designation being fashioned by himaelf from the biblical character, Shalmaneser; educated at a Dominican convent: commenced life as a mendicant, ml to insure alms styled himself a native Japanese Christian, but afterwards represented himself as still a mutan, lining on raw flesh, roots, and herbs; invented an elaborate alphabet and grammar and a worship of his own; enlisted in a regiment of the Duke of Mecklenburg, and attracted the attention of William Innes, chaplain to the Scottish regiment at Sluys, who became a confederate in the Imposture, baptized Psalmanazar as a protestant convert, and for security persuaded him to remove his birthplace to the obscurity of Formosa; came to London at the end of 1 703 and became a centre of interest, presenting Bishop Oompton with the catechism in Fonnosan (bU Invented language), ami being voluble in Latin to Archbishop Tillotson: silenced suspicion by never modifying a statement, and gained the sympathy of English churchmen by abuse of the Jesuits: published, 1704, Descrition of Formosa, with an introductory autobi , Description of Formosa, with an introductory autobiography: after the withdrawal of his mentor Innes, who was rewarded by being appointed chaplain-general of the forces in Portugal (c. 1707), was unable to sustain the imposture unaided, and passed from ridicule to obscurity, although he still found patrons; renounced his past life after a serious illness in 1728; became an accomplished hebraist, wrote A General History of Printing and contributed to the Universal History; was regarded with veneration by Dr. Johnson, who used to sit with him at an alehouse in Old Street, London. In 1764 appeared his autobiographical Memoirs containing an account of the imposture.

[480] Francesco Pucci (1540–1593?), theological writer; born in Florence, embraced reformed opinions, and came to Oxford, 1572 (admitted M.A., 1574), but was expelled, 1575; being an extreme Pelagian, encountered persecution in most countries in Europe; met John Dee and Edward Kelley at Cracow, 1585, and was initiated into their trade of magic, but re-entered the Roman communion shortly afterwards.

[481] Richard Puckeridge (1690?–1769). See Pockrich.

[482] Sir Henry Puckering (1618–1701). See Newton.

[483] Sir John Puckering (1544–1596), lord keeper of the great seal; barrister, Lincoln's Inn, 1567 (governor, 1575): M.P., Carmarthen, 1584-tt, Gatton, 1586-7; i-ncakcr of the House of Commons, 1581-5 nnd 1586-7; made lord keeper and knighted, 1592.

[484] Sir Thomas Puckering , first baronet (1592-1636), politician; son of Sir John Puckering: M.P., Tamworth, 1621-8; created baronet, 1612; a companion of Henry, prince of Wales.

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