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Wind power in Europe

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Wind power installed in Europe by end of 2013

As of December 2014, installed wind power capacity in the European Union totaled 128,751 megawatts (MW). The EU wind industry has had a compound annual growth rate of 10% between the years 2000 and 2013. In 2014, a total of 11,791 MW of wind power was installed, representing 32% of all new power capacity. In a normal wind year the wind power capacity installed by early 2014 would produce 257 TWh of electricity, enough to supply 8% of the EU’s electricity consumption.[1]

In the future, wind power is likely to continue to grow in the European Union. According to a European Environment Agency report, wind energy can play a major role in achieving the European renewable energy targets.[2]

The European Wind Energy Association estimates that 230 gigawatts (GW) of wind capacity will be installed in Europe by 2020, consisting of 190 GW onshore and 40 GW offshore. This would produce 14-17% of the EU's electricity, avoiding 333 million tonnes of CO2 per year and saving Europe €28 billion a year in avoided fuel costs.[3][4]

Research from a wide variety of sources in various European countries shows that support for wind power is consistently about 80 per cent among the general public.[5]

By country

Germany

Main article: Wind power in Germany
Wind farm in Neuenkirchen

Wind power in Germany describes wind power in Germany as part of energy in Germany and renewable energy in Germany. At the beginning of 2014, the installed capacity of wind power in Germany was 33,225 megawatts (MW) of which 508MW were offshore.[6] In 2011 wind power producing covered about 8 percent of Germany’s total electrical power.[7] According to EWEA in a normal wind year, installed wind capacity in Germany will meet 10.6% at end 2011 and 9.3% at end 2010 of the German electricity needs.[8][9]

More than 21,607 wind turbines are located in the German federal area and the country has plans to build more wind turbines.[10][11] As of 2011, Germany's federal government is working on a new plan for increasing renewable energy commercialization,[12] with a particular focus on offshore wind farms.[13]

Greece

Main article: Wind power in Greece

Wind power in Greece was due to expand by 352% by 2010 to meet the European target of 20% coverage of energy needs from renewable sources. Previously, there were 1,028 wind turbines installed throughout Greece and the number was set to reach 2,587 wind turbines before the end of 2010.[14]

According to the Ministry of Environment and Public Works, the system would have a nameplate capacity of 3,372MW of power from wind alone compared to 746MW at the end of 2006.[15] Greece chose to invest primarily to wind power by 77%, while the rest of renewable sources altogether comprise the remaining 23% of production with hydroelectric power being second with 11%.[16][17]

Spain

Main article: Wind power in Spain
Aerial view of a wind farm in Spain

Spain is the leading generator of wind energy in Europe and the second country (after Germany) in installed capacity as of 2011 with 22,785 MW of installed capacity in 2012.[18][19] Wind power alone covered 16.6% of the total electricity demand in Spain in 2010 (according to Red Eléctrica de España, the Spanish system operator) and continues as the third technology in the system, after nuclear power and combined cycles. Wind energy’s installed capacity could meet the electricity needs of two thirds of Spanish households. In 2010, the electricity sector reduced its CO2 emissions by 26% thanks to wind energy.[20][21] "Spain holds these positions as a result of the establishment of a stable regulatory framework, better understanding of the resource, and improved technology that have afforded considerable cost reduction in terms of initial investment, maintenance, and exploitation".[20]

Denmark

Offshore wind turbines near Copenhagen
Main article: Wind power in Denmark

Wind power in Denmark provides some 39 percent of Danish domestic electricity[22][23] and Denmark is a leading wind power nation in the world. The Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas and Siemens Wind Power.[24]

The Danish wind turbine industry is the world’s largest and 90% of the wind turbines manufactured in Denmark are sold to international markets. In 2003, the Danish manufacturers had a total world market share of approximately 38%, generating a combined turnover of almost 3 billion Euro and maintaining over 20,000 people employed in the industry, from wind turbine factories to maintenance and research.[24]

The development of wind power in Denmark has been characterised by a close collaboration between publicly financed research and industry in key areas such as research and development, certification, testing, and the preparation of standards.[23]

United Kingdom

Main articles: Wind power in the United Kingdom and Wind power in Scotland

The first country to produce electricity using wind, at the beginning of 2013, the installed capacity of wind power in the United Kingdom was 8,445 megawatts (MW), with 362 operational wind farms and 4,158 wind turbines in the United Kingdom.[25] The United Kingdom is ranked as the world's eighth largest producer of wind power.

1.8 GW of new wind power capacity was brought online during 2012, a 30% increase of the total UK installed capacity. 2012 was a significant year for the offshore wind industry with 4 large wind farms becoming operational with over 1.1 GW of generating capability coming on stream.[26]

Through the Renewables Obligation, British electricity suppliers are now required by law to provide a proportion of their sales from renewable sources such as wind power or pay a penalty fee. The supplier then receives a Renewables Obligation Certificate (ROC) for each MW·h of electricity they have purchased.[27] Within the United Kingdom, wind power is the second largest source of renewable energy after biomass.[28]

Wind power is expected to continue growing in the United Kingdom for the foreseeable future – RenewableUK estimated in 2010 that more than 2,000 MW of capacity would be deployed per year for the next five years.[29] By 2020, the United Kingdom is expected to have more than 28,000 MW of wind capacity.[30]

Romania

The Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm in Romania with a capacity of 600 MW is one of the largest in Europe
Main article: Wind power in Romania

As of 2014, wind power in Romania has an installed capacity of about 2,954 MW,[1] up from the 14 MW installed capacity in 2009.[31] Romania has a high wind power potential of around 14,000 MW (second highest in the EU after Scotland) and a power generating capacity of 23 TWh. The main regions of great potential of wind are Dobrogea and Moldavia.

Ireland

Main article: Wind power in the Republic of Ireland

Ireland is the best location in Europe for wind power as it is situated on the Western edge of Europe and is exposed to high winds from the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea. Wind power capacity factors tend to be higher in Ireland than anywhere else. By the end of 2014 the installed capacity of wind power in Ireland was 2,111 megawatts,[32] generating 19% of Ireland's electrical power.

Most wind farms in Ireland are located in coastal regions and especially in the West of Ireland. However, the Irish Sea is getting some attention and the first offshore wind farm in Ireland is located a few kilometers north of Arklow and 10 km out to sea and is known as the Arklow Bank Wind Park. This is set to expand in the future. Other proposals are an offshore wind farm on the Kish Bank which is about 15 kilometers offshore from Dublin, the capital city. With another planned wind farm at Clogherhead (north of Drogheda, south of Dundalk), to be called the Oriel Wind Farm.The Codling windfarm, planned for the south Irish Sea, will have a capacity of 1100MW with 330 turbines, giving a huge boost to wind generated power in Ireland.

Estonia

Wind farm of Hanila, Lääne County
Main article: Wind power in Estonia

As of 2013, the installed capacity of wind power in Estonia was 269.4 MW,[33] whilst roughly 1466.5 MW[34] worth of projects are currently being developed and three major offshore projects with total capacity of 1490 MW are being planned. Estonia, as a country, which is widely open to the sea and has a flat territory, possesses a very high potential for the development of wind energy.[35]

According to a survey carried out by the Estonian Ministry of the Environment, 95% of the respondents considered wind power as the most environmentally friendly way to produce energy.[36]

Lithuania

The Lithuanian government is planning on mimicking Baltic neighbor Denmark, which generates 20 percent of its energy with wind turbines. Lithuanian government have plans to build 200 megawatts of renewable energy by 2010 in wind turbines.[37]

Europe’s Wind Energy Event

Further information: EWEA

In the Europe’s Premier Wind Energy Event February 2013 wind was evaluated by Robert Clover from MAKE Consulting as the cheapest electricity technology after 2020 meeting 50% of electricity demand in Europe by 2050.[38] According to Fatih Birol, Chief Economist at the International Energy Agency, without phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, the EU will not reach its climate targets. The fossil fuel subsidies were half a trillion dollars in 2011. The biggest challenges of wind energy is the lack of predictability of government policies, and not the lack of predictability of wind power, according to Birol. Retroactive policy changes have also undermined investment in renewable energy projects.[39] The European wind industry needs skilled workforce.[40] The EU wind energy capacity in the end of 2012 was 105.6 GW. Renewable energy represented 69% of new power capacity in 2012, while fuel oil, coal and nuclear capacity saw negative growth due to decommissioning.[41]

Public opinion

Recent public opinion surveys about wind power at both the EU and the country level shows that wind energy, being a clean and renewable energy source, is traditionally linked to very strong and stable levels of public support. About 80 per cent of EU citizens support wind power.[5]

Opinion on increase in number of wind farms, 2010 Harris Poll[4]
Great
Britain		 France Italy Spain Germany
% % % % %
Strongly oppose 6 6 2 2 4
Oppose more than favour 12 16 11 9 14
Favour more than oppose 44 44 38 37 42
Strongly favour 38 33 49 53 40

Statistics

Installed wind power capacity

EU- Windenergie- Kapazität (MW)[25][42][43][44][45][46][1]
No Land 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
- EU-28 128,751 117,289 105,696 93,957 84,074 74,767 64,712 56,517 48,069 40,511 34,383 28,599 23,159 17,315 12,887 9,678 6,453
1 Germany 39,165 33,730 31,332 29,060 27,214 25,777 23,897 22,247 20,622 18,415 16,629 14,609 11,994 8,754 6,113 4,442 2,875
2 Spain 22,986 22,959 22,796 21,674 20,676 19,149 16,689 15,131 11,623 10,028 8,264 6,203 4,825 3,337 2,235 1,812 834
3 UK 12,440 10,531 8,445 6,540 5,204 4,051 2,974 2,406 1,962 1,332 904 667 552 474 406 362 333
4 France 9,285 8,254 7,196 6,800 5,660 4,492 3,404 2,454 1,567 757 390 257 148 93 66 25 19
5 Italy 8,663 8,551 8,144 6.747 5,797 4,850 3,736 2,726 2,123 1,718 1,266 905 788 682 427 277 180
6 Sweden 5,425 4,470 3,745 2,907 2,163 1,560 1,048 788 571 509 442 399 345 293 231 220 174
7 Portugal 4,914 4,724 4,525 4,083 3,898 3,535 2,862 2,150 1,716 1,022 522 296 195 131 100 61 60
8 Denmark 4,845 4,772 4,162 3,871 3,752 3,465 3,163 3,125 3,136 3,128 3,118 3,116 2,889 2,489 2,417 1,771 1,443
9 Poland 3,834 3,390 2,497 1,616 1,107 725 544 276 153 83 63 63 27 0 0 0 0
10 Romania 2,954 2,599 1,905 982 462 14 11 8 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
11 Netherlands 2,805 2,693 2,391 2,328 2,245 2,229 2,225 1,747 1,558 1,219 1,079 910 693 486 446 433 361
12 Ireland 2,272 2,037 1,738 1,631 1,428 1,260 1,027 795 746 496 339 190 137 124 118 74 73
13 Austria 2,095 1,684 1,378 1,084 1,011 995 995 982 965 819 606 415 140 94 77 34 30
14 Greece 1,980 1,865 1,749 1,629 1,208 1,087 985 871 746 573 473 383 297 272 189 112 39
15 Belgium 1,959 1,651 1,375 1,078 911 563 415 287 194 167 96 68 35 32 13 6 6
16 Bulgaria 691 681 674 612 375 177 120 57 36 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
17 Finland 627 448 288 197 197 146 143 110 86 82 82 52 43 39 39 39 17
18 Croatia 347 339[47] 180 131 89 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 Hungary 329 329 329 329 295 201 127 65 61 17 3 3 3 0 0 0 0
20 Estonia 302 280 269 184 149 142 78 59 32 32 6 2 2 0 0 0 0
21 Lithuania 279 279 225 179 163 91 54 54 51 48 6 6 0 0 0 0 0
22 Czech Republic 282 269 260 217 215 192 150 116 54 28 17 9 3 0 0 0 0
23 Cyprus 147 147 147 134 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 Latvia 62 62 60 31 30 28 27 27 27 27 27 27 24 0 0 0 0
25 Luxembourg 58 58 58 44 44 35 35 35 35 35 35 22 17 15 10 10 9
26 Slovakia 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 Slovenia 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
28 Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- EU-28 Offshore 8,045 6,562 4,993 3,810 2,944 2,061 1,471 1,088
- Turkey 3,763 2,956 2,312 1,691 1,329 801 458
- Norway 819 768 703 520 441 431 429 333 314 267 160 101
- Ukraine 498 371 278 151 87 94 90 89 86 77
- Switzerland 60 60 46 42 18 14 12 12 12
- Macedonia 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- Faroe Islands 18 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- Russia 15 15 15 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- Belarus 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- Iceland 3 1.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
- Europe (MW) 133,968 121,474 109,238 96,607 86,075 76,152 65,741 57,136 48,563 40,898

Per capita capacity

Wind power today, in an average wind year, generates the equivalent of over 20% of Denmark’s electricity use and 25–30% of that in three German Länder, and on windy days with light loads, over 100% of the load in certain regions, particularly in West Denmark, North Germany, and northern Spain.[48]

Wind power
 % of electricity and per person[49][50][51][52]
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Country % electricity W/person W/person W/person W/person W/person W/person
 Denmark 21.3 579 581 627.5 686.6 706.2 745.8
 Spain 11.8 367 370 415.5 449.6 469.2 448.8
 Portugal 9.3 203 270 332.5 366.4 403.4 429.2
 Sweden 1.3 88 111 166.9 231.6 308.7 394.8
 Germany 7.0 270 291 315.3 332.7 355.7 382.8
 Ireland 8.4 193 228 283.1 319.6 364.0 357.2
Average 3.8 116 131 149.2 168.3 187.2 209.7
 Estonia 1.8 45 58 111.3 111.0 137.2 200.8
 Cyprus 0 0 0 0 102.1 166.6 170.5
 Austria 3.3 120 119 118.8 120.7 128.2 163.2
 Greece 3.7 78 88 96.1 106.9 143.6 154.9
 Netherlands 3.4 107 136 134.0 135.4 139.1 145.3
 Italy 1.7 47 63 80.3 96.1 111.1 133.9
 United Kingdom 1.8 40 54 65.3 83.9 105.0 132.4
 Belgium 0.7 28 36 52.0 81.9 98.4 124.5
 France 1.2 40 53 69.9 87.5 104.0 114.6
 Luxembourg 1.1 71 90 86.2 86.2 84.6 106.7
 Romania 0.0 0 1 1 19.5 45.9 90.9
 Bulgaria 0.5 10 21 23.4 49.6 81.6 89.7
 Lithuania 1.1 15 19 27.3 46.3 55.2 74.8
 Poland 0.4 7 12 18.5 31.0 42.3 64.9
 Finland 0.3 21 27 27.3 36.8 36.6 53.4
 Latvia 0.9 12 12 12.5 13.8 13.9 33.3
 Hungary 0.4 6 12 20.1 29.3 32.9 33.0
 Czech Republic 0.4 11 14 18.4 20.5 20.6 24.6
 Slovenia 0.0 1 1 1 0.9 0.6 1.1

Leading countries by windpower production

Top EU-Ländern durch die Stromproduktion aus Windkraft
(2013)[53]
Land Die Stromproduktion (GWh)
Spain 54,301
Germany 53,400
United Kingdom 25,626
France (w/o overseas) 15,900
Italy 14,886
Portugal 11,939
Denmark 11,105
Sweden 9,900
Poland 6,600
Netherlands 5,574
Ireland 5,000
Belgium 4,474
Romania 4,047
Greece 3,500
Austria 2,882

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c EWEA (February 2014). "Wind in power: 2013 European statistics" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2014-11-05. Cite error: The named reference "EWEA 2014" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential — EEA". Eea.europa.eu. 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  3. ^ http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/swf/factsheet/1_statisticsandtargets.pdf
  4. ^ a b The Harris Poll#119 (October 13, 2010). "Large Majorities in U.S. and Five Largest European Countries Favor More Wind Farms and Subsidies for Bio-fuels, but Opinion is Split on Nuclear Power". PRNewswire.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b "The Social Acceptance of Wind Energy". European Commission.
  6. ^ http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/downloads/pdf-files/data-nivc-/stromproduktion-aus-solar-und-windenergie-2014.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (February 2012). "Die Energiewende in Deutschland" (PDF). Berlin. p. 4.
  8. ^ Wind in power 2011 European statistics EWEA February 2012, pages 4 and 11
  9. ^ Wind in power 2010 European statistics EWEA February 2011, page 11
  10. ^ "Wind energy in Germany".
  11. ^ "72,6 Gigawatts Worldwide" (PDF). Wind Energy Barometer. February 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
  12. ^ "100% renewable electricity supply by 2050". Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. 26 January 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  13. ^ Schultz, Stefan (23 March 2011). "Will Nuke Phase-Out Make Offshore Farms Attractive?". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  14. ^ Greece commits for 2,587 wind turbines
  15. ^ Rising to the Challenge:the growth of wind power generation in Greece
  16. ^ Greek Ministry of Environment
  17. ^ Greece Renewable Energy - Europa Fact Sheet
  18. ^ http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2011/04/spanish-wind-generated-more-power-than-germanys-in-2010
  19. ^ https://www.ieawind.org/countries/spain.html
  20. ^ a b Montes, G (2007). "The current situation of wind energy in Spain". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 11 (3). Elsevier: 467–481. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2005.03.002. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "UK wind power reaches milestone". BBC. 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
  22. ^ Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 " In English. Energinet.dk, 6 January 2015. Accessed: 6 January 2015. Archived on 6 January 2015
  23. ^ a b Wind energy: a visionary match
  24. ^ a b "The world's leader in Wind Power". Scandinavica.com. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  25. ^ a b EWEA: "Wind in power: 2012 European statistics", February 2013
  26. ^ RenewableUK Wind Energy statistics
  27. ^ Renewables Obligation. Ofgem.gov.uk.
  28. ^ Department of Energy and Climate Change (2010), Digest of United Kingdom energy statistics (DUKES) 2010, Stationery Office, ISBN 978-0-11-515526-0, retrieved 7 June 2011
  29. ^ RenewableUK 23 September 2010 Press Release. Bwea.com.
  30. ^ Jowit, Juliette (26 February 2012). "Windfarms axed as UK loses its taste for turbines". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  31. ^ "Romania Has 800 Turbines, Investments In Wind Farms Exceed EUR1.5B In 2012". ZF English. 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  32. ^ http://www.eirgrid.com/media/All-Island_Wind_and_Fuel_Mix_Report_December_2014%20%282%29.pdf All-island Wind and Fuel Mix report for December 2014
  33. ^ "Installed capacity". EWPA. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  34. ^ "Under development". EWPA. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  35. ^ "Estonia". pakri.ee. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  36. ^ Tuuliki Kasonen (10 August 2012). "95% of Estonians back wind power". EWPA. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  37. ^ Dec 03, 2008 By Adam Mullett (2008-12-03). "Bridging Lithuania's energy gap. Adam Mullett. December 3, 2008". Baltictimes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Wind will be cheapest electricity generating technology by 2020 EWEA 04 Feb 2013
  39. ^ Fossil fuel subsidies are "public enemy number one" – IEA Chief EWEA 04 Feb 2013
  40. ^ Feb 2013
  41. ^ 8/2/2013: EU wind power grows in 2012 - but industry challenged in 2013
  42. ^ EWEA Staff (2010). "Cumulative installed capacity per EU Member State 1998 - 2009 (MW)". European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  43. ^ EWEA Staff (February 2011). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2010" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  44. ^ EWEA Staff (February 2012). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2011" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  45. ^ EWEA Staff (February 2014). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2013" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
  46. ^ EWEA Staff (February 2015). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2014" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2015-02-11.
  47. ^ http://www.poslovni.hr/hrvatska/do-kraja-godine-280-novih-postrojenja-na-obnovljive-izvore-energije-289636
  48. ^ Lovins, Amory B. (2005). Nuclear power: economics and climate-protection potential, see footnote 28.
  49. ^ Wind energy barometer 2008 EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 189, 4/2009, p.54, 72
  50. ^ Wind energy barometer 2009 EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 195, 3/2010, p.48
  51. ^ Wind energy barometer 2010
  52. ^ Pure Power, Wind Energy Scenarios up to 2030 EWEA April 2008 s. 20-21
  53. ^ "Wind Energy Barometer". EU Observ'ER. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
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