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67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Greyscale photograph of Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft
Discovery
Discovered byKlim Ivanovych Churyumov
Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko
Discovery siteAlma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Discovery date20 September 1969
Designations
1969 R1, 1969 IV, 1969h, 1975 P1, 1976 VII, 1975i, 1982 VIII, 1982f, 1989 VI, 1988i[1]
Orbital characteristics[1]
Epoch 10 August 2014 (JD 2456879.5)
Aphelion5.6829 AU (850,150,000 km)
Perihelion1.2432 AU (185,980,000 km)
3.4630 AU (518,060,000 km)
Eccentricity0.64102
6.44 yr
303.71°
Inclination7.0405°
50.147°
12.780°
Physical characteristics
DimensionsLarge lobe:[3]
4.1×3.3×1.8 km (2.5×2.1×1.1 mi)
Small lobe:[3]
2.6×2.3×1.8 km (1.6×1.4×1.1 mi)
Volume21.4 km3 (5.1 cu mi)[3]
Mass(1.0±0.1)×1013 kg[4]
Mean density
0.533 ± 0.006 g/cm3 (0.01926 ± 0.00022 lb/cu in)[5]
Equatorial escape velocity
est. 1 m/s (3 ft/s)[6]
12.4043±0.0007 h[7]
52°[3]
North pole right ascension
69.3°[3]
North pole declination
64.1°[3]
0.06[3]
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 180 230
Celsius −93 −43
Fahrenheit −135 −45
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Greyscale photograph of Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko taken by the Rosetta spacecraft
Discovery
Discovered byKlim Ivanovych Churyumov
Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko
Discovery siteAlma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Discovery date20 September 1969
Designations
1969 R1, 1969 IV, 1969h, 1975 P1, 1976 VII, 1975i, 1982 VIII, 1982f, 1989 VI, 1988i[1]
Orbital characteristics[1]
Epoch 10 August 2014 (JD 2456879.5)
Aphelion5.6829 AU (850,150,000 km)
Perihelion1.2432 AU (185,980,000 km)
3.4630 AU (518,060,000 km)
Eccentricity0.64102
6.44 yr
303.71°
Inclination7.0405°
50.147°
12.780°
Physical characteristics
DimensionsLarge lobe:[3]
4.1×3.3×1.8 km (2.5×2.1×1.1 mi)
Small lobe:[3]
2.6×2.3×1.8 km (1.6×1.4×1.1 mi)
Volume21.4 km3 (5.1 cu mi)[3]
Mass(1.0±0.1)×1013 kg[4]
Mean density
0.533 ± 0.006 g/cm3 (0.01926 ± 0.00022 lb/cu in)[5]
Equatorial escape velocity
est. 1 m/s (3 ft/s)[6]
12.4043±0.0007 h[7]
52°[3]
North pole right ascension
69.3°[3]
North pole declination
64.1°[3]
0.06[3]
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 180 230
Celsius −93 −43
Fahrenheit −135 −45

(7474) 1992 TC

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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
(7474) 1992 TC
Discovery
Discovered byMcNaught, R. H.
Discovery siteSiding Spring
Discovery dateOctober 1, 1992
Designations
7474
1992 TC
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 2457000.0
Uncertainty parameter 0
Aphelion2.023111642510545
Perihelion1.107915050542907
1.565513346526726
Eccentricity.2922991982144734
715.4570847231395
33.48891836193705
Inclination7.087940650181295
88.68004129425852
275.4947151224215
Physical characteristics
X
none
18
(7474) 1992 TC
Discovery
Discovered byMcNaught, R. H.
Discovery siteSiding Spring
Discovery dateOctober 1, 1992
Designations
7474
1992 TC
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 2457000.0
Uncertainty parameter 0
Aphelion2.023111642510545
Perihelion1.107915050542907
1.565513346526726
Eccentricity.2922991982144734
715.4570847231395
33.48891836193705
Inclination7.087940650181295
88.68004129425852
275.4947151224215
Physical characteristics
X
none
18

Adrastea

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Adrastea
Image of Adrastea taken by Galileo spacecraft between November 1996 and June 1997
Discovery
Discovered by
Discovery dateJuly 8, 1979
Designations
AdjectivesAdrastean
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
129,000 km[8][9]
Eccentricity0.0015[8][9]
0.29826 d
(7 h 9.5 min)[8][9]
31.378 km/s
Inclination0.03°
(to Jupiter's equator)[8][9]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
Dimensions20×16×14 km[10]
8.2 ± 2.0 km[10]
Volume~2,345 km³
Mass~2 × 1015 kg
Mean density
0.86 g/cm³ (assumed)
~0.002 m/s²
(0.0004 g)
~0.008 km/s
synchronous
zero[10]
Albedo0.1 ± 0.045[10]
Temperature~122 K
Adrastea
Image of Adrastea taken by Galileo spacecraft between November 1996 and June 1997
Discovery
Discovered by
Discovery dateJuly 8, 1979
Designations
AdjectivesAdrastean
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
129,000 km[8][9]
Eccentricity0.0015[8][9]
0.29826 d
(7 h 9.5 min)[8][9]
31.378 km/s
Inclination0.03°
(to Jupiter's equator)[8][9]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
Dimensions20×16×14 km[10]
8.2 ± 2.0 km[10]
Volume~2,345 km³
Mass~2 × 1015 kg
Mean density
0.86 g/cm³ (assumed)
~0.002 m/s²
(0.0004 g)
~0.008 km/s
synchronous
zero[10]
Albedo0.1 ± 0.045[10]
Temperature~122 K

Carme

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Carme
Discovery
Discovered byS. B. Nicholson
Discovery dateJuly 30, 1938[11]
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
23.4 million km[12]
Eccentricity0.25[12]
702.28 d (2.045 a)[12]
2.253 km/s
Inclination164.91° (to the ecliptic)
167.53° (to Jupiter's equator)[12]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
~23 km[13]
~6600 km²
Volume~51,000 km³
Mass1.3×1017 kg
Mean density
2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)[13]
~0.017 m/s2 (0.0017 g)
~0.028 km/s
Albedo0.04 (assumed)[13]
Temperature~124 K
Carme
Discovery
Discovered byS. B. Nicholson
Discovery dateJuly 30, 1938[11]
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
23.4 million km[12]
Eccentricity0.25[12]
702.28 d (2.045 a)[12]
2.253 km/s
Inclination164.91° (to the ecliptic)
167.53° (to Jupiter's equator)[12]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
~23 km[13]
~6600 km²
Volume~51,000 km³
Mass1.3×1017 kg
Mean density
2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)[13]
~0.017 m/s2 (0.0017 g)
~0.028 km/s
Albedo0.04 (assumed)[13]
Temperature~124 K

Earth

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Earth
A planetary disk of white cloud formations, brown and green land masses, and dark blue oceans against a black background. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disk, while Antarctica is at the bottom.
"The Blue Marble" photograph of Earth,
taken from Apollo 17
Designations
Terra, Gaia
SymbolAstronomical symbol of Earth
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000.0
Aphelion152,098,232 km
1.01671388 AU
Perihelion147,098,290 km
0.98329134 AU
149,598,261 km
1.00000261 AU
Eccentricity0.01671123
365.256363004 days
1.000017421 yr
29.78 km/s
107,200 km/h
357.51716°
Inclination7.155° to Sun's equator
1.57869° to invariable plane
348.73936°
114.20783°
Known satellites1 natural (the Moon)
8,300+ artificial (as of 1 March 2001)[14]
Physical characteristics
6,371.0 km
Equatorial radius
6,378.1 km[15]
Polar radius
6,356.8 km
Flattening0.0033528
Circumference40,075.017 km (equatorial)[15]
40,007.86 km (meridional)
510,072,000 km2

148,940,000 km2 land (29.2 %)

361,132,000 km2 water (70.8 %)
Volume1.08321×1012 km3
Mass5.9736×1024 kg
Mean density
5.515 g/cm3
9.780327 m/s2
0.99732 g
11.186 km/s
0.99726968 d
23h 56m 4.100s
Equatorial rotation velocity
1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)
23°26'21".4119
Albedo0.367 (geometric)
0.306 (Bond)
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 184 K 287.2 K 331 K
Celsius −89.2 °C 14 °C 57.8 °C
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
101.325 kPa (MSL)
Composition by volume78.08% nitrogen (N2) (dry air)
20.95% oxygen (O2)
0.93% argon
0.038% carbon dioxide
About 1% water vapor (varies with climate)
Earth
A planetary disk of white cloud formations, brown and green land masses, and dark blue oceans against a black background. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disk, while Antarctica is at the bottom.
"The Blue Marble" photograph of Earth,
taken from Apollo 17
Designations
Terra, Gaia
SymbolAstronomical symbol of Earth
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000.0
Aphelion152,098,232 km
1.01671388 AU
Perihelion147,098,290 km
0.98329134 AU
149,598,261 km
1.00000261 AU
Eccentricity0.01671123
365.256363004 days
1.000017421 yr
29.78 km/s
107,200 km/h
357.51716°
Inclination7.155° to Sun's equator
1.57869° to invariable plane
348.73936°
114.20783°
Known satellites1 natural (the Moon)
8,300+ artificial (as of 1 March 2001)[14]
Physical characteristics
6,371.0 km
Equatorial radius
6,378.1 km[15]
Polar radius
6,356.8 km
Flattening0.0033528
Circumference40,075.017 km (equatorial)[15]
40,007.86 km (meridional)
510,072,000 km2

148,940,000 km2 land (29.2 %)

361,132,000 km2 water (70.8 %)
Volume1.08321×1012 km3
Mass5.9736×1024 kg
Mean density
5.515 g/cm3
9.780327 m/s2
0.99732 g
11.186 km/s
0.99726968 d
23h 56m 4.100s
Equatorial rotation velocity
1,674.4 km/h (465.1 m/s)
23°26'21".4119
Albedo0.367 (geometric)
0.306 (Bond)
Surface temp. min mean max
Kelvin 184 K 287.2 K 331 K
Celsius −89.2 °C 14 °C 57.8 °C
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
101.325 kPa (MSL)
Composition by volume78.08% nitrogen (N2) (dry air)
20.95% oxygen (O2)
0.93% argon
0.038% carbon dioxide
About 1% water vapor (varies with climate)

Lysithea

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Lysithea
Discovery
Discovered byS. B. Nicholson
Discovery dateJuly 6, 1938[11]
Designations
AdjectivesLysithean
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
11,720,000 km[12]
Eccentricity0.11[12]
259.20 d (0.69 a)[12]
3.29 km/s
Inclination28.30° (to the ecliptic)
25.77° (to Jupiter's equator)[12]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
18 km[13]
~4100 km²
Volume~24,400 km³
Mass6.3×1016 kg
Mean density
2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)[13]
~0.013 m/s2 (0.001 g)
~0.022 km/s
Albedo0.04 (assumed)[13]
Temperature~124 K
Lysithea
Discovery
Discovered byS. B. Nicholson
Discovery dateJuly 6, 1938[11]
Designations
AdjectivesLysithean
Orbital characteristics
Mean orbit radius
11,720,000 km[12]
Eccentricity0.11[12]
259.20 d (0.69 a)[12]
3.29 km/s
Inclination28.30° (to the ecliptic)
25.77° (to Jupiter's equator)[12]
Satellite ofJupiter
Physical characteristics
18 km[13]
~4100 km²
Volume~24,400 km³
Mass6.3×1016 kg
Mean density
2.6 g/cm³ (assumed)[13]
~0.013 m/s2 (0.001 g)
~0.022 km/s
Albedo0.04 (assumed)[13]
Temperature~124 K

The Moon

Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
The Moon
Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.
Full moon as seen from Earth's northern hemisphere
Designations
Adjectiveslunar, selenic
SymbolMoon symbol
Orbital characteristics
Perigee362,570 km (0.0024 AU)
(356,400–370,400 km)
Apogee405,410 km (0.0027 AU)
(404,000–406,700 km)
384,399 km (0.00257 AU)
Eccentricity0.0549
27.321582 d (27 d 7 h 43.1 min)
29.530589 d (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)
1.022 km/s
Inclination5.145° to the ecliptic (between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's equator)
regressing by one revolution in 18.6 years
progressing by one revolution in 8.85 years
Satellite ofEarth
Physical characteristics
1,737.10 km  (0.273 Earths)
Equatorial radius
1,738.14 km (0.273 Earths)
Polar radius
1,735.97 km  (0.273 Earths)
Flattening0.00125
Circumference10,921 km (equatorial)
3.793 × 107 km2  (0.074 Earths)
Volume2.1958 × 1010 km3  (0.020 Earths)
Mass7.3477 × 1022 kg  (0.0123 Earths)
Mean density
3.3464 g/cm3
1.622 m/s2 (0.165 4 g)
2.38 km/s
27.321582 d (synchronous)
Equatorial rotation velocity
4.627 m/s
1.5424° (to ecliptic)
6.687° (to orbit plane)
Albedo0.136
Surface temp. min mean max
equator 100 K 220 K 390 K
85°N 70 K 130 K 230 K
−2.5 to −12.9
−12.74 (mean full moon)
29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
10−7 Pa (day)
10−10 Pa (night)
Composition by volumeAr, He, Na, K, H, Rn
The Moon
Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.
Full moon as seen from Earth's northern hemisphere
Designations
Adjectiveslunar, selenic
SymbolMoon symbol
Orbital characteristics
Perigee362,570 km (0.0024 AU)
(356,400–370,400 km)
Apogee405,410 km (0.0027 AU)
(404,000–406,700 km)
384,399 km (0.00257 AU)
Eccentricity0.0549
27.321582 d (27 d 7 h 43.1 min)
29.530589 d (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)
1.022 km/s
Inclination5.145° to the ecliptic (between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's equator)
regressing by one revolution in 18.6 years
progressing by one revolution in 8.85 years
Satellite ofEarth
Physical characteristics
1,737.10 km  (0.273 Earths)
Equatorial radius
1,738.14 km (0.273 Earths)
Polar radius
1,735.97 km  (0.273 Earths)
Flattening0.00125
Circumference10,921 km (equatorial)
3.793 × 107 km2  (0.074 Earths)
Volume2.1958 × 1010 km3  (0.020 Earths)
Mass7.3477 × 1022 kg  (0.0123 Earths)
Mean density
3.3464 g/cm3
1.622 m/s2 (0.165 4 g)
2.38 km/s
27.321582 d (synchronous)
Equatorial rotation velocity
4.627 m/s
1.5424° (to ecliptic)
6.687° (to orbit plane)
Albedo0.136
Surface temp. min mean max
equator 100 K 220 K 390 K
85°N 70 K 130 K 230 K
−2.5 to −12.9
−12.74 (mean full moon)
29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
10−7 Pa (day)
10−10 Pa (night)
Composition by volumeAr, He, Na, K, H, Rn

Mercury

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Mercury
Mercury
MESSENGER image of Mercury with three visible colors mapped to 1000 nm, 700 nm, and 430 nm wavelengths
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈmɜːrkjəri/
AdjectivesMercurian, Mercurial
Symbol
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion
  • 69,816,900 km
  • 0.466 697 AU
Perihelion
  • 46,001,200 km
  • 0.307 499 AU
  • 57,909,100 km
  • 0.387 098 AU
Eccentricity0.205 630
115.88 d
47.87 km/s
174.796°
Inclination
48.331°
29.124°
Known satellitesNone
Physical characteristics
  • 2,439.7 ± 1.0 km
  • 0.3829 Earths
Flattening0
  • 7.48×107 km2
  • 0.147 Earths
Volume
  • 6.083×1010 km3
  • 0.056 Earths
Mass
  • 3.3022×1023 kg
  • 0.055 Earths
Mean density
5.427 g/cm3
4.25 km/s
  • 58.646 day
  • 1407.5 h
Equatorial rotation velocity
10.892 km/h (3.026 m/s)
2.11′ ± 0.1′
North pole right ascension
  • 18 h 44 min 2 s
  • 281.01°
North pole declination
61.45°
Albedo
Surface temp. min mean max
0°N, 0°W [16] 100 K 340 K 700 K
85°N, 0°W[16] 80 K 200 K 380 K
−2.6 to 5.7
4.5" – 13"
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
trace
Composition by volume
Mercury
Mercury
MESSENGER image of Mercury with three visible colors mapped to 1000 nm, 700 nm, and 430 nm wavelengths
Designations
Pronunciation/ˈmɜːrkjəri/
AdjectivesMercurian, Mercurial
Symbol
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Aphelion
  • 69,816,900 km
  • 0.466 697 AU
Perihelion
  • 46,001,200 km
  • 0.307 499 AU
  • 57,909,100 km
  • 0.387 098 AU
Eccentricity0.205 630
115.88 d
47.87 km/s
174.796°
Inclination
48.331°
29.124°
Known satellitesNone
Physical characteristics
  • 2,439.7 ± 1.0 km
  • 0.3829 Earths
Flattening0
  • 7.48×107 km2
  • 0.147 Earths
Volume
  • 6.083×1010 km3
  • 0.056 Earths
Mass
  • 3.3022×1023 kg
  • 0.055 Earths
Mean density
5.427 g/cm3
4.25 km/s
  • 58.646 day
  • 1407.5 h
Equatorial rotation velocity
10.892 km/h (3.026 m/s)
2.11′ ± 0.1′
North pole right ascension
  • 18 h 44 min 2 s
  • 281.01°
North pole declination
61.45°
Albedo
Surface temp. min mean max
0°N, 0°W [16] 100 K 340 K 700 K
85°N, 0°W[16] 80 K 200 K 380 K
−2.6 to 5.7
4.5" – 13"
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
trace
Composition by volume

Miranda

Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Miranda
Miranda
Discovery
Discovered byGerard P. Kuiper
Discovery dateFebruary 16, 1948
Designations
Uranus V
AdjectivesMirandan, Mirandian
Orbital characteristics
129 390 km
Eccentricity0.0013
1.413 479 d
Inclination4.232° (to Uranus's equator)
Satellite ofUranus
Physical characteristics
Dimensions480×468.4×465.8 km
235.8 ± 0.7 km (0.03697 Earths)
700 000 km2
Volume54 835 000 km3
Mass6.59 ± 0.75 × 1019 kg (1.103 × 10–5 Earths)
Mean density
1.20 ± 0.15 g/cm3
0.079 m/s2
0.193 km/s
synchronous
Albedo0.32
Surface temp. min mean max
solstice ? ~60 K 84 ± 1 K
15.8[13]
Miranda
Miranda
Discovery
Discovered byGerard P. Kuiper
Discovery dateFebruary 16, 1948
Designations
Uranus V
AdjectivesMirandan, Mirandian
Orbital characteristics
129 390 km
Eccentricity0.0013
1.413 479 d
Inclination4.232° (to Uranus's equator)
Satellite ofUranus
Physical characteristics
Dimensions480×468.4×465.8 km
235.8 ± 0.7 km (0.03697 Earths)
700 000 km2
Volume54 835 000 km3
Mass6.59 ± 0.75 × 1019 kg (1.103 × 10–5 Earths)
Mean density
1.20 ± 0.15 g/cm3
0.079 m/s2
0.193 km/s
synchronous
Albedo0.32
Surface temp. min mean max
solstice ? ~60 K 84 ± 1 K
15.8[13]

Nereid

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{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
Nereid
Image of Nereid by Voyager 2
Image of Nereid by Voyager 2
Discovery
Discovered byGerard P. Kuiper
Discovery dateMay 1, 1949
Designations
AdjectivesNereidian, Nereidean
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Periapsis1,372,000 km (0.00917 AU)
Apoapsis9,655,000 km (0.06454 AU)
5,513,787 km (0.03685 AU)
Eccentricity0.7507
360.1362 d
934 m/s
Inclination
Satellite ofNeptune
Physical characteristics
170 ± 25 km
Mass3.1×1019 kg (assumed)
Mean density
1.5 g/cm³ (assumed)
~0.072 m/s²
~0.156 km/s
0.48 d (11 h 31 min)
Albedo0.155
Temperature~50 K mean (estimate)
Nereid
Image of Nereid by Voyager 2
Image of Nereid by Voyager 2
Discovery
Discovered byGerard P. Kuiper
Discovery dateMay 1, 1949
Designations
AdjectivesNereidian, Nereidean
Orbital characteristics
Epoch J2000
Periapsis1,372,000 km (0.00917 AU)
Apoapsis9,655,000 km (0.06454 AU)
5,513,787 km (0.03685 AU)
Eccentricity0.7507
360.1362 d
934 m/s
Inclination
Satellite ofNeptune
Physical characteristics
170 ± 25 km
Mass3.1×1019 kg (assumed)
Mean density
1.5 g/cm³ (assumed)
~0.072 m/s²
~0.156 km/s
0.48 d (11 h 31 min)
Albedo0.155
Temperature~50 K mean (estimate)

Test conditional designations param

Side by side comparison
{{Infobox planet}}{{Infobox planet/sandbox}}
7225 Huntress
Discovery [13]
Discovered byE. Bowell
Discovery siteAnderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory
Discovery date22 January 1983
Orbital characteristics[13]
Epoch 27 June 2015 (JD 2457200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc54.41 yr (19,872 days)
Aphelion2.8176 AU
Perihelion1.8646 AU
2.3411 AU
Eccentricity0.2035
3.58 yr (1,308.4 days)
22.044°
Inclination6.8705°
275.75°
203.60°
Earth MOID0.8837 AU
Physical characteristics
2.43995 h
S (SMASSII)
13.1 mag
7225 Huntress
Discovery [13]
Discovered byE. Bowell
Discovery siteAnderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory
Discovery date22 January 1983
Orbital characteristics[13]
Epoch 27 June 2015 (JD 2457200.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc54.41 yr (19,872 days)
Aphelion2.8176 AU
Perihelion1.8646 AU
2.3411 AU
Eccentricity0.2035
3.58 yr (1,308.4 days)
22.044°
Inclination6.8705°
275.75°
203.60°
Earth MOID0.8837 AU
Physical characteristics
2.43995 h
S (SMASSII)
13.1 mag


References

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference jpldata was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference AP-20150813 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference esa20150122 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference esa20140821 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Lakdawalla, Emily (19 November 2015). "DPS 2015: A little science from Rosetta, beyond perihelion". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference mpg20140121 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mottola2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d Evans Porco et al. 2002.
  9. ^ a b c d Burns Simonelli et al. 2004.
  10. ^ a b c d Thomas Burns et al. 1998.
  11. ^ a b Nicholson, S. B. (1938). "Two New Satellites of Jupiter". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 50: pp.292–293. Bibcode:1938PASP...50..292N. doi:10.1086/124963. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help) Cite error: The named reference "Nicholson 1938" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Jacobson, R. A. (2000). "The Orbits of Outer Jovian Satellites". Astronomical Journal. 120 (5): pp.2679–2686. Bibcode:2000AJ....120.2679J. doi:10.1086/316817. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help) Cite error: The named reference "Jacobson 2000" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
  14. ^ US Space Command (March 1, 2001). "Reentry Assessment - US Space Command Fact Sheet". SpaceRef Interactive. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
  15. ^ a b World Geodetic System (WGS-84). Available online from National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
  16. ^ a b Vasavada, Ashwin R.; Paige, David A.; Wood, Stephen E. (19 February 1999). "Near-Surface Temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the Stability of Polar Ice Deposits" (PDF). Icarus. 141: 179–193. Bibcode:1999Icar..141..179V. doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6175. Figure 3 with the "TWO model"; Figure 5 for pole.