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Lockatong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Norian[1]
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofNewark Supergroup
Sub-unitsWalls Island Member (in part), Tumble Falls Member, Smith Corner Member, Prahls Island Member, Tohickon Member, Skunk Hollow Member, Byram Member, Ewing Creek Member, Nursery Member, Princeton Member, Scudders Falls Member, Wilburtha Member
UnderliesPassaic Formation
OverliesStockton Formation
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherSandstone, conglomerate
Location
RegionPennsylvania, New Jersey, New York
Country United States
Type section
Named forLockatong Creek

The Triassic Lockatong Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York. It is named after the Lockatong Creek in Hunterdon County, New Jersey.

Description

The Lockatong is defined as a light to dark gray, greenish-gray, and black very fine grained sandstone, silty argillite, and laminated mudstone. In New Jersey, the cyclic nature of the formation is noted with hornfels near diabase and basalt flows.[2]

Depositional environment

The Lockatong is often described as lake or litoral sediments. The interfingering nature of the sediments with the surrounding Stockton Formation and Passaic Formation suggests that these litoral environments shifted as climate or as the dynamic terrane of the area developed.[3] The deposition of calcitic sediments is indicative of a climate with high evaporation rates.[3]

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Tetrapods

Tetrapods of the Lockatong Formation
Genus Species Locales known from Material Notes images

Eupelor

E. durus

Phoenixville

Shoulder girdle elements[4]

An dubious amphibian, potentially a metoposaurid[5][6]

Hypuronector
Icarosaurus
Rutiodon

Gwyneddosaurus[7]

G. erici

Gwynedd

Partial skeleton (Gastric ejection)

An dubious reptile,[8] likely a chimera consisting of coelacanth and Tanytrachelos fossils.[9][7] Has also been considered a synonym of Tanytrachelos.[10]

Hypuronector[11] H. limnaios Granton Quarry (Ewing Creek Member?), Weehawken Quarry (Nursery Member),[11] Edgewater Quarry[12] Several partial skeletons A drepanosaur, originally known as "the deep-tailed swimmer".[8]
Icarosaurus[13][14] I. siefkeri Granton Quarry (Ewing Creek Member?) A partial skeleton A kuehneosaurid.

Rhabdopelix[7]

R. longispinis

Gwynedd

Isolated vertebrae and other remains, now lost

A dubious reptile,[8] likely a chimera consisting of Tanytrachelos, Icarosaurus, and/or fish fossils.[13][7][15]

Rutiodon[16] R. carolinensis Granton Quarry, Princeton,[16] Phoenixville[17] Skull, teeth,[16] other fragments[17] A phytosaur.
Tanytrachelos[7] T. ahynis Granton Quarry,[11] Haines & Kibblehouse Quarry (Skunk Hollow-Tohickon Members),[7] Weehawken Quarry, other Palisades area outcrops.[18][12] A large number of partial skeletons[12][19][20][15] A small and fairly common tanystropheid.

Fish

Fish of the Lockatong Formation
Genus Species Locales known from Material Notes
Carinacanthus[21][22] C. jepseni Gwynedd A partial skeleton A very rare hybodont shark[12]
Cionichthys[22] C. sp. Gwynedd,[22][7] Weehawken Quarry[12] Partial skeletons A rare redfieldiid, originally called Redfieldius obrai.[12][7]

Diplurus

D. longicaudatus Granton Quarry,[23] Gwynedd, Princeton[24] A partial skull and scales[24] A rare coelacanth
D. newarki Granton Quarry,[25] Gwynedd,[21][22] Princeton,[24] Weehawken Quarry and other Palisades area outcrops,[18][12] Arcola.[9] Numerous skeletons An abundant coelacanth, sometimes given its own genus (Osteopleurus).[26][27][12] Includes "Osteopleurus milleri", from Granton Quarry, which is indistinguishable apart from its larger size.[24]

Lysorocephalus

L. gwynnedensis

Gwynedd

A partial skull

A dubious fish likely synonymous with Turseodus. Originally misidentified as a lysorophian amphibian.[8][7]

Pariostegus?[27] P. sp. Arcola,[9] Granton Quarry[11] Isolated fossils A rare but very large coelacanth which may be synonymous with Diplurus.

Rabdiolepis[28]

R. gwyneddensis

Gwynedd

A partial skeleton

A dubious coelacanth, likely synonymous with Diplurus or Pariostegus.[29][7]

Semionotus "S. brauni group" Weehawken Quarry and other Palisades area outcrops,[12][18][22] Arcola.[9] Numerous skeletons A locally common semionotiform.[12] Likely encompasses two species.[30]
Synorichthys[31] S. cf. S. stewarti Granton Quarry,[31] Weehawken Quarry,[22] Arcola.[9] Numerous skeletons A locally common redfieldiid.[12]
Turseodus T. acutus Granton Quarry, Princeton, Phoenixville,[32][22] Weehawken Quarry and other Palisades area outcrops,[18][12] Arcola,[9] Gwynedd,[7] Miller's Quarry.[28], Haines & Kibblehouse Quarry.[7] Numerous skeletons An abundant palaeonisciform which may include multiple species.[12]

Ichnofossils

Ichnofossils of the Lockatong Formation
Ichnogenus Ichnospecies Locales known from Notes
Anchisauripus A. gwyneddensis[33] Gwynedd[7] Possible junior synonym of Atreipus milfordensis[9]
Apatopus[18] A. lineatus Schuylkill outcrops[7] Phytosaur tracks[34]
Atreipus A. milfordensis Souderton (Tumble Falls Member),[35] Gwynedd, Arcola,[9] Schuylkill outcrops?[7] Tracks from quadrupedal ornithischian dinosaurs[9] or silesaurid dinosauromorphs.[35]
Brachychirotherium B. parvum[7] Arcola,[9] Schuylkill outcrops[7] Aetosaur tracks? May include B. eyermani, a junior synonym.[36]
Grallator G. sp.[27] Theropod dinosaur tracks.

Gwyneddichnium[7]

G. majore

Gwynedd, Souderton,[35] numerous other localities.[7] Tracks from small tanystropheids such as Tanytrachelos.[37]
G. minore Gwynedd Nomen dubium: indeterminate[7] or synonymous with G. majore.[37]
G. elongatum Gwynedd Nomen dubium: indeterminate[7] or synonymous with G. majore.[37]
Platypterna P. lockatong[33] Gwynedd[7] Dubious ornithischian tracks.[38]

Rhynchosauroides

R. brunswickii Arcola?[9] Gwynedd?[39][7] Originally known as Kintneria brunswickii.[40] Sphenodontian or lizard tracks.[34][27]
R. hyperbates Arcola,[9] Schuylkill outcrops.[7] Sphenodontian or lizard tracks.[34][27]
R. sp. Souderton,[35] Phoenixville.[7] Indeterminate Rhynchosauroides specimens.[35]

Age

Relative age dating of the Lockatong places it in the Upper Triassic, being deposited between 237 and 207 (±5) million years ago. It rests unconformably below many different formations of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. It interfingers with both the Stockton Formation and Passaic Formation. There are numerous diabase intrusions and basalt into the Stockton with local contact metamorphic rocks.[41]

Economic uses

See also

References

  1. ^ Kent, Dennis V.; Olsen, Paul E.; Muttoni, Giovanni (2017-03-01). "Astrochronostratigraphic polarity time scale (APTS) for the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic from continental sediments and correlation with standard marine stages". Earth-Science Reviews. 166: 153–180. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.014. ISSN 0012-8252.
  2. ^ Orndorff, R.C., et al., (1998). Bedrock Geologic Map of Central and Southern New Jersey. United States Geological Survey, Scale 1:100,000.
  3. ^ a b Faill, R.T., (2004). The Birdsboro Basin. Pennsylvania Geology V. 34 n. 4.
  4. ^ Colbert, Edwin Harris; Imbrie, John (9 July 1956). "Triassic metoposaurid amphibians". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 110 (6): 399–452.
  5. ^ Chowdhury, T. Roy; Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra (1965-11-18). "A new metoposaurid amphibian from the upper Triassic Maleri formation of Central India". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 250 (761): 1–52. doi:10.1098/rstb.1965.0019.
  6. ^ Sulej, Tomasz (2002). "Species discrimination of the Late Triassic temnospondyl amphibian Metoposaurus diagnosticus" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47 (3): 535–546.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Olsen, Paul E.; Flynn, John J. (1989). "Field guide to the vertebrate paleontology of Late Triassic age rocks in the southwestern Newark Basin (Newark Supergroup, New Jersey and Pennsylvania)". The Mosasaur. 4: 1–43.
  8. ^ a b c d Olsen, Paul E. (1980). "A comparison of the vertebrate assemblages from the Newark and Hartford basins (Early Mesozoic, Newark Supergroup) of Eastern North America" (PDF). In Jacobs, L. L. (ed.). Aspects of Vertebrate History: Essays in Honor of Edwin Harris Colbert. Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona Press. pp. 35–53.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Olsen, P. E.; Baird, D. (1986). "The ichnogenus Atreipus and its significance for Triassic biostratigraphy" (PDF). In Padian, K. (ed.). In The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Faunal Change across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–87. ISBN 0-521-36779-4.
  10. ^ Smith, Amy C. (11 April 2011). "Description of Tanytrachelos ahynis and its implications for the phylogeny of Protorosauria". Virginia Tech Dissertation.
  11. ^ a b c d Colbert, Edwin H.; Olsen, Paul E. (2001). "A new and unusual aquatic reptile from the Lockatong Formation of New Jersey (Late Triassic, Newark Supergroup)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 3334: 1–24.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Olsen, Paul E. (1980). "Fossil great lakes of the Newark Supergroup in New Jersey" (PDF). In Manspeizer, Warren (ed.). Field Studies in New Jersey Geology and Guide to Field Trips, 52nd Annual Meeting of the New York State Geological Association. Newark: Newark College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University. pp. 352–398.
  13. ^ a b Colbert, Edwin H. (19 May 1966). "A gliding reptile from the Triassic of New Jersey" (pdf). American Museum Novitates. 2246 (3282): 1–23.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  14. ^ Colbert, Edwin H. (1970). "The Triassic gliding reptile Icarosaurus" (pdf). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 143 (2): 1–142.
  15. ^ a b Pritchard, Adam C.; Turner, Alan H.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Smith, Nathan D. (2015-03-04). "Late Triassic tanystropheids (Reptilia, Archosauromorpha) from northern New Mexico (Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation) and the biogeography, functional morphology, and evolution of Tanystropheidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (2: e911186): 1–20. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.911186. ISSN 0272-4634 – via JSTOR.
  16. ^ a b c Colbert, Edwin H. (10 September 1965). "A Phytosaur from North Bergen, New Jersey" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 2230: 1–25.
  17. ^ a b Malenda, H. Fitzgerald; Simpson, Edward L.; Szajna, Michael J.; Fillmore, David L.; Hartline, Brian W.; Heness, Elizabeth A.; Kraal, Erin R.; Wilk, Jewels L. (2012-01-01). "Taphonomy of lacustrine shoreline fish-part conglomerates in the Late Triassic age Lockatong Formation (Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA): Toward the recognition of catastrophic fish kills in the rock record". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 313–314: 234–245. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.11.022. ISSN 0031-0182.
  18. ^ a b c d e Olsen, Paul E. (1980). "Triassic and Jurassic Formations of the Newark Basin" (PDF). In Manspeizer, Warren (ed.). Field Studies in New Jersey Geology and Guide to Field Trips, 52nd Annual Meeting of the New York State Geological Association. Newark: Newark College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University. pp. 1–39.
  19. ^ Olsen, Paul E.; Johansson, Annika K. (1994). "Field Guide to Late Triassic tetrapod sites in Virginia and North Carolina". In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 408–430. ISBN 9780521458993. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Schein, Jason P.; Parris, David C.; Pellegrini, Rodrigo (2010). "A complete and articulated Tanytrachelos ahynis (Reptilia: Protorosauroidea) from the Late Triassic Lockatong Formation of northern New Jersey, U.S.A." {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ^ a b Bryant, William L. (May 1934). "New Fishes from the Triassic of Pennsylvania". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 73 (5): 319–326 – via JSTOR.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g Olsen, Paul Eric; McCune, Amy Reed; Thomson, Keith Stewart (January 1982). "Correlation of the early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup by vertebrates, principally fishes" (PDF). American Journal of Science. 282 (1): 1–44. doi:10.2475/ajs.282.1.1.
  23. ^ Rizzo, Charles A. (May 1999). "A large coelacanth, c.f. Diplurus (Pariostegus) longidentatus, from the Late Triassic Lockatong Formation, Granton Quarry, North Bergen, New Jersey". The Mosasaur. 6: 85–90.
  24. ^ a b c d Schaeffer, Bob (17 April 1952). "The Triassic coelacanth fish Diplurus, with observations on the evolution of the Coelacanthini". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 99 (2): 25–78.
  25. ^ Rizzo, Charles A. (May 1999). "Evidence for live birth in the Triassic coelacanth Diplurus (Osteopleurus) newarki". The Mosasaur. 6: 91–95.
  26. ^ Schaefer, Bobb (16 May 1941). "A revision of Coelacanthus newarki and notes on the evolution of the girdles and basal plates of the median fins in the Coelacanthini" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 1110: 1–17.
  27. ^ a b c d e Olsen, Paul E. (1988). "Paleontology and paleoecology of the Newark Supergroup (early Mesozoic, eastern North America)" (PDF). In Manspeizer, W. (ed.). Triassic-Jurassic Rifting and the Opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 185–230.
  28. ^ a b Bock, Wilhelm (1959). "The Edison fault and the paleontology of some Lockatong beds". Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. 33: 156–161 – via JSTOR.
  29. ^ Cloutier, Richard; Forey, Peter L. (September 1991). "Diversity of extinct and living actinistian fishes (Sarcopterygii)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 32 (1991): 59–74. doi:10.1007/BF00007445.
  30. ^ McCune, Amy Reed (1987-10-01). "Lakes as laboratories of evolution; endemic fishes and environmental cyclicity". PALAIOS. 2 (5): 446–454. doi:10.2307/3514616. ISSN 0883-1351 – via JSTOR.
  31. ^ a b Schaeffer, Bobb; Mangus, Marlyn (1970-01-01). "Synorichthys sp. (palaeonisciformes) and the Chinle-Dockum and Newark (upper Triassic) fish faunas". Journal of Paleontology. 44 (1): 17–22. ISSN 0022-3360 – via JSTOR.
  32. ^ Schaeffer, Bobb (August 1952). "The Palaeoniscoid fish Turseodus from the Upper Triassic Newark Group" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 1581: 1–24.
  33. ^ a b Bock, Wilhelm (May 1952). "Triassic Reptilian Tracks and Trends of Locomotive Evolution: With Remarks on Correlation". Journal of Paleontology. 26 (3): 395–433 – via JSTOR.
  34. ^ a b c Baird, Donald (November 1957). "Triassic reptile footprint faunules from Milford, New Jersey". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 117 (5): 449–520.
  35. ^ a b c d e Fillmore, David; Szajna, Michael; Lucas, Spencer; Hartline, Brian; Simpson, Edward (2017). "Ichnology of a Late Triassic lake margin: The Lockatong Formation, Newark Basin, Pennsylvania". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 76: 1–107.
  36. ^ Lucas, S.G.; Heckert, A.B. (2011). "Late Triassic aetosaurs as the trackmaker of the tetrapod footprint ichnotaxon Brachychirotherium". Ichnos. 18 (4): 197–208. doi:10.1080/10420940.2011.632456.
  37. ^ a b c Baird, Donald (1986). "Some Upper Triassic reptiles, footprints, and an amphibian from New Jersey". The Mosasaur. 3: 125–183.
  38. ^ Spaemer, Earl E. (15 February 1995). "The Surviving Component of the Wilhelm Bock Collection of Fossils (Invertebrates, Vertebrates, and Plants) Held at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia". Notulae Naturae. 473: 1–16.
  39. ^ Baird, Donald (January 1964). "Dockum (Late Triassic) Reptile Footprints from New Mexico". Journal of Paleontology. 38 (1): 118–125 – via JSTOR.
  40. ^ Ryan, J. Donald; Willard, Bradford (1947). "Triassic footprints from Bucks County, Pennsylvania". Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. 21: 91–93 – via JSTOR.
  41. ^ Berg, T.M., et al., (1983). Stratigraphic Correlation Chart of Pennsylvania: G75, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
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