Fadl ibn Muhammad
| Fadl ibn Muhammad | |
|---|---|
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| Reign | 985–1031 |
| Predecessor | Marzuban ibn Muhammad |
| Successor | Abu'l-Fath Musa |
| Died | 1031 |
| House | Shaddadids |
Al-Fadhl ibn Muhammad al-Shaddadi (also al-Fadl ibn Muhammad, Fadl ibn Muhammad, Fadlun ibn Muhammad, Fadhlun ibn Muhammad, or Fadl I was the Shaddadid emir of Arran from 985 to 1031. Of Kurdish origin, al-Fadhl was called "Fadhlun the Kurd" by ibn al-Athir and other Arabic historians. Al-Fadhl was the first Shaddadid emir to issue coinage, locating his mint first at Partav (Barda'a) and was later transferred to Ganja.[2]
Al-Fadhl built a bridge across the Araxes with the intent to raid the Rawadids, and led an expedition against the Khazars around 1030.[3] The Khazars reportedly killed 10,000 of his soldiers. Since the Khazar Khaganate had been destroyed in 969, it is unclear whether these Khazars were from a successor state or kingdom located in the Caucasus, were subjects of a Kipchak or Pecheneg ruler, or whether ibn al-Athir was mistaken or was using "Khazars" as a generic term for steppe people.
In 993, the army of Fadl I captured Barda and Beylagan.[4] During his reign, there were clashes with the Georgian kings, the Byzantines (1037-1038), the Alans and the Rus.[5] Friendly relations were maintained with the Rawadids, the Shirvanshahs, and the Emirate of Tbilisi.[6]
According to Ibn al-Athir, Fadl I launched a campaign against the Khazars in 1030.[7]
Al-Fadhl died in 1031 and was succeeded by his son Abu'l-Fath Musa.
References
- ^ "Copper alloy fals of Fadl b. Muhammad Shaddadi, Janza, xxx H. 0000.999.7486". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.
- ^ "Shaddadids". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, "Shaddadids", The Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol.IX, Ed. C.E.Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P.Heinrichs and G.Lecomte, (Brill, 1997), 169.
- ^ "Welcome to Heydar Aliyevs Heritage Research Center". lib.aliyev-heritage.org. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^ "Ganja". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^ "ИСТОРИЯ ШИРВАНА И ДЕРБЕНДА->ВВЕДЕНИЕ". www.vostlit.info. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^ "Государство Шеддадидов - Азербайджан". www.azerbaijans.com. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
Sources
- C.E Bosworth. "Arran". Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Douglas M. Dunlop. The History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
- Minorsky, Vladimir (1977) [1953]. Studies in Caucasian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05735-3.
- Peacock, Andrew (2011). "SHADDADIDS". Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition.