DIRAS1
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| Aliases | DIRAS1, Di-Ras1, GBTS1, RIG, DIRAS family GTPase 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 607862; MGI: 2183442; HomoloGene: 64823; GeneCards: DIRAS1; OMA:DIRAS1 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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GTP-binding protein Di-Ras1 (DIRAS1) also known as Ras-related inhibitor of cell growth (RIG) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIRAS1 gene and is located on the chromosome band 10p13.3.[5] This gene is a member of the Ras superfamily and is highly expressed in heart and brain tissue.[6] DIRAS1 varies from other members of the Ras superfamily due to amino acid substitution in the RAF kinase and Ha-RAS, critical for GTP hydrolysis.[7] Due to these substitution, DIRAS1 has a low level of GTPase activity and exists as the GTP-bound form leading to the hypothesis that DIRAS1 may regulate cell development in a different manner than other members of the Ras superfamily.[7]
DIRAS1 is linked to human glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and ovarian cancer.[5] The DIRAS1 gene includes two exons with a 597 bp protein-coding region.[6] The DIRAS1 protein is a GTPase belonging to the Ras superfamily and shares 40–50% homology with Ras and Rap.[8] DIRAS1 differs from the more well-researched DIRAS3 in the length of its N-terminal extensions.[8]
Structure and function
[edit]While RIG is structurally similar to other GTPase proteins, its function is remarkably different from Ras. Ras is an oncogenic protein involved in cellular proliferation and signal transduction, and while the Ras superfamily generally consists of positive growth regulators, RIG is a tumor-suppressor gene. In contrast to Ras, RIG works as an inhibitor for cell growth, thus functioning as a negative growth regulator. RIG has also been shown to have less GTPase activity than most Ras proteins even though the proteins share a very similar structure.[6]
The underlying cause for these dramatic differences in function is thought to be structural variations between RIG and the Ras superfamily. The negative growth regulation exhibited by RIG is most likely due to the unique length of its N-terminus extension. This sequence is not generally found in the Ras superfamily, most of which show no inhibitory activity towards cell growth and even act as positive growth regulators. The shorter 4 Amino Acid N-terminus of DIRAS1 and DIRAS 2 lacking the leucine-rich, hydrophobic domain may account for the variation in autophagy mechanisms between DIRAS1, DIRAS2 and DIRAS3.[8]
Role in cancer
[edit]DIRAS1 is believed to be a tumor suppressor in several human malignant tumors.[9] DIRAS1, along with DIRAS2, is associated with overall and progression-free survival.[8] Re-expression of the DIRAS1 gene induces and regulates autophagy by inhibiting the AKT1-MTOR and RAS-MAPK signaling pathway and modulating nuclear localization of the autophagy-related transcription factors FOXO3/FOXO3A and TFEB, suggesting that DIRAS1, along with DIRAS2, may behave as a surrogates in the murine genome for DIRAS3, and may function as a backup system for autophagy in humans.[8] The DIRAS3 gene has been lost from the murine genome by telomeric chromosomal rearrangement.[8]
In ovarian cancer cells, the re-expression of the DIRAS1 gene was found to inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro.[8] Additionally, short-term cell viability was also significantly decreased as determined by sulforhodamine B colorimetric staining.[8] While it was not found that DIRAS1 primarily inhibits cell growth through the mechanisms of apoptosis or cell cycle arrest, the autophagy pathway is essential for DIRAS1-induced growth inhibition.[8]
The expression of DIRAS1 in Osteosarcoma cells was analyzed using the Western blot technique and was regulated by the METTL3 and METTL14 protein coding genes.[10] While it is well known that the ERK and AKT signaling pathways are important in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of osteosarcoma, the DIRAS1 protein regulates the Akt/PKB signaling pathway in osteosarcoma cells.[10] The ERK pathway is important for the development of cells, and the overactivation of the ERK pathway results in the development and progression of cancer.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000176490 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000043670 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b Rothhammer-Hampl T, Liesenberg F, Hansen N, Hoja S, Delic S, Reifenberger G, et al. (October 2021). "Frequent Epigenetic Inactivation of DIRAS-1 and DIRAS-2 Contributes to Chemo-Resistance in Gliomas". Cancers. 13 (20): 5113. doi:10.3390/cancers13205113. PMC 8534260. PMID 34680261.
- ^ a b c "Human Gene DIRAS1 (ENST00000323469.5) from GENCODE V44".
- ^ a b "Di-Ras, a Distinct Subgroup of Ras Family GTPases with Unique Biochemical Properties*". Archived from the original on 2024-04-21. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Noman MZ, Berchem G, Janji B (Mar 2018). "Targeting autophagy blocks melanoma growth by bringing natural killer cells to the tumor battlefield". Autophagy. 14 (4): 730–732. doi:10.1080/15548627.2018.1427398. PMC 5959322. PMID 29368981.
- ^ Liu H, Shu W, Liu T, Li Q, Gong M (June 2022). "Analysis of the function and mechanism of DIRAS1 in osteosarcoma". Tissue & Cell. 76: 101794. doi:10.1016/j.tice.2022.101794. PMID 35413492.
- ^ a b Liu H, Shu W, Liu T, Li Q, Gong M (2022). "Analysis of the function and mechanism of DIRAS1 in osteosarcoma". Tissue and Cell. 76. doi:10.1016/j.tice.2022.101794. PMID 35413492. Archived from the original on 2024-04-21. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
- ^ Guo Y, Pan W, Liu S, Shen, Z, Xu Y, et al. (January 2020). "ERK/MAPK signalling pathway and tumorigenesis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 19 (3): 1997–2007. doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8454. PMC 7027163. PMID 32104259.
Further reading
[edit]- Ellis CA, Vos MD, Howell H, Vallecorsa T, Fults DW, Clark GJ (July 2002). "Rig is a novel Ras-related protein and potential neural tumor suppressor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (15): 9876–9881. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.9876E. doi:10.1073/pnas.142193799. PMC 125049. PMID 12107278.
- Bouras E, Karakioulaki M, Bougioukas KI, Aivaliotis M, Tzimagiorgis G, Chourdakis M (August 2019). "Gene promoter methylation and cancer: An umbrella review". Gene. 710: 333–340. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2019.06.023. PMID 31202904.
- Zheng R, Gao D, He T, Zhang M, Zhang X, Linghu E, et al. (2017). "Methylation of DIRAS1 promotes colorectal cancer progression and may serve as a marker for poor prognosis". Clinical Epigenetics. 9: 50. doi:10.1186/s13148-017-0348-0. PMC 5424295. PMID 28491151.