London Conference of 1912–1913

London Conference of 1912–1913
	Representatives of the Balkan states
Date	September 1912 – August 1913
Location	London, United Kingdom
Also known as	London Peace Conference
Type	Conference
Motive	To arbitrate between the warring powers as to territorial acquisitions, and also to determine the future of Albania
Participants	Austria-Hungary; France; Germany; United Kingdom; Italy; Russia;
Outcome	Established the Principality of Albania

The London Conference of 1912–1913, also known as the London Peace Conference or the Conference of the Ambassadors, was an international summit of the six Great Powers of that time (Austria-Hungary, France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and Russia) convened in December 1912 due to the successes of the Balkan League armies against the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War. In particular, the conference intended to arbitrate between the warring powers as to territorial acquisitions, and also to determine the future of Albania, whose independence was proclaimed during the conflict.

History

An armistice to end the First Balkan War had been signed on 3 December 1912. The London Peace Conference was attended by delegates from the Balkan allies (including Greece) who had not signed the previous armistice, as well as the Ottoman Empire.

The Conference started in September 1912 at the St James's Palace under the chairmanship of Sir Edward Grey.^[1] Further sessions of the conference began on 16 December 1912, but ended on 23 January 1913, when the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte) took place.^[2] Coup leader Enver Pasha withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the Conference.

On 30 May 1913, without the Ottoman Empire being present, the conference signed the Treaty of London (1913), an agreement under which Ottoman Empire would give up all territory west of the Enos-Midia line. After much discussion, the Ambassadors reached a formal decision on 29 July 1913, to establish the Principality of Albania as a sovereign state independent of the Ottoman Empire.^[3]

As a result of the decisions taken and because of pressures from Greece and Serbia, half of the territory claimed by the newly established Albanian state, and between 30%^[4] and 40% of the total Albanian population, was left out of the newly established Principality of Albania; in particular the Albanian-inhabited region of Kosovo Vilayet was given to Serbia and much of southern Chameria to Greece.^[5] Concerning the Greco-Albanian frontier, the only time the Great Powers intervened, was when Austria-Hungary and Italy forbid a Greek occupation of Vlorë, after the Greek navy had shelled the town on 3 December; as a result no Great Power opposed the cession of Ioannina to Greece (as long as they could take it).^[6]

A special boundary commission was sent to delineate the Greek-Albanian border. However, being unable to delineate the area on an ethnographic basis, it fell back upon economic, strategic and geographical arguments, which resulted in the decision of the London Conference to cede most of the disputed area to Albania. This turn of event catalyzed an uprising among the local Greek population, who declared the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus.^[7]

The situation of the Aromanians was also discussed. The Aromanians are a small ethnic group scattered throughout the Balkans. In the London Conference, it was proposed that all the lands inhabited by Aromanians, such as the Pindus and its area around, be granted to the new Albanian state to protect them from Greek and Serbian (as Serbia had annexed Vardar Macedonia) assimilatory policies. Such proposals were supported by the Kingdom of Romania. On the simultaneous Albanian Congress of Trieste, the Aromanians also demanded regional autonomy within Albania, but this was rejected as the Aromanians within the new fixed borders of Albania, excluding expansion proposals, did not live in compact areas. In the end, the Aromanians were neither annexed to Albania nor were they given autonomy.^[8]

Rival territorial claims and proposals during the Conference
Map with the final territorial modifications; published in the Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars, 1914

References

^ Michael Graham Fry; Erik Goldstein; Richard Langhorne (1 March 200). Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8264-7301-1. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
^ "The Treaty of London, 1913". Archived from the original on 1997-05-01. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
^ Elsie, Robert. "The Conference of London". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
^ Elsie, Robert (2010), "Independent Albania (1912—1944)", Historical dictionary of Albania, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, p. lix, ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3, OCLC 454375231, retrieved 4 February 2012, ... about 30 percent of the Albanian population were excluded from the new state
^ Bugajski, Janusz (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. M. E. Sharpe. p. 675. ISBN 978-1-56324-676-0. Retrieved 29 May 2012. But because of strong pressures from Albania's neighbors, the Great Powers gave the Albanian-inhabited region of Kosova to Serbia and much of the southern Çamëria region to Greece. Roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40% of the population were left outside the new country's borders.
^ Hall, Richard C. (2002). The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. pp. 72–74. ISBN 9781134583638. The Austrian-Hungarians, however, were not overly concerned about the southern frontiers of Albania. Since they had no conflict with Greece, they were not so vigilant about the future Greco-Albanian frontier. The only time the Austrians and Italians bestirred themselves about the southern frontier of Albania was to forbid a Greek occupation of Vlorë after the Greek navy had shelled the town on 3 December. The Greeks had no Great Power opponent and no Great Power patron to press their interests in southern Albania. The Greek navy imposed a blockade on the Albanian coast, isolating the Albanian Provisional Government in Vlore. As a result, no Great Power made any serious effort in London to deny Janina to the Greeks so long as they could take it.
^ Draper, Stark. "The conceptualization of an Albanian nation" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. Volume 20, Number 1. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
^ Meta, Beqir (2009). "Pakica etno-kulturore vllehe në vitet 1912-1920". Studime Historike (in Albanian) (1–2): 57–76.

[FryGoldstein2004-1] Michael Graham Fry; Erik Goldstein; Richard Langhorne (1 March 200). Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-8264-7301-1. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

[2] "The Treaty of London, 1913". Archived from the original on 1997-05-01. Retrieved 2008-01-14.

[3] Elsie, Robert. "The Conference of London". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2012.

[4] Elsie, Robert (2010), "Independent Albania (1912—1944)", Historical dictionary of Albania, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, p. lix, ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3, OCLC 454375231, retrieved 4 February 2012, ... about 30 percent of the Albanian population were excluded from the new state

[Bugajski2002-5] Bugajski, Janusz (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. M. E. Sharpe. p. 675. ISBN 978-1-56324-676-0. Retrieved 29 May 2012. But because of strong pressures from Albania's neighbors, the Great Powers gave the Albanian-inhabited region of Kosova to Serbia and much of the southern Çamëria region to Greece. Roughly half of the predominantly Albanian territories and 40% of the population were left outside the new country's borders.

[:0-6] Hall, Richard C. (2002). The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. pp. 72–74. ISBN 9781134583638. The Austrian-Hungarians, however, were not overly concerned about the southern frontiers of Albania. Since they had no conflict with Greece, they were not so vigilant about the future Greco-Albanian frontier. The only time the Austrians and Italians bestirred themselves about the southern frontier of Albania was to forbid a Greek occupation of Vlorë after the Greek navy had shelled the town on 3 December. The Greeks had no Great Power opponent and no Great Power patron to press their interests in southern Albania. The Greek navy imposed a blockade on the Albanian coast, isolating the Albanian Provisional Government in Vlore. As a result, no Great Power made any serious effort in London to deny Janina to the Greeks so long as they could take it.

[7] Draper, Stark. "The conceptualization of an Albanian nation" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. Volume 20, Number 1. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.

[8] Meta, Beqir (2009). "Pakica etno-kulturore vllehe në vitet 1912-1920". Studime Historike (in Albanian) (1–2): 57–76.

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v t e Balkan Wars
Background	Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire Albanian Bulgarian Greek Serbian Congress of Berlin Annexation of Eastern Rumelia Serbo-Bulgarian War Greco-Turkish War of 1897 Cretan State IMRO & Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising Macedonian Struggle Young Turk Revolution Bosnian Crisis Bulgarian Independence 31 March Incident Goudi coup Italo-Turkish War Albanian revolt of 1912 Balkan League
First Balkan War
Battles	Sarantaporo Kardzhali Pente Pigadia Sorovich Kumanovo Kirk Kilisse Scutari Lule Burgas Yenidje Adrianople Prilep Himara Monastir First Çatalca Kaliakra Merhamli Driskos Elli Korytsa Lemnos Bulair Şarköy Bizani Second Çatalca
Diplomacy and politics	London Conference Albanian Independence 1913 Ottoman coup d'état Treaty of London
Second Balkan War
Battles	Kilkis–Lachanas Doiran Bregalnica Knjaževac Kalimanci Kresna Gorge Southern Dobruja Romanian landings in Bulgaria Vidin Pirot
Diplomacy and politics	Greek–Serbian Alliance Provisional Government of Western Thrace Treaty of Bucharest Treaty of Constantinople Treaty of Athens
Other	1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
General
Aftermath	Autonomy of Northern Epirus Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 Sarajevo Assassination and World War I Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance Balkans campaign of WWI Serbian campaign Macedonian front
Atrocities	Carnegie Commission Massacres of Albanians Bulgarians deportation program Massacres of Civilians Initial phase of the Greek genocide Places burned down
Participants	Bulgaria Ferdinand I Ivan Geshov Stoyan Danev Mihail Savov Ivan Fichev Vasil Kutinchev Nikola Ivanov Radko Dimitriev Stiliyan Kovachev Georgi Todorov Greece George I Constantine I Eleftherios Venizelos Panagiotis Danglis Pavlos Kountouriotis Konstantinos Sapountzakis Viktor Dousmanis Montenegro Nicholas I Crown Prince Danilo Janko Vukotić Ottoman Empire Mehmed V Nazim Pasha Zeki Pasha Esad Pasha Kölemen Abdullah Pasha Ali Rıza Pasha Hasan Tahsin Pasha Enver Bey Ahmed Izzet Pasha Romania Carol I Crown Prince Ferdinand Alexandru Averescu Serbia Peter I Crown Prince Alexander Radomir Putnik Petar Bojović Stepa Stepanović Božidar Janković Other Balkan states: Albania (Ismail Kemal)
Category

History

See also

References