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'{{for|non-aviation applications|Head-mounted display}} {{Refimprove|date=November 2008}} {|{{Infobox aircraft begin |name = Helmet-mounted display |image = Integrated Helmet Display Sight System.jpg |caption = The Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System (IHADSS) }} |} A '''helmet-mounted display''' ('''HMD''') is a device used in some modern aircraft, especially combat aircraft. HMDs project information similar to that of [[head-up display]]s (HUD) on an aircrew's visor or reticle, thereby allowing them to obtain [[situation awareness]] and/or [[Targeting (warfare)|cue weapons systems]] to the direction his head is pointing. Applications which allow cuing of weapon systems are referred to as helmet-mounted sight and display (HMSD) or helmet-mounted sights (HMS). These devices were created first by South Africa, then the Soviet Union and followed by the United States. ==Requirement== Aviation HMD designs serve these purposes: *using the head angle as a pointer to direct air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons seekers or other sensors (e.g., [[radar]], [[FLIR]]) to a target merely by pointing his head at the target and actuating a switch via [[HOTAS]] controls. In close combat prior to HMDs, the pilot had to align the aircraft to shoot at a target. HMDs allow the pilot to simply point his head at a target, designate it to weapon and shoot. *displaying targeting and aircraft performance information (such as [[airspeed]], [[altitude]], target range, weapon seeker status, [[G-force|"g"]], etc.) to the pilot while "heads-up", eliminating the need to look inside the flightdeck. *displaying sensor video for the purpose of: **verification that the chosen sensor has been cued to the right target or location without requiring the pilot to look inside the flightdeck **viewing outside terrain using sensor video in degraded visual conditions. HMD systems, combined with High Off-[[Boresight (firearm)|Boresight]] (HOBS) weapons, results in the ability for aircrew to attack and destroy nearly any target seen by the pilot. These systems allow targets to be designated with minimal aircraft maneuvering, minimizing the time spent in the threat environment, and allowing greater lethality, survivability, and pilot [[situational awareness]]. ==History== The first aircraft with simple HMD devices appeared for experimental purpose in the mid-1970s to aid in targeting [[Infrared homing|heat seeking missiles]]. These rudimentary devices were better described as Helmet-Mounted Sights. [[Dassault Mirage F1#Mirage F1AZ and F1CZ|Mirage F1AZ]] of the SAAF ([[South African Air Force]]) used a locally developed helmet-mounted sight. This enables the pilot to make bore attacks, without having to maneuver to the optimum firing position. South Africa subsequently emerged as one of the pioneers and leaders in helmet-mounted sight technology. The SAAF was also the first air force to fly the helmet sight operationally. The [[US Navy]]'s Visual Target Acquisition System (VTAS), made by [[Honeywell]] Corporation was a simple mechanical "ring and bead"–style sight fitted to the front of the pilot's helmet that was flown in the 1974–78 [[ACEVAL/AIMVAL]] on U.S. [[F-14]] and [[F-15 Eagle|F-15]] fighters VTAS received praise for its effectiveness in targeting off-boresight missiles, but the U.S. did not pursue fielding it except for integration into late-model Navy [[F-4 Phantom II|F-4 Phantom]]s equipped with the [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.best-of-flightgear.dk/vtas.htm |title=VTAS helmet |publisher=Best-of-flightgear.dk |date= |accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref> HMDs were also introduced in [[Military helicopter|helicopter]]s during this time. The first operational [[jet fighters]] with HMD ([[Mirage F1AZ]]) were fielded by the [[South African Air Force]]. After the South African system had been proven in combat, playing a role in downing Soviet aircraft over Angola, the Soviets embarked on a crash program to counter the technology. As a result, the [[MiG-29]] was fielded in 1985 with an HMD and a high off-boresight weapon ([[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]), giving them an advantage in close in maneuvering engagements. Several nations responded with programs to counter the MiG-29/HMD/R-73 (and later [[Su-27]]) combination once its effectiveness was known, principally through access to former East German MiG-29s that were operated by the unified German Air Force. The first successful HMD was the [[Israeli Air Force]] Elbit DASH series, fielded in conjunction with the [[Python 4]], in the early 1990s. American and European fighter HMDs lagged behind, not becoming widely used until the late 1990s and early 2000s. The U.S.-UK-Germany responded initially with a combined [[ASRAAM]] effort. Technical difficulties led to the U.S. abandoning ASRAAM, instead funding development of the [[AIM-9X]] and the Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System in 1990. ==Technology== While conceptually simple, implementation of aircraft HMDs is quite complex. There are many variables:<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book | url=http://www.usaarl.army.mil/publications/HMD_Book09/ | title=Helmet Mounted Displays: Sensation, Perception and Cognitive Issues | publisher=U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory | year=2009 | isbn=978-0615283753 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303125916/http://www.usaarl.army.mil/publications/HMD_Book09/ | archivedate=March 3, 2012}}</ref> *precision – the angular error between the line-of-sight and the derived cue. The position of the ''helmet'' is what is used to point the missile, it thus must be calibrated and fit securely on the pilot's head. The line between the pilot's eye and the [[reticle]] on the visor is known as the [[Sightline|line of sight]] (LOS) between the aircraft and the intended target. The user's eye must stay aligned with the sight – in other words, current HMDs cannot sense where the eye is looking, but can place a "[[pipper]]" between the eye and the target. *latency or slew rate – how much lag there is between the helmet and the cue. *field of regard – the angular range over which the sight can still produce a suitably accurate measurement. *weight and balance – total helmet weight and its [[center of gravity]], which are particularly important under high "''g''" maneuvers. Weight is the largest problem faced by fighter aircraft HMD designers. This is much less a concern for helicopter applications, making elaborate helicopter HMDs common. *safety and flightdeck compatibility, including [[ejection seat]] compatibility. *optical characteristics – calibration, sharpness, distant focus (or '[[Collimation]]', a technique used to present the images at a distant focus, which improves the readability of images), [[monocular]] vs. [[binocular vision|binocular]] imagery, eye dominance, and binocular rivalry. *durability and ability to handle day to day wear and tear. *cost, including integration and training. *fit and interfacing the aviator's head to the aircraft – head [[anthropometry]] and facial [[anatomy]] make helmet fitting a crucial factor in the aviator's ability to interface with the aircraft systems. Misalignment or helmet shift can cause an inaccurate picture. ===Head position sensing=== HMD designs must sense the elevation, azimuth and tilt of the pilot's head relative to the airframe with sufficient precision even under high "''g''" and during rapid head movement. Three basic methods are used in current HMD technology – optical, electromagnetic and sonic.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> ====Hybrid inertial optical tracking==== Hybrid inertial tracking systems employs a sensitive [[Inertial Measurement Unit]] (IMU) and an optical sensor to provide reference to the aircraft. The optical sensor also constrains IMU drift. Hybrid trackers feature low latency and high accuracy. The *[http://www.thalesvisionix.com Thales Visionix] Scorpion HMCS utilizes a tracker called the Hybrid Optical-based Inertial Tracker (HObIT). ====Optical tracking==== [[Optical]] systems employ [[infrared]] emitters on the helmet (or [[flightdeck]]) infrared detectors in the flightdeck (or helmet), to measure the pilot's head position. The main limitations are restricted fields of regard and sensitivity to sunlight or other heat sources. The MiG-29/AA-11 Archer system uses this technology.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The Cobra HMD as used on both the Eurofighter Typhoon<ref>{{cite news|title=Denel Optronics Head-Tracker System for Eurofighter Typhoon|url=http://www.defencetalk.com/denel-optronics-head-tracker-system-for-eurofighter-typhoon-12206/|accessdate=12 July 2011|newspaper=Defence Talk|date=4 June 2007}}</ref> and the JAS39 Gripen <ref>{{cite news|title=FIRST GRIPEN FLIGHT WITH HELMET MOUNTED DISPLAY|url=http://www.saabgroup.com/en/about-saab/newsroom/press-releases--news/2001---2/first-gripen-flight-with-helmet-mounted-display/|accessdate=12 July 2011|newspaper=Saab}}</ref> both employ the optical helmet tracker developed by Denel Optronics (now part of Zeiss Optronics<ref>{{cite news|title=Denel, Zeiss in optical partnership|url=http://www.southafrica.info/business/investing/denel-150307.htm|accessdate=12 July 2011|date=27 March 2007}}</ref> ). ====Electromagnetic tracking==== [[Electromagnetic radiation|Electromagnetic]] sensing designs use coils (in the helmet) placed in an alternating field (generated in the flightdeck) to produce alternating electrical [[voltage]]s based on the movement of the helmet in multiple axes. This technique requires precise magnetic mapping of the flightdeck to account for [[ferrous]] and [[conductive]] materials in the seat, flightdeck sills and canopy to reduce angular errors in the measurement.<ref name="Air Power Australia">{{cite web|author=Air Power Australia |url=http://www.ausairpower.net/hmd-technology.html |title=Helmet Mounted Sights and Displays |publisher=Ausairpower.net |date= |accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref> ====Sonic tracking==== [[Acoustic sensing|Acoustic]] sensing designs use ultrasonic sensors to monitor the pilot's head position while being updated by computer software in multiple axes. Typical operating frequencies are in the 50 to 100 [[Hertz|kHz]] range and can be made to carry audio sound information directly to the pilot's ears via subcarrier modulation of the sensong ultrasonic sensing signals.<ref name="Air Power Australia"/> ===Optics=== Older HMDs typically employ a compact [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]] embedded in the helmet, and suitable [[optics]] to display symbology on to the pilot's visor or reticle, focused at [[infinity]]. Modern HMDs have dispensed with the CRT in favor of micro-displays such as [[Liquid crystal on silicon|liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)]] or [[Liquid crystal display|liquid crystal display (LCD)]] along with a LED illuminator to generate the displayed image. Advanced HMDs can also project FLIR or [[Night vision device|NVG]] imagery. A recent improvement is the capability to display color symbols and video. ==Major systems== Systems are presented in rough chronological order of [[initial operating capability]]. ===Integrated Helmet And Display Sight System (IHADSS)=== [[File:Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System.jpg|thumb|IHADSS]] In 1985,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usaarl.army.mil/TechReports/88-13.PDF | title=The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design | publisher=United States Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory | date=August 1988 | accessdate=August 17, 2016 | author=Sensory Research Division}}</ref> the [[U.S. Army]] fielded the [[AH-64 Apache]] and with it the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS), a new helmet concept in which the role of the helmet was expanded to provide a visually coupled interface between the aviator and the aircraft. The [[Honeywell]] M142 IHADSS is fitted with a 40° by 30° field of view, video-with-symbology monocular display. IR emitters allow a slewable [[thermographic camera]] sensor, mounted on the nose of the aircraft, to be slaved to the aviator's head movements. The display also enables [[Nap-of-the-earth]] night navigation. IHADSS is also used on the Italian [[Agusta A129 Mangusta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA202984 |title=The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design |publisher=Stinet.dtic.mil |date= |accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref> ===ZSh-5 / Shchel-3UM=== The Russian designed Shchel-3UM HMD design is fit to the ZSh-5 series helmet, and is used on the [[MiG-29]] and [[Su-27]] in conjunction with the [[R-73 (missile)]]. The HMD/Archer combination gave the MiG-29 and Su-27 a significantly improved close combat capability and quickly became the most widely deployed HMD in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=8672 |title=Fact Sheets : Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A : Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29A |publisher=Nationalmuseum.af.mil |date=1977-10-06 |accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sci.fi/~fta/MiG-29.htm |title=Fighter Aircraft, MiG-29/1 |publisher=Sci.fi |date= |accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref> ===Display and sight helmet (DASH)=== The [[Elbit Systems]] DASH III was the first modern Western HMD to achieve operational service. Development of the DASH began during the mid-1980s, when the IAF issued a requirement for F-15 and F-16 aircraft. The first design entered production around 1986, and the current GEN III helmet entered production during the early to mid-1990s. The current production variant is deployed on IDF F-15, and [[F-16]] aircraft. Additionally, it has been certified on the [[F/A-18]] and [[Northrop F-5|F-5]]. The DASH III has been exported and integrated into various legacy aircraft, including the [[MiG-21]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/mig21/ |title=MiG-21 2000 Fighter Ground Attack Air Force Technology |publisher=Airforce-technology.com |date=1995-05-24 |accessdate=2010-08-20}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}</ref> It also forms the baseline technology for the US JHMCS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vsi-hmcs.com/dash.htm |title=Vision Systems International - DASH |publisher=Vsi-hmcs.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref> The DASH GEN III is a wholly embedded design, where the complete optical and position sensing coil package is built within the helmet (either USAF standard HGU-55/P or the Israeli standard HGU-22/P) using a spherical visor to provide a collimated image to the pilot. A quick-disconnect wire powers the display and carries video drive signals to the helmet's [[Cathode Ray Tube]] (CRT). DASH is closely integrated with the aircraft's weapon system, via a [[MIL-STD-1553]]B bus. ===Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS)=== [[File:Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System.jpg|thumb|JHMCS]] After the U.S. withdrawal from [[ASRAAM]], the U.S. pursued and fielded JHMCS in conjunction with the [[Raytheon]] [[AIM-9X]], in November 2003 with the 12th and 19th Fighter Squadrons at [[Elmendorf AFB]], Alaska. The Navy conducted RDT&E on the [[F/A-18]]C as lead platform for JHMCS, but fielded it first on the [[F/A-18 Super Hornet]] E and F aircraft in 2003. The USAF is also integrating JHMCS into its F-15E, F-16, and F-22 aircraft. JHMCS is a derivative of the DASH III and the Kaiser Agile Eye HMDs, and was developed by Vision Systefffffffms International (VSI), a joint venture company formed by [[Rockwell Collins]] and [[Elbit]] (Kaiser Electronics is now owned by Rockwell Collins). [[Boeing]] integrated the system into the [[F/A-18]] and began low-rate initial production delivery in fiscal year 2002. JHMCS is employed in the [[F/A-18]]A++/C/D/E/F, F-15C/D/E, and [[F-16]] Block 40/50 with a design that is 95% common to all platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vsi-hmcs.com/jhmcs.htm |title=Vision Systems International - JHMCS |publisher=Vsi-hmcs.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref> Unlike the DASH, which is integrated into the helmet itself, JHMCS assemblies attach to modified HGU-55/P, HGU-56/P or HGU-68/P helmets. JHMCS employs a newer, faster digital processing package, but retains the same type of electromagnetic position sensing as the DASH. The CRT package is more capable, but remains limited to monochrome presentation of calligraphic symbology. JHMCS provides support for raster scanned imagery to display FLIR/[[IRST]] pictures for night operations and provides collimated symbology and imagery to the pilot. The integration of the night-vision goggles with the JHMCS was a key requirement of the program. When combined with the AIM-9X, an advanced short-range dogfight weapon that employs a Focal Plane Array seeker and a thrust vectoring tail control package, JHMCS allows effective target designation up to 80 degrees either side of the aircraft's nose. In March 2009, a successfully 'Lock on After Launch' firing of an ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the ‘shooter' aircraft, was demonstrated by a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) F/A-18 using JHMCS.<ref>{{cite news |first=Your|last=Industry News|title=RAAF has successfully fired ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the ‘shooter' aircraft|url=http://www.yourindustrynews.com/raaf+has+successfully+fired+asraam+at+a+target+located+behind+the+wing-line+of+the+‘shooter'+aircraft_26109.html|work=Your Industry News |date=2009-03-09 |accessdate=2009-03-10}}</ref> ===Scorpion Helmet Mounted Cueing System (HMCS)=== [[File:HGU55P with Scorpion and Clear Day Visor 5.jpg|thumb|Scorpion HMCS mounted on a [[Fighter pilot helmet|HGU-55/P]] helmet with a clear visor]] [[Thales Group|Thales]] Introduced the Scorpion Helmet-Mounted Cueing System to the military aviation market in 2008. Scorpion was the winner of the Helmet Mounted Integrated Targeting (HMIT) program in 2010. Scorpion has the distinction of being the first color HMD introduced. It was developed for targeting pod, gimbaled sensor or high off-boresight missile cueing mission scenarios. Unlike most HMDs, which require custom helmets, Scorpion was designed to be installed on standard issue [[Fighter pilot helmet|HGU-55/P]] and HGU-68/P helmets and is fully compatible with standard issue U.S. Pilot Flight Equipment without special fitting. It is also fully compatible with standard unmodified AN/AVS-9 [[Night vision device|Night Vision Goggles]] (NVG) and [[Night vision device|Panoramic Night Vision Goggles]] (PNVG). Scorpion uses a novel optical system featuring a light-guide optical element (LOE) which provides a compact color collimated image to the pilot. This allows the display to be positioned between the pilot's eyes and NVGs. The display can be positioned as the pilot wishes. Sophisticated software correction accommodates the display position, providing an accurate image to the pilot and allowing the Scorpion HMCS to be installed onto a pilot's existing helmet with no special fitting. A visor can be deployed in front of the display providing protection during ejection. The visor can be clear, glare, high contrast, gradient, or laser protective. An NVG mount can be installed in place of the visor during flight. Once installed, NVGs can be placed in front of the display, thus allowing the pilot to view both the display symbols as well as the NVG image simultaneously. Scorpion has been deployed on the U.S. [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10C]] and [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Block 30]] and [[Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor|F-22]] aircraft. The first squadron to deploy into Afghanistan in early 2013 with the HMIT (Scorpion) system was the [[74th Fighter Squadron]]. The U.S. Army Common Helmet Mounted Display (CHMD) program was awarded to Raytheon in early 2013 and will implement a new display from Thales for the integration effort. CHMD is part of the [[Air Warrior (U.S. Army)|Air Warrior]] program. The [[Thales Group|Thales]] CHMD features an upgraded LOE display with a larger field of view than the HMIT version. CHMD is designed to mount to a standard HGU-56/P Rotary Wing helmet. ===Aselsan AVCI=== Aselsan of Turkey is working to develop a similar system to the French TopOwl Helmet, called the AVCI Helmet Integrated Cueing System. The system will also be utilized into the [[T-129]] Turkish Attack Helicopter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monch.com.tr/index.php?id=114&option=com_content&task=view |title=Monch Yayıncılık - AVCI |publisher=Monch.com.tr |date= |accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref> ===TopOwl-F(Topsight/TopNight)=== The French thrust vectoring [[Matra]] [[MICA (missile)]] for its [[Dassault Rafale]] and late-model [[Mirage 2000]] fighters was accompanied by the Topsight HMD by Sextant Avionique. TopSight provides a 20 degree FoV for the pilot's right eye, and calligraphic symbology generated from target and aircraft parameters. Electromagnetic position sensing is employed. The Topsight helmet uses an integral embedded design, and its contoured shape is designed to provide the pilot with a wholly unobstructed field of view. TopNight, a Topsight derivative, is designed specifically for adverse weather and night air to ground operations, employing more complex optics to project infrared imagery overlaid with symbology. The most recent version the Topsight has been designated TopOwl-F, and is qualified on the Mirage-2000-5 Mk2 and Mig-29K. ===Eurofighter Helmet-Mounted Symbology System=== [[File:Royal Air Force Typhoon Pilot's Helmet MOD 45158393.jpg|thumb|HMSS]] The [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] utilizes the Helmet-Mounted Symbology System (HMSS) developed by [[BAE Systems]] and [[Pilkington|Pilkington Optronics]]. It is capable of displaying both raster imagery and calligraphic symbology, with provisions for embedded [[Night vision device|NVG]]s. As with the DASH helmet, the system employs integrated position sensing to ensure that symbols representing outside-world entities move in line with the pilot's head movements. ===Helmet-Mounted Display System=== [[File:F-35 Helmet Mounted Display System.jpg|thumb|Helmet-Mounted Display System for the [[F-35 Lightning II]] Joint Strike Fighter]] Vision Systems International (VSI; the [[Elbit Systems]]/[[Rockwell Collins]] joint venture) along with Helmet Integrated Systems, Ltd. developed the Helmet-Mounted Display System (HMDS) for the [[F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] Joint Strike Fighter aircraft. In addition to standard HMD capabilities offered by other systems, HMDS fully utilizes the advanced avionics architecture of the F-35 and provides the pilot video with imagery in day or night conditions. Consequently, the F-35 is the first tactical fighter jet in 50 years to fly without a HUD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockwellcollins.com/news/page8813.html|title=VSI's Helmet Mounted Display System flies on Joint Strike Fighter|date=April 10, 2007|publisher=Rockwell Collins|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516192317/http://www.rockwellcollins.com/news/page8813.html|archivedate= May 16, 2007 |deadurl=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program |url=http://www.jsf.mil/f35/f35_technology.htm |title=> F-35 > Technology |publisher=JSF.mil |date= |accessdate=2010-08-20}}</ref> A BAE Systems helmet was considered when HMDS development was experiencing significant problems, but these issues were eventually worked out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_111910143534.html|title=Lockheed Martin Selects BAE Systems to Supply F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Helmet Display Solution|date=October 10, 2011|publisher= BAE Systems|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011210154/http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_111910143534.html|archivedate=October 11, 2011|deadurl=y }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program |url=http://www.dailytech.com/BAE+Systems+Lands+Contract+for+New+F35+JSF+Helmet/article23029.htm |title=> F-35 >}}</ref> The Helmet-Mounted Display System was fully operational and ready for delivery in July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/07/magic-helmet-for-f-35-ready-for-delivery|title=“Magic Helmet” for F-35 ready for delivery|publisher=Ars Technica|date=2014-07-24|author=SEAN GALLAGHER }}</ref> ===JedEyes TM=== JedEyes TM is a new system recently introduced by Elbit Systems especially to meet Apache and other rotary wing platform requirements. The system is designed for day, night and [[brownout (aviation)|brownout]] flight environments. JedEyes TM has a 70 x 40 degree FOV and 2250x1200 pixels resolution. ===Cobra=== Sweden's [[JAS 39 Gripen]] fighter utilizes the Cobra HMD, developed by [[BAE Systems]], Denel Optronics of South Africa, and [[Saab Group|Saab]]. It has been exported to the South African Air Force.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://saabgroup.com/sv/media/news-press/news/2003-06/saab--bae-systems-sign-agreement-for-new-integrated-helmet-mounted-display-system-for-gripen/ | title=Saab & BAE Systems sign agreement for new integrated Helmet Mounted Display System for Gripen | work=SAAB CORPORATE | date=June 17, 2003 | accessdate=August 17, 2016}}</ref> ==Future technology== * RCEVS is developing a standard view Night Vision Cueing & Display (NVCD) for the U.S. Navy. * Eye tracking – Eye trackers measure the point of gaze relative to the direction of the head, allowing a computer to sense where the user is looking. These systems are not currently used in aircraft. * Direct retinal projection – Systems that project information directly onto the wearer's [[retina]] with a low-powered [[laser]] ([[virtual retinal display]]) are also in experimentation.<ref>http://www.cs.nps.navy.mil/people/faculty/capps/4473/projects/fiambolis/vrd/vrd_full.html</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/26/technology/26HOWW.html | title=How It Works: Retinal Displays Add a Second Data Layer | work=The New York Times | date=April 26, 2001 | accessdate=August 17, 2016 | author=MATT LAKE}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Head-mounted display]] (HMD) * [[Head-up display]] (HUD) * [[Virtual reality]] (VR) * [[Virtual retinal display]] * [[VRML]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|title=Head Mounted Displays: Designing for the user|last1=Melzer|last2=Moffitt|lastauthoramp=y|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=1997}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Helmet mounted displays}} * [http://www.usaarl.army.mil/publications/HMD_Book09/ USAARL Helmet Mounted Displays- Sensation, Perception and Cognitive Issues] * [http://www.thalesvisionix.com/ Thales Visionix] * [http://www.vsi-hmcs.com/ Vision Systems International] * [http://www.sensics.com/files/documents/2008SurveyResults.pdf User survey of HMD requirements ] * [http://vresources.org/articles/vre_articles/analyhmd/analysis.htm Resolution analysis for HMD helmets / Comparison Chart] {{Mixed reality}} [[Category:Display technology]] [[Category:Eyewear]] [[Category:Military technology]] [[Category:Avionics]] [[Category:Equipment of the United States Air Force]] [[Category:Wearable computers]]'