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'{{Short description|Proposed independent city-state}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order | native_name = {{nativename|sq|Shteti Sovran i Urdhrit Bektashi}} | image_flag = <!-- Do NOT add a flag until one has been officially revealed --> | flag_caption = | image_coat = <!-- Do NOT add an emblem until one has been officially revealed --> | symbol_type = | image_map = <!-- Do NOT add a map until the borders have been officially defined --> | map_caption = | capital = Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order<br/>([[city-state]]) | coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q130340667||type:country:AL-11|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 0.11 | currency = <!-- Do NOT add a currency until one has been officially announced --> | status = Proposed | official_languages = [[Albanian language|Albanian]] | religion = [[Bektashi Order]] ([[state religion]]) | demonym = Bektashi | government_type = <!-- Do NOT add a government type until one has been officially revealed --> | leader_title1 = [[Bektashi Dedebabate|Dedebaba]] | leader_name1 = [[Baba Mondi]] | today = [[Albania]] }} {{Bektashi Order}} The '''Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order''' ({{lang-sq|Shteti Sovran i Urdhrit Bektashi}}) is a proposed [[European microstate]] and [[city-state]] that would be [[enclave and exclave|enclaved]] entirely within [[Tirana]], Albania, at the current [[World Headquarters of the Bektashi]]. If established, it will be smaller than the [[Vatican City]] and become the nation with the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|smallest land area]] in the world, with a total land area of {{convert|27|acre|km2}}.<ref name="nyt_article">{{Cite news |last=Higgens |first=Andrew |date=21 September 2024 |title=Albania Is Planning a New Muslim State Inside Its Capital |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090757/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html }}</ref> Plans for the creation of the state have been discussed by Albanian prime minister [[Edi Rama]] and supported by the leader of the [[Bektashi Order]], [[Baba Mondi]], with the former stating that more details for the creation of the state will be revealed in the near future.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title='A Vatican inside Tirana'/ Rama, for 'New York Times': It will be called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order |url=https://www.cna.al/english/aktualitet/nje-vatikan-brenda-tiranes-rama-per-new-york-times-do-quhet-shteti-so-i409076 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=CNA }}</ref> Following the Vatican model, the prospective state would grant citizenship solely to Bektashi clerics and government officials.<ref name="shqiptarja.com">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive Interview with the Head Father of the Bektashi Order: A New Sovereign State for Peace and Tolerance (English version) |url=https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Shqiptarja.com |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921141258/https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |url-status=live }}</ref> Drafting of legislation to create the new state within Albania began in September 2024. The legislation would need approval from the [[Albanian Parliament]]<ref name="nyt_article" /> and an amendment to the [[Constitution of Albania]], which would require a nationwide referendum.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Krijimi i shtetit bektashi ka nevojë për ndryshime kushtetuese', Zheji në Top Story: Rama spostoi shënjestrën debatit, bektashinjtë pjesa më shtetëformuese |url=https://top-channel.tv/2024/09/23/krijimi-i-shtetit-bektashi-ka-nevoje-per-ndryshime-kushtetuese-zheji-ne-top-story-rama-spostoi-shenjestren-debatit-bektashinjte-pjesa-me-shteteformuese/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=top-channel.tv |language=sq}}</ref> == History == The [[Bektashi Order]] is a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Tariqa|order]], originating in the 13th-century [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adamec |first1=Ludwig W. |title=The A to Z of Islam |date=2009 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-7160-1 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCYuLWs3ZIEC&pg=PA60 |language=en |access-date=21 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164351/https://books.google.com/books?id=fCYuLWs3ZIEC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Origins of the community point towards the [[Qizilbash|Kızılbaş]] and [[Alevism]]. As the [[Janissary|Janissaries]] became a dominant force in Ottoman politics, they adopted Bektashism as the corps' religion, while [[Sunni Islam]] dominated the Muslim [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|''millet'']]. The Bektashis have faced persecution from [[Shiites]] and Sunnis who consider the Bektashis as [[Bid'ah|heretics]] rather than [[People of the Book]]. In 1826, [[Mahmud II]] abolished the Janissaries after the [[Auspicious Incident]], and subsequently passed a [[fatwa]] banning the Bektashi Order. [[Tanzimat]] reformers refused to consider granting Alevis or Bektashis their own ''millet''. Alevis and Bektashis continued to practice their religion without state sanction and with harassment from authorities. Many stuck to rural regions with minimal government control, such as the Eastern Anatolian and Albanian highlands. Following the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] and the formation of the [[Secularism in Turkey|secular]] [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], President [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] shut down all [[Sufi lodge|tekkes]], including the Bektashi Order in 1925. Consequently, the Bektashi leadership moved their headquarters from Turkey to [[Tirana]].<ref name="Elsie 2001" /> Bektashis and Alevis are currently unrecognized as religious minorities by the [[Constitution of Turkey]] and the [[Directorate of Religious Affairs]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yonucu |first=D. |year=2024 |title=Sectarianism as racism: the collective punishment of Alevi communities in Turkey |journal=Race & Class |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.1177/03063968231205144}}</ref> The Bektashi Order's popularity diminished under former Albanian communist leader [[Enver Hoxha]], who banned religion in 1967.<ref name="Elsie 2001">{{cite book |last1=Elsie |first1=Robert |title=A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture |date=2001 |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-2214-5 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC&dq=bektashi+order+ban+1967&pg=PA29 |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923171139/https://books.google.com/books?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC&dq=bektashi+order+ban+1967&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q=bektashi%20order%20ban%201967&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hargitai |first1=Quinn |title=The country that's famous for tolerance |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20161024-the-worlds-most-tolerant-country |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923170518/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20161024-the-worlds-most-tolerant-country |url-status=live }}</ref> Under Hoxha, the government built warehouses on portions of land belonging to the World Headquarters of the Bektashi. After the [[fall of communism in Albania]], the Bektashis lost further land when private developers built homes on the edge of their property without permission.<ref name="nyt_article" /> In 2023, Bektashis were estimated to make up about 5% of Albania's population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf |title=Census 2023 |access-date=23 September 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628133314/https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Turkish Bektashi populations are harder to estimate due to their conflation with the Alevi community, which made up around 15% of the Turkish population in 2006.<ref>''Structure and Function in Turkish Society.'' Isis Press, 2006, p. 81.</ref> On 21 September 2024, Albanian prime minister [[Edi Rama]] announced plans to create the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order as a gesture of [[religious tolerance]] and to promote more positive views of Islam in Albania and the rest of the world.<ref name="nyt_article" /> == Government and recognition == [[File:Kryegjyshata_(centre_mondial_Bektashi).jpg|thumb|The [[World Headquarters of the Bektashi|Bektashi headquarters]] that is planned to serve as the country's capital]] The creation of the state will need approval from the [[Albanian Parliament]].<ref name="nyt_article" /> [[Baba Mondi]], the [[Bektashi Dedebabate|Bektashi Dedebaba]], stated that he would serve as the head of the country in his role as a spiritual leader while emphasizing that the state will not maintain an army, border guards, or courts.<ref name="nyt_article" /> The state is planned to allow the [[Khamr|consumption of alcohol]] and to allow women to dress however they please, in contrast to more conservative [[Islamic state|Islamic theocracies]].<ref name="nyt_article" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=De Ruiter |first=Emma |title=Albania announces plan to create a Muslim version of the Vatican City |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/09/21/albania-plans-to-create-sovereign-micro-state-for-sufi-muslim-order |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=[[Euronews]] |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922154006/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/09/21/albania-plans-to-create-sovereign-micro-state-for-sufi-muslim-order |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview after the announcement, Baba Mondi stated that citizenship in the new state would be limited to clerics and those engaged in the administration of the state, akin to how citizenship is structured in the Vatican.<ref name="shqiptarja.com" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title="Exclusive Interview with the Head Father of the Bektashi Order: A New Sovereign State for Peace and Tolerance (English version)" |url=https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=Shqiptarja |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921141258/https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |url-status=live }}</ref> He also expressed his belief that securing sovereign status would uplift the Bektashi Order and enhance its ability to fight radical ideologies that have affected the Muslim world and the international community.<ref name="shqiptarja.com" /> The passport would be green, a color [[Green in Islam|deeply symbolic in Islam]].<ref name="nyt_article" /> Baba Mondi stated in an interview not long after the announcement that many countries, especially those confronting religious extremism or tensions, have a vested interest in backing peaceful and moderate religious movements like the Bektashi Order.<ref name="shqiptarja.com"/> He suggested that countries such as [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and [[Qatar]] may see value in supporting the Order's peaceful Sufi Shia tradition to reinforce moderate interpretations of Islam.<ref name="shqiptarja.com"/> Additionally, he suggested that states facing internal challenges with [[Mujahideen|militant Islam]], such as [[China]], could align with the Bektashi Order as a means of countering extremism without fueling division.<ref name="shqiptarja.com"/> The Order believes that over time, the international community will recognize the benefits of amplifying moderate voices and view the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order as a valuable contributor to global efforts promoting peace, tolerance, and dialogue.<ref name="shqiptarja.com"/> == Opposition == There has been some opposition to the proposed state. Representatives of the Alevi-Bektashi Federation released a statement via the Azeri-Turkish network [[Haber Global]] stating that "Bektashism and [a] religious state are concepts incompatible with each other."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bektashis from Turkey against the Bektashi State in Tirana |url=https://albaniandailynews.com/news/the-bektashis-from-turkey-against-the-bektashi-state-in-tirana |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=ALBANIA DAILY NEWS |language=en}}</ref> In addition, many Albanians have voiced their own opposition to the state. An online poll conducted by [[Euronews|Euronews Albania]] on YouTube showed that 66% of 7,000 voters were against the state's creation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Si |first=Nen |date=2024-09-23 |title=Euronews poll: 66% of Albanians against 'Bektashi State' in Tirana |url=https://euronews.al/en/euronews-poll-66-of-albanians-against-bektashi-state-in-tirana/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Euronews Albania |language=en-US}}</ref> with many critics citing money, a fear of Albania turning into an Islamic country and therefore not being able to join the [[European Union]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Si |first=Nen |date=2024-09-23 |title=For and against Bektashi state, citizens: Everything is being done for money |url=https://euronews.al/en/for-and-against-bektashi-state-citizens-everything-is-being-done-for-money/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Euronews Albania |language=en-US}}</ref> a distraction from domestic scandals and a desire by Rama for favourable news coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karaj |first=Vladimir |title=Critics Pour Scorn on Albanian PM’s 'Microstate' Plan for Bektashi Muslims |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/09/24/critics-pour-scorn-on-albanian-pms-microstate-plan-for-bektashi-muslims/ |website=Balkan Insight}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Islamic theology}} [[Category:Proposed countries]] [[Category:City-states]] [[Category:Bektashi Order]] [[Category:History of Tirana]] [[Category:Religion in Tirana]] [[Category:Muslim enclaves]] [[Category:Shia Islam and politics]] [[Category:Sufism in Albania]] [[Category:Theocracies]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{shime kushtetuese', Zheji në Top Story: Rama spostoi shënjestrën debatit, bektashinjtë pjesa më shtetëformuese |url=https://top-channel.tv/2024/09/23/krijimi-i-shtetit-bektashi-ka-nevoje-per-ndryshime-kushtetuese-zheji-ne-top-story-rama-spostoi-shenjestren-debatit-bektashinjte-pjesa-me-shteteformuese/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=top-channel.tv |language=sq}}</ref> == History == The [[Bektashi Order]] is a [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Tariqa|order]], originating in the 13th-century [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adamec |first1=Ludwig W. |title=The A to Z of Islam |date=2009 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-7160-1 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCYuLWs3ZIEC&pg=PA60 |language=en |access-date=21 September 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923164351/https://books.google.com/books?id=fCYuLWs3ZIEC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Origins of the community point towards the [[Qizilbash|Kızılbaş]] and [[Alevism]]. As the [[Janissary|Janissaries]] became a dominant force in Ottoman politics, they adopted Bektashism as the corps' religion, while [[Sunni Islam]] dominated the Muslim [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|''millet'']]. The Bektashis have faced persecution from [[Shiites]] and Sunnis who consider the Bektashis as [[Bid'ah|heretics]] rather than [[People of the Book]]. In 1826, [[Mahmud II]] abolished the Janissaries after the [[Auspicious Incident]], and subsequently passed a [[fatwa]] banning the Bektashi Order. [[Tanzimat]] reformers refused to consider granting Alevis or Bektashis their own ''millet''. Alevis and Bektashis continued to practice their religion without state sanction and with harassment from authorities. Many stuck to rural regions with minimal government control, such as the Eastern Anatolian and Albanian highlands. Following the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] and the formation of the [[Secularism in Turkey|secular]] [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], President [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] shut down all [[Sufi lodge|tekkes]], including the Bektashi Order in 1925. Consequently, the Bektashi leadership moved their headquarters from Turkey to [[Tirana]].<ref name="Elsie 2001" /> Bektashis and Alevis are currently unrecognized as religious minorities by the [[Constitution of Turkey]] and the [[Directorate of Religious Affairs]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yonucu |first=D. |year=2024 |title=Sectarianism as racism: the collective punishment of Alevi communities in Turkey |journal=Race & Class |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.1177/03063968231205144}}</ref> The Bektashi Order's popularity diminished under former Albanian communist leader [[Enver Hoxha]], who banned religion in 1967.<ref name="Elsie 2001">{{cite book |last1=Elsie |first1=Robert |title=A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture |date=2001 |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-2214-5 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC&dq=bektashi+order+ban+1967&pg=PA29 |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=en |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923171139/https://books.google.com/books?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC&dq=bektashi+order+ban+1967&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q=bektashi%20order%20ban%201967&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hargitai |first1=Quinn |title=The country that's famous for tolerance |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20161024-the-worlds-most-tolerant-country |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923170518/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20161024-the-worlds-most-tolerant-country |url-status=live }}</ref> Under Hoxha, the government built warehouses on portions of land belonging to the World Headquarters of the Bektashi. After the [[fall of communism in Albania]], the Bektashis lost further land when private developers built homes on the edge of their property without permission.<ref name="nyt_article" /> In 2023, Bektashis were estimated to make up about 5% of Albania's population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf |title=Census 2023 |access-date=23 September 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628133314/https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Turkish Bektashi populations are harder to estimate due to their conflation with the Alevi community, which made up around 15% of the Turkish population in 2006.<ref>''Structure and Function in Turkish Society.'' Isis Press, 2006, p. 81.</ref> On 21 September 2024, Albanian prime minister [[Edi Rama]] announced plans to create the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order as a gesture of [[religious tolerance]] and to promote more positive views of Islam in Albania and the rest of the world.<ref name="nyt_article" /> == Government and recognition == [[File:Kryegjyshata_(centre_mondial_Bektashi).jpg|thumb|The [[World Headquarters of the Bektashi|Bektashi headquarters]] that is planned to serve as the country's capital]] The creation of the state will need approval from the [[Albanian Parliament]].<ref name="nyt_article" /> [[Baba Mondi]], the [[Bektashi Dedebabate|Bektashi Dedebaba]], stated that he would serve as the head of the country in his role as a spiritual leader while emphasizing that the state will not maintain an army, border guards, or courts.<ref name="nyt_article" /> The state is planned to allow the [[Khamr|consumption of alcohol]] and to allow women to dress however they please, in contrast to more conservative [[Islamic state|Islamic theocracies]].<ref name="nyt_article" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=De Ruiter |first=Emma |title=Albania announces plan to create a Muslim version of the Vatican City |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/09/21/albania-plans-to-create-sovereign-micro-state-for-sufi-muslim-order |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=[[Euronews]] |archive-date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922154006/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2024/09/21/albania-plans-to-create-sovereign-micro-state-for-sufi-muslim-order |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview after the announcement, Baba Mondi stated that citizenship in the new state would be limited to clerics and those engaged in the administration of the state, akin to how citizenship is structured in the Vatican.<ref name="shqiptarja.com" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title="Exclusive Interview with the Head Father of the Bektashi Order: A New Sovereign State for Peace and Tolerance (English version)" |url=https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=Shqiptarja |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921141258/https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |url-status=live }}</ref> He also expressed his belief that securing sovereign status would uplift the Bektashi Order and enhance its ability to fight radical ideologies that have affected the Muslim world and the international community.<ref name="shqiptarja.com" /> The passport would be green, a color [[Green in Islam|deeply symbolic in Islam]].<ref name="nyt_article" /> Baba Mondi stated in an interview not long after the announcement that many countries, especially those confronting religious extremism or tensions, have a vested interest in backing peaceful and moderate religious movements like the Bektashi Order.<ref name="shqiptarja.com"/> He suggested that countries such as [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], and [[Qatar]] may see value in supporting the Order's peaceful Sufi Shia tradition to reinforce moderate interpretations of Islam.<ref name="shqiptarja.com"/> Additionally, he suggested that states facing internal challenges with [[Mujahideen|militant Islam]], such as [[China]], could align with the Bektashi Order as a means of countering extremism without fueling division.<ref name="shqiptarja.com"/> The Order believes that over time, the international community will recognize the benefits of amplifying moderate voices and view the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order as a valuable contributor to global efforts promoting peace, tolerance, and dialogue.<ref name="shqiptarja.com"/> == Opposition == There has been some opposition to the proposed state. Representatives of the Alevi-Bektashi Federation released a statement via the Azeri-Turkish network [[Haber Global]] stating that "Bektashism and [a] religious state are concepts incompatible with each other."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bektashis from Turkey against the Bektashi State in Tirana |url=https://albaniandailynews.com/news/the-bektashis-from-turkey-against-the-bektashi-state-in-tirana |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=ALBANIA DAILY NEWS |language=en}}</ref> In addition, many Albanians have voiced their own opposition to the state. An online poll conducted by [[Euronews|Euronews Albania]] on YouTube showed that 66% of 7,000 voters were against the state's creation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Si |first=Nen |date=2024-09-23 |title=Euronews poll: 66% of Albanians against 'Bektashi State' in Tirana |url=https://euronews.al/en/euronews-poll-66-of-albanians-against-bektashi-state-in-tirana/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Euronews Albania |language=en-US}}</ref> with many critics citing money, a fear of Albania turning into an Islamic country and therefore not being able to join the [[European Union]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Si |first=Nen |date=2024-09-23 |title=For and against Bektashi state, citizens: Everything is being done for money |url=https://euronews.al/en/for-and-against-bektashi-state-citizens-everything-is-being-done-for-money/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Euronews Albania |language=en-US}}</ref> a distraction from domestic scandals and a desire by Rama for favourable news coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karaj |first=Vladimir |title=Critics Pour Scorn on Albanian PM’s 'Microstate' Plan for Bektashi Muslims |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2024/09/24/critics-pour-scorn-on-albanian-pms-microstate-plan-for-bektashi-muslims/ |website=Balkan Insight}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Islamic theology}} [[Category:Proposed countries]] [[Category:City-states]] [[Category:Bektashi Order]] [[Category:History of Tirana]] [[Category:Religion in Tirana]] [[Category:Muslim enclaves]] [[Category:Shia Islam and politics]] [[Category:Sufism in Albania]] [[Category:Theocracies]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,31 +1,3 @@ -{{Short description|Proposed independent city-state}} -{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}} -{{Infobox country -| conventional_long_name = Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order -| native_name = {{nativename|sq|Shteti Sovran i Urdhrit Bektashi}} -| image_flag = <!-- Do NOT add a flag until one has been officially revealed --> -| flag_caption = -| image_coat = <!-- Do NOT add an emblem until one has been officially revealed --> -| symbol_type = -| image_map = <!-- Do NOT add a map until the borders have been officially defined --> -| map_caption = -| capital = Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order<br/>([[city-state]]) -| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q130340667||type:country:AL-11|display=inline,title}} -| area_km2 = 0.11 -| currency = <!-- Do NOT add a currency until one has been officially announced --> -| status = Proposed -| official_languages = [[Albanian language|Albanian]] -| religion = [[Bektashi Order]] ([[state religion]]) -| demonym = Bektashi -| government_type = <!-- Do NOT add a government type until one has been officially revealed --> -| leader_title1 = [[Bektashi Dedebabate|Dedebaba]] -| leader_name1 = [[Baba Mondi]] -| today = [[Albania]] -}} -{{Bektashi Order}} - -The '''Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order''' ({{lang-sq|Shteti Sovran i Urdhrit Bektashi}}) is a proposed [[European microstate]] and [[city-state]] that would be [[enclave and exclave|enclaved]] entirely within [[Tirana]], Albania, at the current [[World Headquarters of the Bektashi]]. If established, it will be smaller than the [[Vatican City]] and become the nation with the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|smallest land area]] in the world, with a total land area of {{convert|27|acre|km2}}.<ref name="nyt_article">{{Cite news |last=Higgens |first=Andrew |date=21 September 2024 |title=Albania Is Planning a New Muslim State Inside Its Capital |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090757/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html }}</ref> - -Plans for the creation of the state have been discussed by Albanian prime minister [[Edi Rama]] and supported by the leader of the [[Bektashi Order]], [[Baba Mondi]], with the former stating that more details for the creation of the state will be revealed in the near future.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title='A Vatican inside Tirana'/ Rama, for 'New York Times': It will be called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order |url=https://www.cna.al/english/aktualitet/nje-vatikan-brenda-tiranes-rama-per-new-york-times-do-quhet-shteti-so-i409076 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=CNA }}</ref> Following the Vatican model, the prospective state would grant citizenship solely to Bektashi clerics and government officials.<ref name="shqiptarja.com">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive Interview with the Head Father of the Bektashi Order: A New Sovereign State for Peace and Tolerance (English version) |url=https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Shqiptarja.com |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921141258/https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |url-status=live }}</ref> Drafting of legislation to create the new state within Albania began in September 2024. The legislation would need approval from the [[Albanian Parliament]]<ref name="nyt_article" /> and an amendment to the [[Constitution of Albania]], which would require a nationwide referendum.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Krijimi i shtetit bektashi ka nevojë për ndryshime kushtetuese', Zheji në Top Story: Rama spostoi shënjestrën debatit, bektashinjtë pjesa më shtetëformuese |url=https://top-channel.tv/2024/09/23/krijimi-i-shtetit-bektashi-ka-nevoje-per-ndryshime-kushtetuese-zheji-ne-top-story-rama-spostoi-shenjestren-debatit-bektashinjte-pjesa-me-shteteformuese/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=top-channel.tv |language=sq}}</ref> +{{shime kushtetuese', Zheji në Top Story: Rama spostoi shënjestrën debatit, bektashinjtë pjesa më shtetëformuese |url=https://top-channel.tv/2024/09/23/krijimi-i-shtetit-bektashi-ka-nevoje-per-ndryshime-kushtetuese-zheji-ne-top-story-rama-spostoi-shenjestren-debatit-bektashinjte-pjesa-me-shteteformuese/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=top-channel.tv |language=sq}}</ref> == History == '
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[ 0 => '{{shime kushtetuese', Zheji në Top Story: Rama spostoi shënjestrën debatit, bektashinjtë pjesa më shtetëformuese |url=https://top-channel.tv/2024/09/23/krijimi-i-shtetit-bektashi-ka-nevoje-per-ndryshime-kushtetuese-zheji-ne-top-story-rama-spostoi-shenjestren-debatit-bektashinjte-pjesa-me-shteteformuese/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=top-channel.tv |language=sq}}</ref>' ]
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[ 0 => '{{Short description|Proposed independent city-state}}', 1 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}', 2 => '{{Infobox country', 3 => '| conventional_long_name = Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order', 4 => '| native_name = {{nativename|sq|Shteti Sovran i Urdhrit Bektashi}}', 5 => '| image_flag = <!-- Do NOT add a flag until one has been officially revealed -->', 6 => '| flag_caption = ', 7 => '| image_coat = <!-- Do NOT add an emblem until one has been officially revealed -->', 8 => '| symbol_type = ', 9 => '| image_map = <!-- Do NOT add a map until the borders have been officially defined -->', 10 => '| map_caption = ', 11 => '| capital = Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order<br/>([[city-state]])', 12 => '| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q130340667||type:country:AL-11|display=inline,title}}', 13 => '| area_km2 = 0.11', 14 => '| currency = <!-- Do NOT add a currency until one has been officially announced -->', 15 => '| status = Proposed', 16 => '| official_languages = [[Albanian language|Albanian]]', 17 => '| religion = [[Bektashi Order]] ([[state religion]])', 18 => '| demonym = Bektashi', 19 => '| government_type = <!-- Do NOT add a government type until one has been officially revealed -->', 20 => '| leader_title1 = [[Bektashi Dedebabate|Dedebaba]]', 21 => '| leader_name1 = [[Baba Mondi]]', 22 => '| today = [[Albania]]', 23 => '}}', 24 => '{{Bektashi Order}}', 25 => '', 26 => 'The '''Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order''' ({{lang-sq|Shteti Sovran i Urdhrit Bektashi}}) is a proposed [[European microstate]] and [[city-state]] that would be [[enclave and exclave|enclaved]] entirely within [[Tirana]], Albania, at the current [[World Headquarters of the Bektashi]]. If established, it will be smaller than the [[Vatican City]] and become the nation with the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|smallest land area]] in the world, with a total land area of {{convert|27|acre|km2}}.<ref name="nyt_article">{{Cite news |last=Higgens |first=Andrew |date=21 September 2024 |title=Albania Is Planning a New Muslim State Inside Its Capital |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090757/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html }}</ref> ', 27 => '', 28 => 'Plans for the creation of the state have been discussed by Albanian prime minister [[Edi Rama]] and supported by the leader of the [[Bektashi Order]], [[Baba Mondi]], with the former stating that more details for the creation of the state will be revealed in the near future.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title='A Vatican inside Tirana'/ Rama, for 'New York Times': It will be called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order |url=https://www.cna.al/english/aktualitet/nje-vatikan-brenda-tiranes-rama-per-new-york-times-do-quhet-shteti-so-i409076 |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=CNA }}</ref> Following the Vatican model, the prospective state would grant citizenship solely to Bektashi clerics and government officials.<ref name="shqiptarja.com">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive Interview with the Head Father of the Bektashi Order: A New Sovereign State for Peace and Tolerance (English version) |url=https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Shqiptarja.com |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921141258/https://shqiptarja.com/lajm/exclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version |url-status=live }}</ref> Drafting of legislation to create the new state within Albania began in September 2024. The legislation would need approval from the [[Albanian Parliament]]<ref name="nyt_article" /> and an amendment to the [[Constitution of Albania]], which would require a nationwide referendum.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Krijimi i shtetit bektashi ka nevojë për ndryshime kushtetuese', Zheji në Top Story: Rama spostoi shënjestrën debatit, bektashinjtë pjesa më shtetëformuese |url=https://top-channel.tv/2024/09/23/krijimi-i-shtetit-bektashi-ka-nevoje-per-ndryshime-kushtetuese-zheji-ne-top-story-rama-spostoi-shenjestren-debatit-bektashinjte-pjesa-me-shteteformuese/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=top-channel.tv |language=sq}}</ref>' ]
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Links in the page, before the edit (old_links)
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html)
'<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Shime_kushtetuese%27,_Zheji_n%C3%AB_Top_Story:_Rama_spostoi_sh%C3%ABnjestr%C3%ABn_debatit,_bektashinjt%C3%AB_pjesa_m%C3%AB_shtet%C3%ABformuese&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Shime kushtetuese&#39;, Zheji në Top Story: Rama spostoi shënjestrën debatit, bektashinjtë pjesa më shtetëformuese (page does not exist)">Template:Shime kushtetuese', Zheji në Top Story: Rama spostoi shënjestrën debatit, bektashinjtë pjesa më shtetëformuese</a>&lt;/ref&gt; </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Government_and_recognition"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Government and recognition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Opposition"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1"title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a> is a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">order</a>, originating in the 13th-century <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Origins of the community point towards the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Kızılbaş</a> and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>. As the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a> became a dominant force in Ottoman politics, they adopted Bektashism as the corps' religion, while <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> dominated the Muslim <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)"><i>millet</i></a>. The Bektashis have faced persecution from <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiites">Shiites</a> and Sunnis who consider the Bektashis as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid&#39;ah">heretics</a> rather than <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>. In 1826, <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> abolished the Janissaries after the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auspicious_Incident" title="Auspicious Incident">Auspicious Incident</a>, and subsequently passed a <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> banning the Bektashi Order. <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reformers refused to consider granting Alevis or Bektashis their own <i>millet</i>. Alevis and Bektashis continued to practice their religion without state sanction and with harassment from authorities. Many stuck to rural regions with minimal government control, such as the Eastern Anatolian and Albanian highlands. Following the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a> and the formation of the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">secular</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, President <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> shut down all <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_lodge" title="Sufi lodge">tekkes</a>, including the Bektashi Order in 1925. Consequently, the Bektashi leadership moved their headquarters from Turkey to <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie_2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bektashis and Alevis are currently unrecognized as religious minorities by the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution of Turkey</a> and the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Directorate of Religious Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bektashi Order's popularity diminished under former Albanian communist leader <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>, who banned religion in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Elsie_2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsie_2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Under Hoxha, the government built warehouses on portions of land belonging to the World Headquarters of the Bektashi. After the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">fall of communism in Albania</a>, the Bektashis lost further land when private developers built homes on the edge of their property without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_article_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2023, Bektashis were estimated to make up about 5% of Albania's population.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Turkish Bektashi populations are harder to estimate due to their conflation with the Alevi community, which made up around 15% of the Turkish population in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 September 2024, Albanian prime minister <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a> announced plans to create the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order as a gesture of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> and to promote more positive views of Islam in Albania and the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_article_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_recognition">Government and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2"title="Edit section: Government and recognition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kryegjyshata_(centre_mondial_Bektashi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kryegjyshata_%28centre_mondial_Bektashi%29.jpg/220px-Kryegjyshata_%28centre_mondial_Bektashi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kryegjyshata_%28centre_mondial_Bektashi%29.jpg/330px-Kryegjyshata_%28centre_mondial_Bektashi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kryegjyshata_%28centre_mondial_Bektashi%29.jpg/440px-Kryegjyshata_%28centre_mondial_Bektashi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7783" data-file-height="5559" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Headquarters_of_the_Bektashi" title="World Headquarters of the Bektashi">Bektashi headquarters</a> that is planned to serve as the country's capital</figcaption></figure> <p>The creation of the state will need approval from the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Parliament">Albanian Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_article_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Mondi" title="Baba Mondi">Baba Mondi</a>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Dedebabate" title="Bektashi Dedebabate">Bektashi Dedebaba</a>, stated that he would serve as the head of the country in his role as a spiritual leader while emphasizing that the state will not maintain an army, border guards, or courts.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_article_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The state is planned to allow the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">consumption of alcohol</a> and to allow women to dress however they please, in contrast to more conservative <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic theocracies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_article_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview after the announcement, Baba Mondi stated that citizenship in the new state would be limited to clerics and those engaged in the administration of the state, akin to how citizenship is structured in the Vatican.<sup id="cite_ref-shqiptarja.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shqiptarja.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also expressed his belief that securing sovereign status would uplift the Bektashi Order and enhance its ability to fight radical ideologies that have affected the Muslim world and the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-shqiptarja.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shqiptarja.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The passport would be green, a color <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_in_Islam" title="Green in Islam">deeply symbolic in Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_article_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_article-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baba Mondi stated in an interview not long after the announcement that many countries, especially those confronting religious extremism or tensions, have a vested interest in backing peaceful and moderate religious movements like the Bektashi Order.<sup id="cite_ref-shqiptarja.com_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shqiptarja.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He suggested that countries such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>, and <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> may see value in supporting the Order's peaceful Sufi Shia tradition to reinforce moderate interpretations of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-shqiptarja.com_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shqiptarja.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Additionally, he suggested that states facing internal challenges with <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">militant Islam</a>, such as <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, could align with the Bektashi Order as a means of countering extremism without fueling division.<sup id="cite_ref-shqiptarja.com_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shqiptarja.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Order believes that over time, the international community will recognize the benefits of amplifying moderate voices and view the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order as a valuable contributor to global efforts promoting peace, tolerance, and dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-shqiptarja.com_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shqiptarja.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3"title="Edit section: Opposition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There has been some opposition to the proposed state. Representatives of the Alevi-Bektashi Federation released a statement via the Azeri-Turkish network <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haber_Global&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Haber Global (page does not exist)">Haber Global</a> stating that "Bektashism and [a] religious state are concepts incompatible with each other."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, many Albanians have voiced their own opposition to the state. An online poll conducted by <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews Albania</a> on YouTube showed that 66% of 7,000 voters were against the state's creation,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with many critics citing money, a fear of Albania turning into an Islamic country and therefore not being able to join the <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a distraction from domestic scandals and a desire by Rama for favourable news coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4"title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdamec2009" class="citation book cs1">Adamec, Ludwig W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Shqiptarja&amp;rft.atitle=%22Exclusive+Interview+with+the+Head+Father+of+the+Bektashi+Order%3A+A+New+Sovereign+State+for+Peace+and+Tolerance+%28English+version%29%22&amp;rft.date=2024-09-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fshqiptarja.com%2Flajm%2Fexclusive-interview-with-the-head-father-of-the-bektashi-order-a-new-sovereign-state-for-peace-and-tolerance-english-version&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+State+of+the+Bektashi+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albaniandailynews.com/news/the-bektashis-from-turkey-against-the-bektashi-state-in-tirana">"The Bektashis from Turkey against the Bektashi State in Tirana"</a>. <i>ALBANIA DAILY NEWS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ALBANIA+DAILY+NEWS&amp;rft.atitle=The+Bektashis+from+Turkey+against+the+Bektashi+State+in+Tirana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Falbaniandailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-bektashis-from-turkey-against-the-bektashi-state-in-tirana&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+State+of+the+Bektashi+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSi2024" class="citation web cs1">Si, Nen (2024-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euronews.al/en/euronews-poll-66-of-albanians-against-bektashi-state-in-tirana/">"Euronews poll: 66% of Albanians against 'Bektashi State' in Tirana"</a>. <i>Euronews Albania</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Euronews+Albania&amp;rft.atitle=Euronews+poll%3A+66%25+of+Albanians+against+%27Bektashi+State%27+in+Tirana&amp;rft.date=2024-09-23&amp;rft.aulast=Si&amp;rft.aufirst=Nen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Feuronews.al%2Fen%2Feuronews-poll-66-of-albanians-against-bektashi-state-in-tirana%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+State+of+the+Bektashi+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSi2024" class="citation web cs1">Si, Nen (2024-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euronews.al/en/for-and-against-bektashi-state-citizens-everything-is-being-done-for-money/">"For and against Bektashi state, citizens: Everything is being done for money"</a>. <i>Euronews Albania</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Euronews+Albania&amp;rft.atitle=For+and+against+Bektashi+state%2C+citizens%3A+Everything+is+being+done+for+money&amp;rft.date=2024-09-23&amp;rft.aulast=Si&amp;rft.aufirst=Nen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Feuronews.al%2Fen%2Ffor-and-against-bektashi-state-citizens-everything-is-being-done-for-money%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+State+of+the+Bektashi+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraj" class="citation web cs1">Karaj, Vladimir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2024/09/24/critics-pour-scorn-on-albanian-pms-microstate-plan-for-bektashi-muslims/">"Critics Pour Scorn on Albanian PM's 'Microstate' Plan for Bektashi Muslims"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&amp;rft.atitle=Critics+Pour+Scorn+on+Albanian+PM%E2%80%99s+%27Microstate%27+Plan+for+Bektashi+Muslims&amp;rft.aulast=Karaj&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2024%2F09%2F24%2Fcritics-pour-scorn-on-albanian-pms-microstate-plan-for-bektashi-muslims%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereign+State+of+the+Bektashi+Order" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Aql" title="&#39;Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash&#39;arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash&#39;ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara&#39;ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa&#39;i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn &#39;Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha&#39;alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha&#39;rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="&#39;Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi&#39;i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi&#39;i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu&#39;in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="&#39;Ala&#39; al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din &#39;Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta&#39;til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji&#39;ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji&#39;ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu&#39;tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn &#39;Ata&#39;">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba&#39;i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi&#39;l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi&#39;i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi&#39;ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja&#39;far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurarah ibn A&#39;yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja&#39;far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma&#39;ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu&#39;man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu&#39;ayyad fi&#39;l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu&#39;l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya&#39;qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma&#39;ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu&#39;ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi&#39;s Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu&#39;l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila&#39;l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A&#39;zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li> <li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I&#39;tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi&#39;i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta&#39;li Isma&#39;ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya&#39;la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra&#39;y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash&#39;arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi&#39;i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi&#39;a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi&#39;ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi&#39;ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja&#39;fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma&#39;ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a>&#160;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta&#39;li Isma&#39;ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma&#39;ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma&#39;ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu&#39;awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawendis" title="Rawendis">Rawendis</a> <ul><li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn &#39;Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji&#39;ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa&#39;id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju&#39;fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba&#39;">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma&#39;bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order</a>)</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du&#39;ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭarīqah">Ṭarīqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi&#39;i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/https/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1727289262'
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