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In May 2000, Deif was arrested at Israel's request by the [[Palestinian National Authority]],<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamas Says Fugitive Seized in Raid |url=https://apnews.com/article/810f701bf66775269b16d33958ea2d72 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hockstader |first=Lee |date=2000-05-15 |title=Terror Suspect Being Detained By Palestinians |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/05/15/terror-suspect-being-detained-by-palestinians/4b4c15ba-f34b-4117-9aa9-871717404c8f/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> but he escaped in December with assistance from some of his guards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hockstader |first=Lee |date=2000-12-08 |title=Key Militant Escapes From Palestinian Jail |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/12/08/key-militant-escapes-from-palestinian-jail/e25d5acc-37e4-4de7-82f4-acfbb62ba722/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
In May 2000, Deif was arrested at Israel's request by the [[Palestinian National Authority]],<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamas Says Fugitive Seized in Raid |url=https://apnews.com/article/810f701bf66775269b16d33958ea2d72 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hockstader |first=Lee |date=2000-05-15 |title=Terror Suspect Being Detained By Palestinians |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/05/15/terror-suspect-being-detained-by-palestinians/4b4c15ba-f34b-4117-9aa9-871717404c8f/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> but he escaped in December with assistance from some of his guards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hockstader |first=Lee |date=2000-12-08 |title=Key Militant Escapes From Palestinian Jail |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/12/08/key-militant-escapes-from-palestinian-jail/e25d5acc-37e4-4de7-82f4-acfbb62ba722/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

=== 1996 Jaffa Road bus bombings ===
After Israel assassinated Ayyash on 5 January 1996, Deif, now commander of the Qassam Brigades, organized a mass-casualty bombing campaign inside Israel as retaliation, including the [[Dizengoff Center suicide bombing]] in Tel Aviv and the two [[Jaffa Road bus bombings]] in Jerusalem. These operations were, in their scale, scope and sophistication, different and larger than any attacks of the past, and it has been alleged that both Syria and Iran had helped in their planning and financing. According to a report, [[Syria]]n Minister of Defense [[Mustafa Tlass]] instructed [[Ghazi Kanaan]], the commander of Syrian forces in [[Lebanon]], to establish links between [[Hezbollah]] and Hamas fighters, who were then trained both in Lebanon and in [[Iran]] and participated in the retaliatory operations for the murder of Ayyash.<ref name=meib>{{cite journal|last=Gambill|first=Gary C.|title=Sponsoring Terrorism: Syria and Hamas|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=October 2002|volume=4|issue=10|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0210_s1.htm|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Inquirer|title=Israel Arrests A Hamas Leader Hassan Salameh Was Shot And Wounded In A Chase. He Is Believed To Have Planned Three Of This Year's Bombings|url=http://articles.philly.com/1996-05-19/news/25624331_1_hassan-salameh-israel-arrests-israeli-troops|accessdate=29 October 2014|agency=INQUIRER WIRE SERVICES|website=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=19 May 1996}}</ref> According to [[Mike Kelly (journalist)|Mike Kelly]], Hamas operative Hassan Salameh, who planned three of the attacks, was trained in [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=Michael|title=Bus on Jaffa Road: A Story of Middle East Terrorism and the Search for Justice|date=2014|publisher=Lyons Press|pages=164–179}}</ref> In 2000, families of American victims of the attacks filed a lawsuit against Tlass, Kanaan and iranian Minister of Intelliigence [[Ali Fallahian]].<ref>https://casetext.com/case/weinstein-v-islamic-republic-of-iran-3</ref><ref>https://casetext.com/case/bodoff-v-islamic-republic-of-iran</ref><ref>https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/172/1/2309032/</ref>

According to Israeli journalist [[Ronen Bergman]], Deif's campaign of massive retaliation and the failure of Israeli intelligence services to prevent it, was one of the factors that led to the defeat of Prime Minister [[Shimon Peres]] and the [[Israeli Labor Party]] in the [[1996 Israeli general election]] and the victory of the right-wing [[Likud]] party of [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], who opposed the [[Oslo peace process]]:

<blockquote>The wave of terror in February and March 1996 was a case study in how suicide attacks could alter the course of history. At the beginning of February, Peres was up twenty points in the polls over his opposition, the conservative hawk Benjamin “Bibi” Netanyahu. By the middle of March, Netanyahu had closed the gap significantly, and Peres led by only five percentage points. On May 29, Netanyahu won by 1 percent of the vote. This was all due to the terror attacks, which Peres simply couldn’t stop. Yahya Ayyash’s disciples had ensured the right wing’s victory and “derailed the peace process,” in the words of the deputy head of the Shin Bet, [[Yisrael Hasson]]. Curiously enough, though, after the election, the attacks stopped for almost a year. Some said this was because of [[Yasser Arafat|Arafat]]’s campaign against Hamas, and the arrest of many members of its military wing. Others believed that Hamas no longer had any reason to carry out suicide attacks, because Netanyahu had already almost completely stopped the peace process, which was the short-term goal of the attacks anyway.<ref>https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Politics/Rise%20and%20Kill%20First%20The%20Secret%20History%20of%20Israel%E2%80%99s%20Targeted%20Assassinations%20by%20Ronen%20Bergman%20%28z-lib.org%29.pdf</ref></blockquote>


== Head of the al-Qassam Brigades ==
== Head of the al-Qassam Brigades ==

Revision as of 06:48, 26 April 2024

Mohammed Deif
محمد الضيف
Birth nameMohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri
Nickname(s)Abu Khaled (kunya)

The mastermind (Palestinian nickname)

The cat with nine lives (Israeli nickname)
Born1965 (age 58–59)
Khan Yunis refugee camp, Gaza Strip (under Egyptian rule)
AllegianceHamas Hamas (Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades)
Years of service1987–present
RankChief of Staff (2002–present)
Battles / wars
Alma materIslamic University of Gaza
Spouse(s)
Widad Asfoura
​
​
(m. 2007; died 2014)​

(killed by an Israeli airstrike)
Children4 (2 deceased, killed by an Israeli airstrike)

Mohammed Deif (Arabic: محمد الضيف), born Mohammed al-Masri (Arabic: محمد المصري), is a Palestinian militant and the head of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of the Islamist organization Hamas.

Mohammed al-Masri was born in 1965 in the Khan Yunis Refugee Camp in the Gaza Strip that was set up after the 1948 Palestine war. He reportedly left school temporarily to support his low-income family. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the Islamic University of Gaza in 1988.

Masri joined Hamas in 1987 and became known as Mohammed Deif, meaning 'guest' in Arabic, possibly in reference to the nomadic lifestyle he adopted to avoid being targeted. During the 1990s and early 2000s, he planned several suicide bombing attacks, including the 1996 Jaffa Road bus bombings. He became the head of the al-Qassam Brigades in 2002, and has since developed the group's capabilities, transforming it from a cluster of amateur cells to organized military units. He has masterminded the group's strategy of combining rocket attacks on Israel with tunnel warfare, and was central to planning the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel that initiated the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.

Deif has been the Israeli military's 'most wanted' man since 1995 for killing Israeli soldiers and civilians. He was detained by the Palestinian Authority at Israel's request in 2000 before escaping months later. He has survived at least seven Israeli assassination attempts since 2001, the most recent of which came during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis. His wife, infant son, and 3-year-old daughter were killed in an Israeli airstrike in 2014. The United States Department of State added Deif to its list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists in 2015. The European Union added Deif to their terrorist blacklist in 2023.

Early life

Mohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri was born in 1965 in the Khan Younis refugee camp in the southern Gaza Strip.[1] His family originates from al-Qubeiba, a former town in Palestine near Ramla, but were expelled by Zionist militias during the 1947-1949 Palestine war.[2][3] According to the Shin Bet, either his father or his uncle had participated in sporadic raids into Israel conducted by Palestinian fedayeen in the 1950s.[4]

Although not much is known about the details of his early life and upbringing,[5] he reportedly had to temporarily drop out of school to support his low-income family, working with his father in upholstery and later starting a small poultry farm.[6] It is understood that he studied chemistry at the Islamic University of Gaza,[7][8] from which he graduated with a Bachelor's degree in 1988.[9]

During his years at the university, he had a passion for theatre, establishing a theatre group called "The Returners", in reference to Palestinian refugees longing to return to the lands they lived on before to the Nakba.[7][9] He played a number of roles, including those of historical figures.[6]

Early militant career

Deif joined Hamas in 1987, weeks after its establishment during the First Intifada.[10][8] He was arrested by Israeli authorities in 1989 for his involvement with the organization.[11] After 16 months of detention, he was released in a prisoner exchange. Soon after his release, he helped establish the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the armed wing of Hamas.[8][9]

Deif was close to Emad Akel and Yahya Ayyash, who were assassinated by Israel in 1993 and 1996 respectively.[11][5] He trained with, and learnt bombmaking from, Ayyash.[12][13] After Ayyash's assassination, Deif reduced his profile to avoid being targeted.[7] During the 1990s and early 2000s, he was behind a number of suicide bombing attacks,[14][15][16] including the 1996 Jaffa Road bus bombings.[17][18] He also oversaw the kidnappings and later killings of Israeli soldiers Shahar Simani, Aryeh Frankenthal, and Nachshon Wachsman in the 1990s.[19]

In May 2000, Deif was arrested at Israel's request by the Palestinian National Authority,[10][20][21] but he escaped in December with assistance from some of his guards.[22]

1996 Jaffa Road bus bombings

After Israel assassinated Ayyash on 5 January 1996, Deif, now commander of the Qassam Brigades, organized a mass-casualty bombing campaign inside Israel as retaliation, including the Dizengoff Center suicide bombing in Tel Aviv and the two Jaffa Road bus bombings in Jerusalem. These operations were, in their scale, scope and sophistication, different and larger than any attacks of the past, and it has been alleged that both Syria and Iran had helped in their planning and financing. According to a report, Syrian Minister of Defense Mustafa Tlass instructed Ghazi Kanaan, the commander of Syrian forces in Lebanon, to establish links between Hezbollah and Hamas fighters, who were then trained both in Lebanon and in Iran and participated in the retaliatory operations for the murder of Ayyash.[23][24] According to Mike Kelly, Hamas operative Hassan Salameh, who planned three of the attacks, was trained in Iran.[25] In 2000, families of American victims of the attacks filed a lawsuit against Tlass, Kanaan and iranian Minister of Intelliigence Ali Fallahian.[26][27][28]

According to Israeli journalist Ronen Bergman, Deif's campaign of massive retaliation and the failure of Israeli intelligence services to prevent it, was one of the factors that led to the defeat of Prime Minister Shimon Peres and the Israeli Labor Party in the 1996 Israeli general election and the victory of the right-wing Likud party of Benjamin Netanyahu, who opposed the Oslo peace process:

The wave of terror in February and March 1996 was a case study in how suicide attacks could alter the course of history. At the beginning of February, Peres was up twenty points in the polls over his opposition, the conservative hawk Benjamin “Bibi” Netanyahu. By the middle of March, Netanyahu had closed the gap significantly, and Peres led by only five percentage points. On May 29, Netanyahu won by 1 percent of the vote. This was all due to the terror attacks, which Peres simply couldn’t stop. Yahya Ayyash’s disciples had ensured the right wing’s victory and “derailed the peace process,” in the words of the deputy head of the Shin Bet, Yisrael Hasson. Curiously enough, though, after the election, the attacks stopped for almost a year. Some said this was because of Arafat’s campaign against Hamas, and the arrest of many members of its military wing. Others believed that Hamas no longer had any reason to carry out suicide attacks, because Netanyahu had already almost completely stopped the peace process, which was the short-term goal of the attacks anyway.[29]

Head of the al-Qassam Brigades

Deif became the head of the al-Qassam Brigades after Israel assassinated Salah Shehade in July 2002.[30] Between July 2006 and November 2012, effective command was exercised by Deif's deputy, Ahmed Jabari, after Deif was seriously wounded in an Israeli assassination attempt.[18][31]

As the overall commander of the Qassam Brigades he is thought to be the main organizer of the daring and successful raid into Israel that killed two IDF soldiers and captured Gilad Shalit in June 2006, as well as the five-year operations to deceive Mossad and Shin Bet about Shalit's location in Gaza.[32] He is also in charge of the Qassam Brigades' procurement of weapons from abroad, has overseen the transfer and manufacturing of Iranian Fajr-5 rocket components into Gaza, and has maintained a correspondence with Iranian Quds Force commander Esmail Qaani and his predecessor Qasem Soleimani.[33] In a letter, Soleimani had called Deif a "dear brother" and a "living martyr".[34]

In September 2015, the US Department of State added Deif and three other Hamas leaders to the American list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists.[35][36] In December 2023, the European Union added him to their terror blacklist in 2023.[37]

Shadow Unit

Deif also created the "Shadow Unit" within the al-Qassam Brigades. Among the unit's duties are "to guard enemy captives held by the al-Qassam Brigades, to hide them and to thwart enemy attempts to find them." A Qassam video said that the unit "treats enemy captives honorably, in line with the rules of Islam, and provides for their needs, taking into account the treatment given to the prisoners of the resistance in the hands of the enemy."[38]

Strategy

See also: Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel and Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip

Deif has been credited with transforming the al-Qassam Brigades from a cluster of amateur cells to organized military units, described as an 'army,' that are capable of invading Israel.[8] His military strategy has been dubbed the 'above and below' strategy, built on attacking Israeli territory with rockets and constructing underground tunnels to be used in infiltrating the border with Israel.[14]

Israel–Hamas war

Main articles: Israel–Hamas war and 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel

As the highest-ranking leader of the al-Qassam Brigades, Deif was involved in orchestrating the surprise attack on Israel that commenced the Israel–Hamas war, which, according to a source close to Hamas he began planning in the lead up to the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, motivated by scenes of Israeli forces storming Al-Aqsa during Ramadan.[1] According to France24, he is the mastermind behind the attack on October 7th.[12] The decision to launch the attack was taken jointly by Deif and Yahya Sinwar, the leader of Hamas in the Gaza Strip.[39][40]

After the attack, a Reuters report stated that over the previous two years, Deif deceived Israel into believing Hamas was not interested in another round of conflict.[1][41] This deception campaign involved a decision not to participate in the clashes between Israel and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad in August 2022 and May 2023, putting Israel under the impression that Hamas "was not ready for a fight" and could be contained by providing economic incentives to Gazan workers.[42]

On the day of the attack, Deif gave an audio address, his first since 2021, justifying it as a response to the "desecration" of the Al-Aqsa mosque and the killing and wounding of hundreds of Palestinians in 2023.[13][43][44] He called on Palestinians and Arab Israelis to "expel the occupiers and demolish the walls".[44][45] Announcing the start of "Operation Al-Aqsa Storm," Deif said that "In light of the continuing crimes against our people, in light of the orgy of occupation and its denial of international laws and resolutions, and in light of American and western support, we’ve decided to put an end to all this so that the enemy understands that he can no longer revel without being held to account."[1][4]

Assassination attempts

Deif has been on top of Israel's 'most wanted list' since 1995.[13][46] As of October 2023, he has survived at least seven Israeli assassination attempts.[5] The first attempt on his life was by an airstrike in 2001, before he assumed the leadership of the al-Qassam Brigades.[6][47][48] Israel tried again to kill Deif in September 2002 by a strike on his car.[49][50] Video footage from that attempt show Deif covered in blood as a man drags him away.[51]

In 2003 and in July 2006, Israel tried again by striking a house that hosted a meeting of the Hamas leadership.[6][47][52] It is also said that the July 2006 attempt was an airstrike on the house of one of Deif's lecturers in university when Deif was visiting him.[8]

In August 2014, during the 2014 Gaza War, the Israeli air force attempted to assassinate him with an airstrike on a house in Sheikh Radwan in Gaza City.[53] Hamas denied that Deif was killed,[54][55] which was confirmed by Israeli intelligence in 2015.[18][56] In May 2021, during the 2021 Israel-Palestine crisis, the Israel military tried to kill Deif twice in one week, but both attempts proved unsuccessful.[57]

In October 2023, during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, Deif's father house was hit by an Israeli airstrike, killing Deif's brother and two other family members.[1] It was unclear whether or not the airstrike targeted Deif.[58]

Deif's survival has earned him the nickname 'the cat with nine lives' among his Israeli adversaries.[7][59][43]

Impact on health

After the 2006 assassination attempt, Deif spent three months in Egypt for treatment of his skull after shrapnel lodged in it, and he continues to take tranquillizers daily to treat headaches.[8][60]

It was believed that the seven assassination attempts have lost Deif an eye and limbs,[5] leaving him wheelchair-bound.[61] Hamas has not confirmed or denied these claims and does not comment on his health.[10][62] However, footage obtained by the Israeli military in December 2023 showed Deif in a significantly better condition, using both hands and walking on his own two feet, even though he still had a slight limp and occasionally used a wheelchair.[63][64]

Public image

Deif, the nom de guerre that Mohammed al-Masri takes, means 'guest' in Arabic. This is said to refer to the fact that he stays in a different house each night as a precaution against Israeli attacks.[65] Another explanation says that the name comes from a theatre role he played in his earlier years.[7] He is also known by his kunya Abu Khaled.[2]

There are only two known photos of Deif’s face, the more recent of which having been taken in the year 2000.[66][67] He never appears in public,[1] and he rarely gives recorded audio addresses.[13] His whereabouts are unknown, but it is likely that he stays in the underground tunnel networks in Gaza.[68]

In spite of his elusiveness,[13] he is highly popular amongst Palestinians for his hardline stance against Israel,[13] and has become a 'folk hero' for his survival of many assassination attempts,[69] and is nicknamed 'the mastermind' by Palestinians.[70] As a sign of his popularity, his name has been featured in protest slogans such as: "Put the sword before the sword, we are the men of Mohammed Deif."[2][40][71] His position as a military leader rather than a political one has shielded him from criticism of the Hamas administration of the Gaza Strip.[14]

Personal life

Deif married in 2007.[72] His wife, Widad Asfoura, his infant son and 3 year-old daughter were killed in the 2014 assassination attempt.[1][73] He has two other sons, Bahaa and Khaled.[74]

Deif's mother died in 2011,[6] and his father in 2022.[75]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Nakhoul, Samia; Bassam, Laila (11 October 2023). "Who is Mohammed Deif, the Hamas commander behind the attack on Israel?". Reuters. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b c O'Connor, Tom (13 October 2023). "Mohammed Deif, Che Guevara to Gaza, Bin Laden to Israel, faces last stand". Newsweek. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  3. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village #251. Also gives cause of depopulation.
  4. ^ a b Srivastava, Mehul (8 October 2023). "Who is 'The Guest': the Palestinian mastermind behind deadly Israel incursion". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d "Mohammed Deif: The one-eyed Hamas chief in Israel's crosshairs". BBC News. 30 May 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Mohammed Deif, the Voice of War". english.aawsat.com. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e Raghavan, Sudarsan (2 August 2014). "Mohammed Deif, the shadowy figure who heads Hamas's military wing". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Hamas' deadly 'phantom': the man behind the attacks". Australian Financial Review. 26 October 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  9. ^ a b c Ziboun, Kifah (28 August 2014). "From the Spotlight to the Shadows". Asharq Al-Awsat. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  10. ^ a b c "Who Is Mohammed Deif? Hamas' Elusive Commander Remains A Mystery Figure". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  11. ^ a b "Has Hamas military chief, Mohammed Deif, escaped death again?". Reuters. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Most wanted: The Hamas leaders on Israel's radar". France 24. 3 November 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d e f "Who is Mohammed Deif? The shadowy Hamas commander known as 'The Guest'". Sky News. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  14. ^ a b c "Mohammed Deif, the elusive architect of Hamas's attack on Israel". France 24. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  15. ^ Burke, Jason (7 November 2023). "A deadly cascade: how secret Hamas attack orders were passed down at last minute". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  16. ^ "Israel's most wanted man: Who is Mohammed Deif, the military commander behind Hamas' attack". CNA. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  17. ^ "Who is Mohammed Deif?". nationthailand. 12 October 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  18. ^ a b c "Who is Mohammed Deif, the elusive Hamas commander behind the attack on Israel?". cnbctv18.com. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  19. ^ "Who Is Mohammed Deif?". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  20. ^ "Hamas Says Fugitive Seized in Raid". AP NEWS. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  21. ^ Hockstader, Lee (15 May 2000). "Terror Suspect Being Detained By Palestinians". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  22. ^ Hockstader, Lee (8 December 2000). "Key Militant Escapes From Palestinian Jail". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  23. ^ Gambill, Gary C. (October 2002). "Sponsoring Terrorism: Syria and Hamas". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 4 (10). Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  24. ^ Inquirer (19 May 1996). "Israel Arrests A Hamas Leader Hassan Salameh Was Shot And Wounded In A Chase. He Is Believed To Have Planned Three Of This Year's Bombings". The Philadelphia Inquirer. INQUIRER WIRE SERVICES. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  25. ^ Kelly, Michael (2014). Bus on Jaffa Road: A Story of Middle East Terrorism and the Search for Justice. Lyons Press. pp. 164–179.
  26. ^ https://casetext.com/case/weinstein-v-islamic-republic-of-iran-3
  27. ^ https://casetext.com/case/bodoff-v-islamic-republic-of-iran
  28. ^ https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/172/1/2309032/
  29. ^ https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Politics/Rise%20and%20Kill%20First%20The%20Secret%20History%20of%20Israel%E2%80%99s%20Targeted%20Assassinations%20by%20Ronen%20Bergman%20%28z-lib.org%29.pdf
  30. ^ Asser, Martin (26 September 2002). "Profile: Hamas commander Mohammed Deif". BBC News. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  31. ^ "Hamas's deadly "phantom": the man behind the attacks". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  32. ^ Harel, Amos (20 August 2014). "Who Is Mohammed Deif?". Haaretz.
  33. ^ "Iranian general sends letters to Palestinian commanders". Tehran Times. 21 May 2021.
  34. ^ "IRGC Qods Force Commander Qassem Soleimani In Letter Sent Prior To His Death To Hamas Military Wing Commander Muhammad Deif: Despite The Pressures And Siege, Iran Will Never Abandon Palestine". MEMRI.
  35. ^ AP and ToI Staff. "Arch-terrorists Kuntar, Deif put on US blacklist". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  36. ^ "Terrorist Designations of Yahya Sinwar, Rawhi Mushtaha, and Muhammed Deif". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  37. ^ AFP (8 December 2023). "EU adds Hamas military chiefs Mohammed Deif, Marwan Issa to terror blacklist". Times of Israel.
  38. ^ https://www.newarab.com/analysis/why-did-hamas-shadow-unit-reveal-itself
  39. ^ Sanz, Juan Carlos (18 October 2023). "Mohamed Deif and Yahya Sinwar, the masterminds of the Hamas attack who top Israel's most wanted list". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  40. ^ a b "Mohammed Deif, Hamas's shadow strategist". Le Monde.fr. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  41. ^ "How Mastermind Mohammed Deif Planned Hamas' Attack on Israel From the Shadows". TimesNow. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  42. ^ Nakhoul, Samia; Saul, Jonathan (10 October 2023). "How Hamas duped Israel as it planned devastating attack". Reuters. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  43. ^ a b "Hamas masterminds key targets of Israel's 'dead man walking' threats". France 24. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  44. ^ a b Pacchiani, Gianluca (7 October 2023). "Hamas commander says attacks are in defense of Al-Aqsa, claims 5,000 missiles fired". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  45. ^ "What We Know About the Hamas Attack and Israel's Response". The New York Times. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
  46. ^ "Who Is Mohammed Deif?". Haaretz. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  47. ^ a b Kershner, Isabel; Akram, Fares (20 August 2014). "After Strike on Family, Fate of Hamas Commander Is Unknown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  48. ^ "Who is Mohammed Deif whom Israel tried to assassinate several times". cnbctv18.com. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  49. ^ "Official: Hamas target survives Israeli attack". CNN. 27 September 2002. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  50. ^ Miller, Elhanan. "Is prime Israel target Muhammad Deif overseeing Hamas's strategy?". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  51. ^ "Deep in Underground Tunnels, Mohammed Deif Shapes Hamas' War With Israel". The Forward. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  52. ^ "Israel's Most Wanted Man Seriously Injured in Bombing". WLTX. Gaza City. AP. 12 July 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
  53. ^ "Israeli airstrikes target Hamas military chief in Gaza: report". Xinhua. 20 August 2014. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014.
  54. ^ "Hamas Confirms: Mohammed Deif is Still Alive". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
  55. ^ "Gaza killing resumes with peace talks in tatters". CBS News. 20 August 2014.
  56. ^ "Hamas military commander Deif said to be alive in Gaza Strip". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
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  58. ^ National, The (14 October 2023). "Israel kills two Hamas commanders as it vows to eliminate group". The National. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
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