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==History==
==History==
''Soldier of Fortune'' magazine was founded in 1975, by [[Lieutenant Colonel]], [[U.S. Army Reserve]], (Ret.) [[Robert K. Brown]], a [[United States Army Special Forces|Green Beret]] who served with Special Forces in [[Vietnam]].<ref>[http://www.nrawinningteam.com/bios00/brown.html ''Robert K. Brown''], Biography, National Rifle Association</ref> After retiring from active duty, Brown began publishing a “circular”, magazine type publication with few pages, which contained information on [[mercenary]] employment in [[Oman]], where the Sultan [[Qaboos of Oman|Qaboos]] had recently [[deposition (politics)|deposed]] his father and was battling a [[Omani Civil War (1963-76)|communist insurgency]]. Brown's small circular soon evolved into a glossy, large-format, full color magazine. Significant to the early development of ''SOF'' magazine was its unprecedented, successful recruitment of foreign nationals to serve in the [[Rhodesian Security Forces]], during the [[Rhodesian Bush War]] (1964–79).<ref>[[Ward Churchill]], "U.S. Mercenaries in Southern Africa: The Recruiting Network and U.S. Policy", ''[[Africa Today]]'', Vol. 27, No. 2, External Intervention in Africa (2nd Qtr., 1980), pp. 21–46</ref><ref>[[James Taulbee|James L. Taulbee]], "Soldiers of fortune: A legal leash for the dogs of war?", ''Defense & Security Analysis'', 1475-1801, Volume 1, Issue 3, 1985, pp. 187–203</ref> During the late 1970s and the 1980s, the success and popularity of a military magazine such as ''SOF'' led to the proliferation of like magazines such as ''[[Survive (magazine)|Survive]]'', ''[[Gung Ho! (magazine)|Gung Ho!]]'', ''[[New Breed (magazine)|New Breed]]'', ''[[Eagle (men's magazine)|Eagle]]'', ''[[Combat Illustrated]]'', ''[[Special Weapons and Tactics (magazine)|Special Weapons and Tactics]]'', and ''[[Combat Ready (magazine)|Combat Ready]]''. SOF has been published by the Omega Group Ltd., in [[Boulder, Colorado]].<ref>"[http://www.sofmag.com/contact-sof Contact Us]." ''Soldier of Fortune''. Retrieved September 24, 2011. "2135 11th St. Boulder, CO 80303"</ref>
''Soldier of Fortune'' magazine was founded in 1975, by [[Lieutenant Colonel]], [[U.S. Army Reserve]], (Ret.) [[Robert K. Brown]], a [[United States Army Special Forces|Green Beret]] who served with Special Forces in [[Vietnam]].<ref>[http://www.nrawinningteam.com/bios00/brown.html ''Robert K. Brown''], Biography, National Rifle Association</ref> After retiring from active duty, Brown began publishing a “circular”, magazine type publication with few pages, which contained information on [[mercenary]] employment in [[Oman]], where the Sultan [[Qaboos of Oman|Qaboos]] had recently [[deposition (politics)|deposed]] his father and was battling a [[Omani Civil War (1963-76)|communist insurgency]]. Brown's small circular soon evolved into a glossy, large-format, full color magazine. Significant to the early development of ''SOF'' magazine was its unprecedented, successful recruitment of foreign nationals to serve in the [[Rhodesian Security Forces]], during the [[Rhodesian Bush War]] (1964–79).<ref>[[Ward Churchill]], "U.S. Mercenaries in Southern Africa: The Recruiting Network and U.S. Policy", ''[[Africa Today]]'', Vol. 27, No. 2, External Intervention in Africa (2nd Qtr., 1980), pp. 21–46</ref><ref>[[James Taulbee|James L. Taulbee]], "Soldiers of fortune: A legal leash for the dogs of war?", ''Defense & Security Analysis'', 1475-1801, Volume 1, Issue 3, 1985, pp. 187–203</ref> During the late 1970s and the 1980s, the success and popularity of a military magazine such as ''SOF'' led to the proliferation of like magazines such as ''[[Survive (magazine)|Survive]]'', ''[[Gung Ho! (magazine)|Gung Ho!]]'', ''[[New Breed (magazine)|New Breed]]'', ''[[Eagle (men's magazine)|Eagle]]'', ''[[Combat Illustrated]]'', ''[[Special Weapons and Tactics (magazine)|Special Weapons and Tactics]]'', and ''[[Combat Ready (magazine)|Combat Ready]]''. SOF has been published by the Omega Group Ltd., in [[Boulder, Colorado]].<ref>"[http://www.sofmag.com/contact-sof Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930124804/http://www.sofmag.com/contact-sof |date=2011-09-30 }}." ''Soldier of Fortune''. Retrieved September 24, 2011. "2135 11th St. Boulder, CO 80303"</ref>


The April 2016 issue of ''Soldier of Fortune'' was the final print edition; further editions have only been distributed online.<ref>[http://www.guns.com/2016/03/01/soldier-of-fortune-magazine-to-stop-publishing-after-40-years/ Guns]</ref><ref>[http://soldiersystems.net/2016/03/01/the-internet-claims-another-victim-soldier-of-fortune-magazine-to-cease-hard-copy-publication-goes-digital-only/ The Internet Claims Another Victim – ‘Soldier of Fortune’ Magazine To Cease Hard Copy Publication, Go Digital Only] ''Soldiers Systems''. Retrieved March 9, 2016.</ref>
The April 2016 issue of ''Soldier of Fortune'' was the final print edition; further editions have only been distributed online.<ref>[http://www.guns.com/2016/03/01/soldier-of-fortune-magazine-to-stop-publishing-after-40-years/ Guns]</ref><ref>[http://soldiersystems.net/2016/03/01/the-internet-claims-another-victim-soldier-of-fortune-magazine-to-cease-hard-copy-publication-goes-digital-only/ The Internet Claims Another Victim – ‘Soldier of Fortune’ Magazine To Cease Hard Copy Publication, Go Digital Only] ''Soldiers Systems''. Retrieved March 9, 2016.</ref>

Revision as of 01:08, 10 December 2017

Soldier of Fortune
September 1995 cover
Editor/PublisherRobert K. Brown
Categoriesparamilitary
FrequencyYearly
Founded1975
Final issueApril 2016
CompanyOmega Group Ltd.[1]
CountryUnited States
Based inBoulder, Colorado
LanguageEnglish, many others
Websitewww.sofmag.com

Soldier of Fortune (SOF), The Journal of Professional Adventurers, is a monthly U.S. periodical founded in 1975 as a mercenary magazine devoted to worldwide reporting of wars, including conventional warfare, low-intensity warfare, counter insurgency, and counter-terrorism. It has been published by the Omega Group Ltd., in Boulder, Colorado.

History

Soldier of Fortune magazine was founded in 1975, by Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army Reserve, (Ret.) Robert K. Brown, a Green Beret who served with Special Forces in Vietnam.[2] After retiring from active duty, Brown began publishing a “circular”, magazine type publication with few pages, which contained information on mercenary employment in Oman, where the Sultan Qaboos had recently deposed his father and was battling a communist insurgency. Brown's small circular soon evolved into a glossy, large-format, full color magazine. Significant to the early development of SOF magazine was its unprecedented, successful recruitment of foreign nationals to serve in the Rhodesian Security Forces, during the Rhodesian Bush War (1964–79).[3][4] During the late 1970s and the 1980s, the success and popularity of a military magazine such as SOF led to the proliferation of like magazines such as Survive, Gung Ho!, New Breed, Eagle, Combat Illustrated, Special Weapons and Tactics, and Combat Ready. SOF has been published by the Omega Group Ltd., in Boulder, Colorado.[5]

The April 2016 issue of Soldier of Fortune was the final print edition; further editions have only been distributed online.[6][7]

"Gun for Hire" lawsuits

Grievous injury

During the late 1980s, Soldier of Fortune was sued in civil court several times, for having published classified advertisements of services by (private) mercenaries. In 1987, Norman Norwood, of Arkansas, sued SOF magazine, because of injuries he suffered during a murder attempt by two men hired via a "Gun for Hire" advert in the magazine. The US District Court denied the magazine's motion for summary judgment based upon the Constitutional right of free speech under the First Amendment. The Court said, "reasonable jurors could find that the advertisement posed a substantial risk of harm" and that "gun for hire" ads were not the type of speech intended for protection under the First Amendment.[8] In the end, Mr Norwood and Soldier of Fortune magazine settled his lawsuit out of court.[9]

Wrongful death

In February 1985 John Wayne Hearn, a Vietnam veteran, shot and killed Sandra Black for a $10,000 payment from her husband, Robert Black. Black communicated with Hearn through a classified advertisement published in Soldier of Fortune, wherein Hearn solicited "high-risk assignments. U.S. or overseas". In 1989, Sandra Black's son Gary and her mother Marjorie Eimann filed a wrongful-death lawsuit against SOF magazine and its parent publishing company Omega Group Ltd., seeking $21 million in redress of their grievance.[10]

The jury found Soldier of Fortune grossly negligent in publishing Hearn's classified ad for implicit illegal activity (murder) and awarded the plaintiffs $9.5 million in damages. However, in 1990 the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the verdict, saying that the standard of conduct imposed upon the magazine was too high, because the advertisement was ambiguously worded.[11][12]

Contract killing

In 1989, four men were convicted of conspiracy to commit murder in the 1985 contract killing of Richard Braun, of Atlanta, Georgia. The killers were hired through a classified services advertisement published in Soldier of Fortune magazine that read: "GUN FOR HIRE". Braun's sons filed a civil lawsuit against the magazine and a jury found in their favor, awarding them $12.37 million in damages, which the judge later reduced to $4.37 million. Nonetheless, in 1992 the United States 11th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the judgement of the jury, saying "the publisher could recognize the offer of criminal activity as readily as its readers, obviously, did".[9] The Brauns and SOF magazine settled the wrongful-death lawsuit for $200,000.[13] One consequence of the lost lawsuits was the magazine's suspension of publication of classified advertisements for mercenary work either in the U.S. or overseas.[13]

Notable contributors

References

  1. ^ Omega First Amendment Legal Fund, All Business, allbusiness.com
  2. ^ Robert K. Brown, Biography, National Rifle Association
  3. ^ Ward Churchill, "U.S. Mercenaries in Southern Africa: The Recruiting Network and U.S. Policy", Africa Today, Vol. 27, No. 2, External Intervention in Africa (2nd Qtr., 1980), pp. 21–46
  4. ^ James L. Taulbee, "Soldiers of fortune: A legal leash for the dogs of war?", Defense & Security Analysis, 1475-1801, Volume 1, Issue 3, 1985, pp. 187–203
  5. ^ "Contact Us Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine." Soldier of Fortune. Retrieved September 24, 2011. "2135 11th St. Boulder, CO 80303"
  6. ^ Guns
  7. ^ The Internet Claims Another Victim – ‘Soldier of Fortune’ Magazine To Cease Hard Copy Publication, Go Digital Only Soldiers Systems. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  8. ^ Norwood v. Soldier of Fortune, Inc., United States District Court, W.D. Arkansas, Fayetteville Division, January 29, 1987
  9. ^ a b Smothers, Ronald, Soldier of Fortune Magazine Held Liable for Killer's Ad, New York Times, August 19, 1992
  10. ^ Belkin, Lisa, Soldier of Fortune Magazine Is Sued Over Slaying, New York Times, February 14, 1988
  11. ^ Award in Case of Killer Hired by Ad Is Overturned, Associated Press, August 18, 1989
  12. ^ Transcript of the Fifth Circuit's decision in Eimann v. SOF
  13. ^ a b Moscou, Jim, Soldier of Fortune Toughs Out Changing Times, New York Times, October 16, 2000
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