Mulla Muhsin Fayd Kashani
 His tomb in Kashan | |
| Personal Information | |
|---|---|
| Full Name | Muḥammad b. Murtaḍā b. Maḥmūd al-Kāshānī |
| Well-Known As | Fayd Kashani |
| Well-Known Relatives | Mulla Sadra |
| Birth | Safar, 14, 1007 A.H. (September 16, 1598) |
| Residence | Kashan |
| Death | 1091 A.H. (1680) |
| Burial Place | Kashan |
| Scholarly Information | |
| Professors | Muhammad Taqi Majlisi, Al-Shaykh al-Baha'i, Mir Damad, Mir Findiriski, Mulla Sadra |
| Students | 'Allama Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri, Qadi Sa'id al-Qummi, ... |
| Permission for Hadith Transmission From | Muhammad b. Hasan b. Zayn al-Din al-'Amili |
| Works |
|
| Socio-Political Activities | |
| Socio-Political Activities | Leading Friday Prayer |
Mullā Muḥammad b. Murtaḍā b. Maḥmūd al-Kāshānī (Arabic:الملا محمد بن مرتضى بن محمود الكاشاني), known as Mullā Muḥsin (Arabic: مُلّامُحسِن) and al-Fayḍ al-Kāshānī (Arabic: فیض کاشانی), was a Shi'a philosopher, scholar of hadith, Quranic exegete, and an Akhbari scholar of jurisprudence in the eleventh/seventeenth century. He studied with prominent scholars such as Mulla Sadra, al-Shaykh al-Baha'i, Mir Findiriski, and Mir Damad.
Fayd wrote about various issues; his most significant work includes Tafsir al-safi, al-Wafi, Mafatih al-shara'i', al-Mahajjat al-bayda', and al-Kalimat al-maknuna, which respectively concern the Quranic exegesis, hadith, jurisprudence, ethics, and mysticism.
Al-Fayd adopted a moderate Akhbari approach in jurisprudence, and thus he had different views from his predecessors. One of his important views in jurisprudence is the permissibility of singing (ghina') under certain conditions, the variability of the maturity age relative to different laws of shari'a, and the individual obligation (al-wujub al-'ayni) of Friday Prayer.
One of his social and political activities was the holding of Friday Prayer in Kashan and Isfahan.
Lineage, Title, Birth, and Death
The Fayd family was a well-known Shi'a family of scholars. His father was Radi al-Din Shah Murtada (950-1009 AH/ 1543-4 -1600-1) and his mother was Zahra Khatun (d. 1071/1660-1), the daughter of Diya' al-'Urafa al-Razi. Al-Fayd's grandfather, Taj al-Din Shah Mahmud, the son of Mulla 'Ali al-Kashani, is buried in Kashan.
Title
Al-Fayd's name was Muhammad, but he was known as Muhsin or Muhammad Muhsin. He married Mulla Sadra's daughter. Mulla Sadra gave him the title, al-Fayd, and gave his other son in law, 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Lahiji, the title, al-Fayyad.
Birth and Death
Al-Fayd was born in Safar 14, 1007 AH, (September 16, 1598) in Kashan. And he died there in 1091 AH, (1680). He was buried in the cemetery that he had endowed when he was alive. A conference was held in Kashan in the honor of al-Fayd al-Kashani in November 5-7, 2008.
Wife and Children
His wife was Mulla Sadra's daughter. And their children are as follows:
- Muhammad 'Alam al-Huda
- Mu'in al-Din Ahmad
- 'Aliya Banu (known as Umm al-Khayr)
- Sakina (known as Umm al-Birr)
- Sakina (known as Umm Salama)
Education
Al-Fayd started his educations in Kashan, and when he was twenty years old, he went to Isfahan to continue his studies. After then, he studied with Sayyid Majid al-Bahrani in Shiraz for two years. Once again he went to Isfahan and attended the lectures of al-Shaykh al-Baha'i. In his hajj travel, he received a permission for narrating hadiths from Shaykh Muhammad, al-Shahid al-Thani's grandson. And then he studied in Qom with Mulla Sadra, and accompanied him when he returned to Shiraz and stayed there for two years. Although Khwansari and others believe that al-Fayd studied with Mulla Sadra in his first travel to Shiraz, this is not compatible with what al-Fayd himself wrote. Finally, al-Fayd returned to Kashan where he started teaching and writing. Faydiyya School is said to be called so because al-Fayd resided there for a while.
Many scholars, such as Afandi, al-Hurr al-'Amili, al-Muhaddith al-Nuri, al-Shaykh 'Abbas al-Qummi, 'Allama Amini and others have admired him with words such as philosopher, sage, theologian, muhaddith (scholar of hadith), jurist, poet, man of literature, scholar, and knowledgeable.
Requests of Safavid Kings
Although Shah Safi —the Safavid king— asked him to his palace, al-Fayd refused the invitation. After that, Shah Abbas II asked al-Fayd to hold Friday Prayer in the capital city of Iran then (Isfahan). Al-Fayd personally preferred to keep his privacy, but after consultations with his friends and companions, he accepted the request.
Teachers
- Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi
- Al-Shaykh al-Baha'i
- Mir Damad
- Mir Findiriski
- Mulla Sadra
- Sayyid Majid al-Bahrani with whom al-Fayd studied in Shiraz for two years
- Muhammad b. Hasan b. Zayn al-Din al-'Amili, al-Shahid al-Thani's grandson; al-Fayd received a permission of narrating hadiths from him in his travel to Mecca.
Some sources have also mentioned Mulla Khalil al-Qazwini, Muhammad Tahir al-Qummi, Mulla Salih al-Mazandarani and his father as his teachers.
Students
- 'Alam al-Huda Muhammad b. Muhsin (his son)
- Ahmad, known as Mu'in al-Din; his son
- Muhammad Mu'min b. 'Abd al-Ghafur; his brother
- Shah Murtada Jr., his nephew
- Diya' al-Din Muhammad, son of Hakim Nur al-Din, al-Fayd's uncle
- Mulla Shah Fadl Allah; his nephew
- Mulla 'Allami; his nephew
- 'Allama Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi
- Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri
- Qadi Sa'id al-Qummi
- Mulla Muhammad Sadiq al-Khidri
- Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Qummi
- Shaykh Muhammad Muhsin al-'Irfan al-Shirazi
Works
Al-Fayd was a prolific author. In his catalogue, he mentioned 100 works of his own. Sayyid Ni'mat Allah al-Jaza'iri said that Fayd wrote about 200 books and essays. Other sources report up to 140 works by Fayd. Here are some of his work:
- Tafsir al-safi (Quranic exegesis)
- Tafsir al-asfa (Quranic exegesis)
- Al-Wafi (a collection of hadiths)
- Al-Shafi
- Al-Nawadir
- 'Ilm al-yaqin
- Mu'tasam al-Shi'a fi ahkam al-shari'a
- Al-Mahajjat al-bayda' fi tahdhib al-ihya'
- Mafatih al-shara'i'
- Usul al-ma'arif
- Al-Haqa'iq
- Qurrat al-'uyun
- Al-Kalimat al-maknuna
- Al-Kalimat al-makhzuna
- Al-La'i
- Jala' al-'uyun
- Tashrih al-'alam
- Bisharat al-Shi'a
- Al-Arba'in fi manaqib Amir al-M'minin
- Al-Usul al-asliyya
- Tashil al-sabil
- Naqd al-usul al-fiqhiyya
- Al-Nukhba
- Al-Shahab al-thaqib
- Usul al-'aqa'id
- Minhaj al-nijat
- Khulasat al-adhkar
- Diwan (his Persian poems)
- Risala sharh al-Sadr
- ...
Noor Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences in Qom has published an electronic version of Fayd's works as 'Allama Fayd al-Kashani's collection of works.
Particular Views
Khwansari as well as Shaykh Yusuf al-Bahrani considered Mulla Muhsin as an Akhbari scholar. Al-Fayd's writings reinforce the claim. However, on many issues he had independent views; here are some of his particular views:
- Permissibility of ghina' and playing music: Al-Fayd appeals to some hadiths to show that ghina' is only prohibited when it is accompanied by some prohibited actions, such as gambling, relations between men and women, listening men the singing of women, and containing wrong words. Otherwise, it is not prohibited in itself.
- A religiously najis thing does not make other things najis.
- Little water does not become najis if it meets something najis.
- The unbelievers will not stay in the Hell forever.
- People of ijtihad will not redeem even if they are the greatest scholars.
- The age of maturity is various with respect to different laws of shari'a.
- The shar'i sunset occurs when the sun is absent from the eyes if there are no barriers.
- It is not required in mash that the head or feet be dry.
- Friday Prayer is an individual obligation (al-wajib al-'ayni) for every Muslim. Al-Fayd held Friday Prayer in Kashan and Qamsar. He did not accept Shah Safi's request to hold Friday Prayer in Isfahan, but he accepted Shah Abbas II's request to hold such prayers in the 'Atiq Mosque of Isfahan.
Further Reading
Fayd pazhuhi; majmu'i maqalati dar barrasi-yi ara' wa ahwal-i Fayd Kashani (Fayd Kashani; a collection of papers on the life of Fayd Kashani in Persian).
References
- Afandī Iṣfahānī, ʿAbd Allāh. Riyāḍ al-ʿulamāʾ wa ḥiyāḍ al-fuḍalāʾ. Edited by Aḥmad Ḥusaynī Ashkwarī. Qom: Maṭbaʿat al-Khayyām, 1401 AH.
- Group of authors.Gulshan-i Abrār. Pazhūhishkada-yi Bāqir al-ʿUlūm, Nashr-i Maʿrūf, 1379 Sh.
- Khāwnsārī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Rawḍāt al-jannāt fī aḥwāl al-ʿulamā wa al-sādāt. Edited by Asadullāh Ismāʿīlīyān. Qom: Intishārāt-i Ismāʿīlīyān, 1390 AH.
- Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. Al-Iʿtidhār, dar Dah Risāla. Edited by Rasūl Jaʿfariyān. Isfahan: Markaz-i Taḥqīqāt ʿIlmī wa Dīnī Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn (A), 1371 Sh.
- Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. "Sharḥ Ṣadr, dar Majmūʿa Rasāʾil-i Fayḍ Kāshānī. Edited by Bihrād Jaʿfarī. Tehran: Madrasa-yi ʿĀlī Shahīd Muṭahharī, 1387 Sh.
- Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. Kitāb al-Wāfī. Edited by Ḍīyāʾ al-Dīn Ḥusaynī. Isfahan: Maktaba Imam Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a), 1370 Sh.
- Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. Maḥajjat al-Bayḍāʾ fī tahdhīb al-aḥyāʾ. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. 2nd edition. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1383 Sh.
- Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. Dīwān, sharh wa muqaddama:Muṣṭafā Fayḍī Kāshānī. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Uswa, 1371 Sh.
- Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin. Mafātīḥ al-sharāʾiʿ. Edited by Sayyid Mahdī Rajāʾī. Qom: Majmaʿ al-Dhakhāʾir al-Islāmī, 1401 AH.
- Qummī, Shaykh ʿAbbās. Al-Kunā wa l-alqāb. 5th edition. Tehran: Maktabat al-Ṣadr, 1368 Sh.
- Mukhtārī Riḍā and Ṣādiqī Muḥsin. Ghināʾ wa mūsīqī. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī-yi Ḥawza-yi Ilmīya-yi Qom, 1377 Sh.