Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Flourishing in the elderly

Flourishing in the elderly:
How can psychological flourishing be supported in the elderly?

Multimedia presentation (3 min)

Overview

Figure 1. Sarah is alone in her elderly years; she feels isolated, lacks vitality, and life is empty. Can you relate ... Sarah, aged 85, begins her day in a house echoing with memories (see Figure 1). Faded photographs on the mantelpiece showcase her once pivotal role in the community. From hosting gatherings to being an active voice at the local council, she had always championed causes dear to her. But now, an overwhelming quietness envelops her heart, and she has lost touch with her sense of purpose. Time has seen her closest friends either move away or pass away. Family visits, once frequent and filled with laughter, have become increasingly rare. This growing isolation weighs on Sarah, exacerbated by a society that seems to prioritise youth over experience. The fast-paced technological world further alienates her; smart devices and social media platforms feel foreign, exacerbating her deep-seated fear of irrelevance in a world that is rapidly evolving without her. In a society increasingly centred on youth, how can seniors like Sarah reclaim their vitality and sense of meaning?

Figure 2. An elderly couple amidst bountiful crops, symbolising their wealth of skills and experience accumulated over the years.

The ageing population represents an invaluable repository of wisdom, experience, and insight (see Figure 2). Yet, many elderly individuals, much like Sarah, face challenges related to purpose, meaning, and overall psychological well-being. This raises a question; can the elderly attain a state of psychological flourishing, even in the face of age-related adversities? The domain of positive psychology offers evidence-based strategies. Read on to explore what these strategies are and how they can be applied to support seniors in their journey toward a life filled with purpose, meaning, and joy.

Psychological flourishing in the elderly can be supported through a combination of the following, especially when tailored to individual needs and preferences:

• Social engagement and meaningful activities such as community involvement or hobbies (Helliwell et al., 2013)
• Mental stimulation via cognitive training programs can sustain mental acuity and may delay cognitive decline (Ball et al., 2002)
• Physical activity using exercises tailored to the elderly improve mood and cognitive function (Colcombe & Kramer, 2003)
• Incorporating positive coping strategies from positive psychology techniques, such as gratitude exercises, builds resilience and satisfaction (Seligman et al., 2005)

Focus questions: What is psychological flourishing? Why is psychological flourishing important for the elderly? How does positive psychology foster psychological flourishing? What can seniors like Sarah do to flourish?

What is psychological flourishing?

Psychological flourishing, a term frequently linked to positive psychology, has gained prominence over the years. For elderly individuals, understanding and achieving psychological flourishing is paramount, considering the myriad challenges they confront during this stage of life (Park et al., 2002). The concept of psychological flourishing and its significance, particularly in the context of ageing, will be explored in depth. It is also essential to define and distinguish psychological flourishing from broader notions of general flourishing and well-being. Through understanding this distinction, the unique facets of flourishing and its potential impact on the lives of older individuals become evident. Common misconceptions about psychological flourishing are also addressed, ensuring clarity in subsequent discussions.

Definition and distinction

Psychological flourishing, often simply termed "flourishing," signifies a pinnacle in human functioning. It represents a well-being state that extends beyond merely being free from distress or psychological issues. More than mere survival, flourishing connotes thriving, excelling, and feeling an intense sense of purpose and contentment (Seligman et al., 2005). This condition transcends mere happiness or the absence of mental illness (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009). Flourishing provides a holistic view, emphasising positive human functioning across various areas, from relationships to personal growth and purpose. It captures positive emotions, a sense of engagement, strong social connections, and a profound understanding of life's meaning. Distinct from general well-being, flourishing underscores not just feeling good but also functioning effectively, accentuating both hedonic (feelings about life) and eudaimonic (functioning in life) well-being facets (Keyes, 2007).

Importance in the context of ageing

Ageing often evokes feelings of apprehension and resignation, influenced by perceptions of decline or limitation, both physically and mentally. However, research indicates that many elderly individuals experience periods of growth, insight, and enhanced well-being. For instance, the Adult Development and Enrichment Project (ADEPT), conducted by researchers at Pennsylvania State University, highlighted the potential for intellectual and emotional growth even in advanced age (Hultsch et al., 1999). Psychological flourishing becomes paramount in this setting, aiding the elderly in navigating challenges, capitalising on opportunities, and making meaningful contributions to their communities and personal lives.

Psychological flourishing challenges these notions of decline or limitation, shedding light on the profound possibilities for growth, enrichment, and depth in later life (Paterson & Warburton, 2010). Embracing flourishing can significantly transform how the elderly perceive their later years, viewing it as a period for renewed purpose, deepened relationships, and the nurturing of new passions or interests. Additionally, as the elderly inevitably encounter challenges, a mindset rooted in flourishing can act as a sturdy foundation, empowering them to face these obstacles with resilience and poise (Seligman et al., 2005).

Misconceptions

Several misconceptions exist regarding the concept of psychological flourishing. Contrary to common belief, it does not imply a perpetual state of happiness or a life devoid of adversity. Psychological flourishing is not about the absence of negative emotions or challenges. Instead, it focuses on cultivating psychological tools and strategies to navigate adversity, empowering individuals to thrive amidst difficulties (Carstensen et al., 1999). Clarifying these misconceptions paves the way for a deeper understanding of how older individuals can achieve and maintain psychological flourishing.

To truly grasp psychological flourishing in older adults, it is crucial to debunk prevalent myths about the ageing process. If left unchallenged, these misconceptions could deter the implementation of strategies promoting well-being in later life (Carstensen et al., 1999; Charles & Carstensen, 2010). Table 1 presents evidence-based counters to these myths, highlighting the potential for growth and vitality among the elderly.

Table 1. Dispelling Common Misconceptions about the Ageing Process

Myth	Fact
Ageing leads to inevitable cognitive and emotional decline.	Ageing can offer growth opportunities with the right strategies.
Ageing means mental and physical decline.	Many older adults maintain high cognitive and physical activity levels with suitable exercises (Park et al., 2002; Hultsch et al., 1999).
Social withdrawal is an ageing inevitability.	While social circles might decrease in size, relationship quality often improves, and staying socially engaged is beneficial (Carstensen et al., 1999; Charles & Carstensen, 2010).
Physical activity is risky for older adults.	Moderate physical activity improves mental and physical health in the elderly, refuting the risk myth (Paterson & Warburton, 2010; Chodzko-Zajko et al., 2009).
Positive thinking is naive.	Adopting a positive mindset is empirically supported, and positive psychology boosts well-being in the elderly (Seligman et al., 2005; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).

Significance of psychological flourishing for the elderly

Psychological flourishing holds a special significance for the elderly (Seligman, 2011). As they navigate the complexities of ageing, fostering a sense of purpose, joy, and well-being is essential (Bonanno et al., 2004). The importance of psychological flourishing for older adults lies in its comprehensive contributions to their emotional, cognitive, and physical domains (Emmons & McCullough, 2003; Hultsch et al., 1999). Drawing upon current research, the following discussion explores the transformative effects of a flourishing mindset.

Emotional benefits

Ageing introduces challenges that can be emotionally strenuous. However, research such as that by Peterson et al. (2007) indicates that character strengths, including love, gratitude, and hope, can significantly enhance emotional well-being. A good sense of humour provides further enhancement to emotional well-being according to research conducted by Martin et al. (1993). Flourishing ensures that the elderly possess the emotional resilience required to confront challenges, nurturing feelings of contentment and fulfilment (Bonanno et al., 2004). A senior who flourishes, for instance, might derive profound joy from meaningful relationships or experience a deep sense of gratitude for life's journey. This emotional equilibrium not only improves overall life quality but also acts as a safeguard against stress, rendering the ageing experience more rewarding (Bengtson, 2001; Carstensen et al., 1999).

Cognitive benefits

Psychological flourishing has discernible effects on cognitive function. A flourishing mind is an active one, continuously engaged in stimulating activities. Various researchers have observed that aspects like mental stimulation and engagement in activities such as walking, cycling, and sports play a role in cognitive maintenance (Bonanno et al., 2004; Emmons & McCullough, 2003; Hultsch et al., 1999). Cross-sectional and retrospective studies, although lacking direct causation evidence, highlight the correlation between physical activity and cognitive function (Hultsch et al., 1999; Paterson & Warburton, 2010). Moreover, character strengths such as curiosity and zest, as pinpointed by Peterson et al. (2007), equip the elderly with a passion for learning, keeping their cognitive faculties sharp and agile. It is a proactive stance against cognitive decline, ensuring that the elderly remain mentally active and engaged.

Impact on physical health and longevity

The connection between the mind and body is profound, particularly in the context of ageing. Research consistently underscores the positive effects of physical activity on functional outcomes, with an emphasis on the benefits of aerobic activities and structured exercise programs (Greenfield & Marks, 2004; Paterson & Warburton, 2010). Notably, regular participation in these activities is linked to decreased risks of functional impairments. Beyond the immediate physical benefits, psychological flourishing, with its focus on positive behaviours and proactive approaches, may also enhance longevity (Bengtson, 2001; Peterson et al. 2007). For example, seniors who cultivate qualities such as gratitude, as identified in studies by Peterson et al. (2007), are likely to adopt more health-promoting behaviours. This symbiotic relationship between a flourishing mind and a healthy body underscores the importance of psychological well-being in the elderly.

1 Imagine you are chatting with a friend about the advantages of psychological flourishing in older adults. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of psychological flourishing in the elderly? Enhanced emotional resilience to confront challenges Safeguard against financial issues Improved overall life quality Acts as a safeguard against stress 2 A senior with a flourishing mindset might derive profound joy from meaningful relationships and experience a deep sense of gratitude for life's journey. True False 3 Research indicates that seniors who cultivate qualities like gratitude are more likely to: Avoid social interactions Abstain from any form of physical activity Adopt additional health-promoting behaviours Experience rapid cognitive decline

The role of positive psychology

Positive psychology is a burgeoning domain that emphasises individual strengths, virtues, and optimal human functioning (Seligman, 2011). For the elderly, this approach offers a holistic perspective. It addresses the inherent challenges of ageing and actively promotes a life that thrives, going beyond mere survival. As noted by Southwick and Charney (2012) in their seminal research, resilience—a core tenet of positive psychology—is fundamental for navigating stress and trauma. This section delves into the foundational principles of positive psychology and its significant utility in supporting psychological flourishing among seniors.

<<<not sure about this - thriving is different to flourishing, so either 1) need to make the connection or 2) stick to flourishing>>>

Foundational principles and theories

At its heart, positive psychology explores the conditions and processes that contribute to optimal functioning (Southwick & Charney, 2012). Instead of focusing solely on deficits or disorders, it shifts the paradigm to accentuate strengths, positive emotions, and resilience. For seniors, these principles become increasingly significant, providing a compass for navigation through the later stages of life. Foundational theories such as the Science of Resilience illuminate pathways through which seniors can find meaning, purpose, and a heightened sense of well-being despite life's adversities.

• Resilience Theory: This theory looks at how individuals can bounce back from adversity and even grow from challenges. It's been particularly applied in positive psychology to consider how building resilience can contribute to flourishing (Southwick & Charney, 2012; Bonanno et al., 2004).
• Theory of Gratitude: Emerging from the broader study of positive emotions, gratitude theory posits that recognising and appreciating the positive aspects of life can lead to enhanced mental well-being (Emmons & McCullough, 2003; Seligman, 2011).
• Character Strengths and Virtues Framework: Proposed by Peterson et al. (2007), this theory classifies 24 character strengths under six virtues that are valued across cultures. Utilising these strengths is thought to contribute to a meaningful and fulfilling life.

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Psychological functioning and its role

Research conducted by Southwick and Charney (2012) underscores the integral role of psychological resilience in combatting depression—a condition prevalent among the elderly. Resilience does not merely denote bouncing back from adversity but signifies thriving amidst it. The elderly, with a lifetime of experiences, possess unique strengths and coping mechanisms. By harnessing these, and understanding neurobiological and psychosocial factors, there is an avenue for improved psychological functioning, ultimately contributing to enhanced flourishing.

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The resilience connection

Several studies highlight that resilience is intricately linked to genetics, environment, neurobiology, and psychosocial factors (Helliwell & Sachs, 2013; Seligman, 2011; Southwick & Charney, 2012). For seniors, building resilience becomes a pivotal tool in managing age-related stressors and traumas. Embracing resilience does not mean avoiding challenges but rather developing a robust toolkit to face them head-on. With strategies encompassing positive emotions, social support, coping skills, and more, resilience offers a protective layer, allowing seniors to remain buoyant in the face of life's trials.

<<<possibly more developmnet needed here; and more references>>>

Proactive approaches and interventions

Promoting flourishing among the elderly necessitates actionable steps grounded in empirical evidence. Southwick and Charney (2012) advocate for interventions such as modifying the biological and psychosocial environment, strengthening social support networks, enhancing cognitive engagements, and boosting physical health through aerobic exercises. It is crucial to tailor these approaches to the distinct needs of seniors, taking into account their physiological, cognitive, and socio-emotional states. When informed by positive psychology, the amalgamation of these interventions paves the way for a life marked by heightened contentment, purpose, and joy during the golden years.

<<<suggest: introduce the four key suggestions and outline the research support underpinning each strategy; need further references too>>>

As represented in Figure 3, greater levels of psychological flourishing are achieved as

See Figure 3 for a representation of how the

Supporting psychological flourishing among seniors

Social engagement and meaningful activities

Figure 3. A group of seniors preparing meals for community service; socially engaged and contributing meaningfully.

• Building social connections rejuvenates the spirit and enhances well-being.
• Social relationships have been found to significantly influence mental and emotional well-being in the elderly. A strong social network can reduce feelings of loneliness and depression, thereby promoting psychological flourishing (Cacioppo et al., 2006).
• Forming bonds across different age groups can be mutually beneficial and specifically aid the elderly in feeling more connected and less isolated (Bengtson, 2001).
• Engaging in community activities or volunteering (see Figure 3) has been shown to provide a sense of purpose and improve mental health outcomes for seniors (Greenfield & Marks, 2004).

Consider: When was the last time you made a new friend? What activities can help you meet new people? Suggestions: Engage in community activities, reconnect with old friends, or even consider pet ownership. Establish regular family visits or calls, attend local gatherings, or join clubs focused on specific interests.

Figure 4. An elderly woman deeply engrossed in her daily crossword puzzle; an excellent form of mental stimulation.

Mental stimulation

• Continuous learning has been linked to cognitive vitality and emotional well-being.
• Activities that require creativity, such as painting or music, not only stimulate the brain but also contribute to a greater sense of purpose and joy, enhancing the quality of life (Cohen et al., 2006).
• Research indicates that lifelong learning and mental stimulation can help prevent cognitive decline and improve overall psychological well-being. Older adults who engage in mentally stimulating activities (see Figure 4) report higher levels of happiness and lower levels of depression (Hultsch et al., 1999).
• More recent research underscores the notion that the ageing brain is capable of new neural connections when subjected to novel learning experiences, enhancing cognitive and emotional well-being (Park & Bischof, 2013).

Consider: Reflect on a skill you've always wanted to learn. What's stopping you now? Suggestions: Take up a new hobby, join an interesting class, or simply read a new book. Explore online courses tailored for seniors or consider group-based activities to foster intellectual engagement.

Physical activity

Figure 5. A group of elderly enjoying a tai chi class tailored for maintaining mobility and easing arthritis symptoms.

• Regular physical activity boosts mental health and protects against age-related ailments such as heart disease, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass).
• Several studies show that regular physical exercise can improve cognitive function, thereby supporting not only physical but also mental well-being (Colcombe & Kramer, 2003).
• Group exercise activities like tai chi (see Figure 5) or water aerobics offer not only physical benefits but also social interaction, which can further contribute to psychological well-being (Liu & Latham, 2009).
• Improved sleep through regular physical activity is correlated with better mood and mental health, providing another pathway to psychological flourishing (Reid et al., 2010).

Consider: Reflect on a skill you've always wanted to learn. What's stopping you now? Suggestions: Incorporate simple exercises into your daily routine, such as walking, yoga, or dancing, or consider joining a senior-friendly exercise group. Please note: Always consult your healthcare professional before starting any new exercise regimen.

Figure 6. An elderly man practicing guided meditation; an excellent positive coping strategy.

Positive coping strategies

• Develop resilience against challenges by adopting positive coping mechanisms such as meditation (see Figure 6), relaxation techniques, and engaging in spirituality.
• Positive psychology interventions focus on strengths and virtues and have shown efficacy in improving well-being and reducing depressive symptoms in older adults (Seligman et al., 2005).
• Incorporating gratitude into daily routines has been associated with positive emotional states, greater well-being, and better physical health in older adults (Emmons & McCullough, 2003).
• Utilizing humor is shown to not only uplift mood but also serve as an effective coping strategy for stress and life challenges. This is particularly relevant for elderly individuals who may face various forms of age-related adversity (Martin et al., 1993).

Consider: Reflect on a past challenge. How did you cope? How can you refine this strategy? Suggestions: Embrace activities that foster mindfulness and reflection, such as meditation, gratitude journaling, or joining a support group.

Figure 7. John rediscovered his zest for life through mentoring teenagers, a program organised by his local APEX club. Can you relate ... John, at 80, often sat in his armchair, lost in memories of youthful adventures. He believed his golden years had long passed, with each day echoing the sentiments of a vibrant past. Collecting his mail one day, a flyer for the local book club caught his attention, hinting at a promise of engaging discussions. Deciding to join, John discovered that the club was more than just about books; it was a community bridging generational gaps through shared stories. A young woman from the group, impressed by John's vast life experiences, introduced him to a mentoring program hosted by the local APEX club. Through mentoring, John shared his life lessons, offering wisdom and guidance to the younger generation. This exchange rekindled his understanding of the value of his own journey. Far from feeling that his best years were behind him, the interactions brought about a renewed sense of purpose (see Figure 7). Through the book club and mentoring, John not only found a revived passion for literature but also tapped into a deeper zest for life, seeing his age not as a limitation but as a testament to a life rich with experiences.

Conclusion

Ageing, with its challenges, can still be a period of growth, connection, and profound meaning. By embracing the tenets of positive psychology, we can support the elderly in their journey towards psychological flourishing.

Psychological flourishing is essential at every age. However, for seniors who wish to flourish, it is particularly important they maintain:

• social engagement to enhance emotional well-being,
• continuous mental stimulation to promote cognitive vitality,
• regular physical activity to ensure both physical and mental health, and
• positive coping strategies to foster resilience.

See also

1. Ageing and emotion (Book chapter, 2014)
2. Ageing and motivation (Book chapter, 2023)
3. Nudge theory and sedentary behaviour (Book chapter, 2023)
4. Self-determination theory (Wikipedia)
5. Death and meaning in life (Book chapter, 2023)
6. Community resilience (Book chapter, 2023)

References

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External links

1. 100-year olds' guide to living your best life (Allure; YouTube)
2. Blue zones power 9: Lifestyle habits of the world’s healthiest, longest-lived people (bluezones.com)
3. Positive psychology center (University of Pennsylvania)
4. The secret to successful aging (Cathleen Toomey; TEDx Talks)