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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
{{root|la|ine-pro|*lewg-}}
From {{der|la|ine-pro|*lewg-||bend, twist}}. Cognate with {{m|la|luxus}}, {{cog|grc|λύγος}}, {{cog|lt|lugnas}}, and {{cog|non|lykna}}.
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European {{m|ine-pro|*lewg-||bend, twist}} (whence also {{m|la|lū̆xus|lū̆xus, -a, -um|t=dislocated}} and {{m|la|lū̆xus|lū̆xus, -ūs|t=dislocation; splendor}}).

Cognate with {{cog|grc|λύγος}}, {{cog|lt|lugnas}}, and {{cog|non|lykna}}. Compare with {{cog|en|louk}}; {{m|en|lock}}.

Per De Vaan, formed as a frequentative from {{der|la|itc-pro|*luktos}}, the perfect passive participle form of an unattested non-frequentative verb. De Vaan assumes the stem had a short vowel here and in {{m|la|lū̆xus}}, despite noting that this is difficult to explain as the word meets the conditions for [[:w:Lachmann's law|Lachmann's law]] to apply; he speculates that a hypothetical nasal present stem (which would regularly have had a short vowel), as found in Celtic, could have exerted analogical influence on the vowel length.<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|head=luctor, -ārī|page=350}}</ref>


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
* {{la-IPA|luctor}}
* {{la-IPA|lū̆ctor}}
* The ''u'' in the first syllable is short per De Vaan (2008) and Wartburg (1928–2002),<ref>{{R:FEW|5|438|lŭctāri}}</ref> long per Bennett (1907).<ref>{{R:Bennett 1907|page=60}}</ref> Bennett appeals to Romance for ''ū'', but Wartburg says there actually seem to be outcomes of both ''ŭ'' and ''ū'' in Romance. Buchi and Schweickard say that outside of Sardinian, Vegliote and Ladin, all Romance forms are consistent with descent from Proto-Romance *lʊkt‑; they explain the development of *ʊ to /u/ in Gaulish and Iberian varieties as an effect of the following palatal glide that developed in the cluster /kt/.<ref name=DÉRom>{{R:DÉRom|'lUkt-a-|v|21 April 2023}}</ref>


===Verb===
===Verb===
{{la-verb|1+.p3inf|lū̆ctor}}
{{la-verb|luctor|luctārī|luctātus sum|conj=1|pattern=depon}}


# I [[struggle]], [[wrestle]], [[fight]].
# to [[struggle]], [[strive]], [[contend]]
#: {{syn|la|certō|contendō|ēnītor|cōnītor|nītor|adnītor|ēlabōrō|labōrō|īnsequor|tendō|appetō|mōlior}}
# to [[wrestle]], [[fight]]
#: {{syn|la|repugnō|pugnō|contendō|certō|dēcernō|concurrō|bellō|dīmicō|cōnflīgō}}


====Inflection====
====Conjugation====
{{la-conj-1st|type=depon|luct|luctāt|p3inf=1}}
{{la-conj|1+.p3inf|lū̆ctor}}


====Derived terms====
====Derived terms====
* {{l|la|ēluctor}}
* {{l|la|ēlū̆ctor}}
* {{l|la|lucta}} (''Post Classical and Vulgar Latin'')
* {{l|la|lū̆cta}} {{qual|post-Classical and Vulgar Latin}}
* {{l|la|luctātiō}}
* {{l|la|lū̆ctātiō}}
* {{l|la|luctātor}}
* {{l|la|lū̆ctātor}}
* {{l|la|oblū̆ctor}}
* {{l|la|relū̆ctor}}


====Descendants====
====Descendants====
{{top2}}
{{top4}}
* Balkan Romance:
* Albanian: {{l|sq|luftoj}}
* Aromanian: {{l|rup|alumtu}}, {{l|rup|alumtari}}
** {{desc|rup|luptu|alumtu}}
* Asturian: {{l|ast|lluchar}}
** {{desc|ro|lupta}}
* Catalan: {{l|ca|lluitar}}
** {{desc|sq|luftoj|bor=1}}
* Italo-Romance:
⚫
* French: {{l|fr|lutter}}
* Friulian: {{l|fur|lotâ}}
** {{desc|it|lottare}}
*** {{desc|lmo|lotà|lottà|bor=1|unc=1}}
⚫
* Galician: {{l|gl|loitar}}
*** {{desc|pms|loté|bor=1|unc=1}}
⚫
* Italian: {{l|it|lottare}}
* Neapolitan: {{l|nap|luttà}}
** {{desc|nap|luttà}}
⚫
** {{desc|scn|luttari}}; {{desc|sc|alluttari|adduttari|nolb=1}}
{{mid2}}
* Insular Romance:
* Norman: {{l|nrf|litter}} {{qualifier|Jersey}}
* Occitan: {{l|oc|luchar}}
** {{desc|sc|-}}
*** {{desc|sc-sro|lottai|luttai}}
⚫
* Old Portuguese: {{l|roa-opt|luitar}}
*** {{desc|sc-src|lottare|luttare}}
* Portuguese: {{l|pt|lutar}}
⚫
*** {{desc|sc-nuo|lottare}}
* Romanian: {{l|ro|lupta}}, {{l|ro|luptare}}
* North Italian:
* Romansch: {{l|rm|lutgar}}
** Gallo-Italic:
⚫
* Sicilian: {{l|scn|luttari}}, {{l|sc|alluttari}}, {{l|sc|adduttari}}
*** {{desc|lmo|-}} /lyˈt͡ʃa/
⚫
* Spanish: {{l|es|luchar}}
*** {{desc|pms|-}} /loˈt͡ʃe/
⚫
* Venetian: {{l|vec|lotar}}
** {{desc|fur|lotâ}}
** {{desc|ist|lutà}}
** {{desc|rm|luchiar|lutter|luottar}}
⚫
** {{desc|vec|lotar}}
* Gallo-Romance:
** {{desc|roa-oca|luytar}}
*** {{desc|ca|lluitar}}
** {{desc|frp|lutar}}
** {{desc|fro|loiter|luitier|liter}}
*** {{desc|frm|luiter|liter|lucter}}
⚫
**** {{desc|fr|lutter}}
*** {{desc|nrf|litter}}
** {{desc|pro|luchar|lochar|loitar}}
*** {{desc|oc|luchar|lutar}}
* Ibero-Romance:
** {{desc|an|luitar|alts=1}}
** {{desc|ast|lluchar}}
⚫
** {{desc|roa-opt|luitar}}
⚫
*** {{desc|gl|loitar}}
*** {{desc|pt|lutar|alts=1}}
⚫
** {{desc|es|luchar}}
{{bottom}}
{{bottom}}


===References===
===References===
* {{R:FEW|5|439|lŭctāri}}
<references/>

===Further reading===
* {{R:L&S}}
* {{R:L&S}}
* {{R:Elementary Lewis}}
* {{R:Elementary Lewis}}
* {{R:Gaffiot}}
* {{R:Gaffiot}}

[[Category:Latin deponent verbs]]

Latest revision as of 01:47, 29 September 2024

Latin

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“bend, twist”) (whence also lū̆xus, -a, -um (“dislocated”) and lū̆xus, -ūs (“dislocation; splendor”)).

Cognate with Ancient Greek λύγος (lúgos), Lithuanian lugnas, and Old Norse lykna. Compare with English louk; lock.

Per De Vaan, formed as a frequentative from Proto-Italic *luktos, the perfect passive participle form of an unattested non-frequentative verb. De Vaan assumes the stem had a short vowel here and in lū̆xus, despite noting that this is difficult to explain as the word meets the conditions for Lachmann's law to apply; he speculates that a hypothetical nasal present stem (which would regularly have had a short vowel), as found in Celtic, could have exerted analogical influence on the vowel length.[1]

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈluːk.tor/, [ˈɫ̪uːkt̪ɔr] or IPA(key): /ˈluk.tor/, [ˈɫ̪ʊkt̪ɔr]
  • (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈluk.tor/, [ˈlukt̪or]
  • The u in the first syllable is short per De Vaan (2008) and Wartburg (1928–2002),[2] long per Bennett (1907).[3] Bennett appeals to Romance for ū, but Wartburg says there actually seem to be outcomes of both ŭ and ū in Romance. Buchi and Schweickard say that outside of Sardinian, Vegliote and Ladin, all Romance forms are consistent with descent from Proto-Romance *lʊkt‑; they explain the development of *ʊ to /u/ in Gaulish and Iberian varieties as an effect of the following palatal glide that developed in the cluster /kt/.[4]

Verb

[edit]

lū̆ctor (present infinitive lū̆ctārī or lū̆ctārier, perfect active lū̆ctātus sum); first conjugation, deponent

  1. to struggle, strive, contend
    Synonyms: certō, contendō, ēnītor, cōnītor, nītor, adnītor, ēlabōrō, labōrō, īnsequor, tendō, appetō, mōlior
  2. to wrestle, fight
    Synonyms: repugnō, pugnō, contendō, certō, dēcernō, concurrō, bellō, dīmicō, cōnflīgō

Conjugation

[edit]
   Conjugation of lū̆ctor (first conjugation, deponent)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present lū̆ctor lū̆ctāris,
lū̆ctāre 		lū̆ctātur lū̆ctāmur lū̆ctāminī lū̆ctantur
imperfect lū̆ctābar lū̆ctābāris,
lū̆ctābāre 		lū̆ctābātur lū̆ctābāmur lū̆ctābāminī lū̆ctābantur
future lū̆ctābor lū̆ctāberis,
lū̆ctābere 		lū̆ctābitur lū̆ctābimur lū̆ctābiminī lū̆ctābuntur
perfect lū̆ctātus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect lū̆ctātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect lū̆ctātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present lū̆cter lū̆ctēris,
lū̆ctēre 		lū̆ctētur lū̆ctēmur lū̆ctēminī lū̆ctentur
imperfect lū̆ctārer lū̆ctārēris,
lū̆ctārēre 		lū̆ctārētur lū̆ctārēmur lū̆ctārēminī lū̆ctārentur
perfect lū̆ctātus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect lū̆ctātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — lū̆ctāre — — lū̆ctāminī —
future — lū̆ctātor lū̆ctātor — — lū̆ctantor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives lū̆ctārī,
lū̆ctārier1 		lū̆ctātum esse lū̆ctātūrum esse — — —
participles lū̆ctāns lū̆ctātus lū̆ctātūrus — — lū̆ctandus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
lū̆ctandī lū̆ctandō lū̆ctandum lū̆ctandō lū̆ctātum lū̆ctātū

1The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

Derived terms

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “luctor, -ārī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 350
  2. ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “lŭctāri”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 5: J L, page 438
  3. ^ Bennett, Charles E. (1907) The Latin Language: a historical outline of its sounds, inflections, and syntax, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, page 60
  4. ^ Buchi, Éva, Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–) “*/ˈlʊkt-a-/ v.”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, retrieved 21 April 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
  • “luctor”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “luctor”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • luctor in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
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