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{{also|Appendix:Variations of "ge"}}
==Northern Sami==
==Northern Sami==


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
Possibly cognate to {{cog|fi|-kin}}, {{cog|myv|-ке}}.
⚫
{{rfe|lang=se}}

===Pronunciation===
⚫
{{rfp|se}}


===Particle===
===Particle===
Line 12: Line 16:
# {{lb|se|with negative verb}} [[nor]]
# {{lb|se|with negative verb}} [[nor]]


====Further reading====
----
* {{R:Álgu|28059}}
* {{R:Álgu|28060}}


==Old English==
==Old English==


===Alternative forms===
===Alternative forms===
* [[-gea|-gēa]]
* {{alter|ang|-gēa}}


===Etymology===
===Etymology===
From {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*gawją}}, {{m|gem-pro|*gawjō}}, {{m|gem-pro|*gawô||country, region, environment}}, from {{etyl|ine-pro|ang}} {{m|ine-pro|*ghaw-||wasteland, area surrounding a thorp}}. Akin to {{etyl|osx|-}} {{m|osx|-ga|-gā, -gō|district}}, {{etyl|odt|-}} {{m|odt|-go|-gauua, -gō, -gōie|region}}.
From {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*gawi}}, from {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*gawją}}, {{m|gem-pro|*gawjō}}, {{m|gem-pro|*gawô||country, region, environment}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{ang-IPA|-ġē}}


===Suffix===
===Suffix===
{{head|ang|suffix|head=-ġē|g=f}}
{{ang-suffix|head=-ġē|g=f}}


# Suffix used to denote a [[region]] or [[territory]]
# {{n-g|suffix used to denote a [[region]] or [[territory]]}}
#: ''{{m|ang|ǣlġē||eel-country}}''
#: {{uxi|ang|[[ǣlġē]]|eel-country}}
# Suffix used in placenames meaning [[region]] of, or [[district]] of
# {{n-g|suffix used in placenames meaning [[region]] of, or [[district]] of}}
#: ''{{m|ang|Suþrieg|Sūþrīeġ, Sūþrīġe|Surrey", lit. "Southerly District}}''
#: {{uxi|ang|[[Suþriġea|Sūþrīeġ, Sūþrīġe]]|Surrey|lit=Southerly District}}
#: ''{{m|ang|Sconieg|Scōnīeġ, Scōnēġ|Skaane}}''


====Descendants====
====Descendants====
* '''-y''', '''-ey''' found in some English placenames
* '''-y''', '''-ey''' found in some English placenames


==Pali==
[[fr:-ge]]

[[ku:-ge]]
===Alternative forms===
{{pi-alt}}

===Adjective===
{{head|pi|adjective form}}

# {{inflection of|pi|-ga||loc|s|m//n|;|acc|p|m|t=going}}

==Wutunhua==

===Etymology===
From {{der|wuh|cmn|-}} {{zh-l|個|tr=-}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|wuh|[kə]}}

===Suffix===
{{head|wuh|suffix}}

# {{n-g|A [[referential]] [[marker]] attached to [[numeral]]s or singular [[nominal]]s, emphasizing that a specific individual entity (or entities) are being referred to, rather than being a general statement, a property, an abstract conception, etc.}}
#: {{usex|wuh|awo liang'''-ge''' yida zhan-she-ma-li.|t=Two men<small>'''[REF]'''</small> were standing together.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 64)}}
#: {{usex|wuh|je nian nga-n-de dojjai qhichai'''-ge''' mai-she-lio.|t=This year our Dojjai bought a '''[certain]''' car.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 65)}}
#: {{usex|wuh|jashe qe-di-de-'''ge''' ngu jhan-lio.|t=I saw that Jashe was eating.|lit=[As for] Jashe's eating<small>'''[REF]'''</small>, I saw it.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 65)}}
# [[each]]; {{n-g|used with a [[distributive]] sense.}}
#: {{usex|wuh|ren'''-ge'''-ha dong yi-zek-ma ek bai.|t='''Each''' person [gets] one thousand and two hundred.|footer=(Quoted in Sandman, p. 65)}}
# {{n-g|Used to introduce and [[foreground]] a new [[participant]] or [[character]] when telling a [[story]], etc.}}

====Usage notes====
{{m-self|wuh|-ge}} is obligatory after a numeral when it directly attributes a noun, except for nouns which are units of time or certain mass nouns (containers, etc.).

====Related terms====
{{der2|wuh
|{{m|wuh|-liangge|t=with}}
|{{m|wuh|je-ge|t=this}}
|{{m|wuh|gu-ge|t=that}}
|{{m|wuh|-jhege|t=some}}
}}

===References===
{{R:wuh:Sandman}}

Latest revision as of 17:02, 12 July 2024

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ge"

Northern Sami

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Possibly cognate to Finnish -kin, Erzya -ке (-ke).

Pronunciation

[edit]
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Particle

[edit]

-ge

  1. also, too
  2. even
  3. moreover
  4. (with negative verb) nor

Further reading

[edit]
  • Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎[1], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
  • Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎[2], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Old English

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *gawi, from Proto-Germanic *gawją, *gawjō, *gawô (“country, region, environment”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Suffix

[edit]

-ġē

  1. suffix used to denote a region or territory
    ǣlġē ― eel-country
  2. suffix used in placenames meaning region of, or district of
    Sūþrīeġ, Sūþrīġe ― Surrey (literally, “Southerly District”)

Descendants

[edit]
  • -y, -ey found in some English placenames

Pali

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]
Alternative scripts
  • -ge (Latin script)
  • & (Brahmi script)
  • & (Devanagari script)
  • & (Bengali script)
  • -ගෙ (Sinhalese script)
  • & or & (Burmese script)
  • & (Thai script)
  • & (Tai Tham script)
  • & (Lao script)
  • & (Khmer script)
  • & (Chakma script)

Adjective

[edit]

-ge

  1. inflection of -ga (“going”):
    1. locative singular masculine/neuter
    2. accusative plural masculine

Wutunhua

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Mandarin 個／个.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Suffix

[edit]

-ge

  1. A referential marker attached to numerals or singular nominals, emphasizing that a specific individual entity (or entities) are being referred to, rather than being a general statement, a property, an abstract conception, etc.
    awo liang-ge yida zhan-she-ma-li.
    Two men[REF] were standing together.
    (Quoted in Sandman, p. 64)
    je nian nga-n-de dojjai qhichai-ge mai-she-lio.
    This year our Dojjai bought a [certain] car.
    (Quoted in Sandman, p. 65)
    jashe qe-di-de-ge ngu jhan-lio.
    I saw that Jashe was eating.
    (literally, “[As for] Jashe's eating[REF], I saw it.”)
    (Quoted in Sandman, p. 65)
  2. each; used with a distributive sense.
    ren-ge-ha dong yi-zek-ma ek bai.
    Each person [gets] one thousand and two hundred.
    (Quoted in Sandman, p. 65)
  3. Used to introduce and foreground a new participant or character when telling a story, etc.

Usage notes

[edit]

-ge is obligatory after a numeral when it directly attributes a noun, except for nouns which are units of time or certain mass nouns (containers, etc.).

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎[3], University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN
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