Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷelh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*kʷelh₁-

1. to turn (end-over-end)
2. to revolve around, and therefore to sojourn, to dwell

Reconstruction notes

The root must be reconstructed with -h₁- in order to explain some forms in Greek and Celtic, including:

• Proto-Greek *kʷélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present) > Ancient Greek τελέθω (teléthō)
• Proto-Celtic *kʷalnati (nasal present) > Welsh pallu, Old Irish imm·cella

This reconstruction, however, contradicts some forms in other languages, e.g.:

• Proto-Italic *kʷl̥-tó-s (past participle) > Latin cultus (not **clātus < **kʷl̥h₁-tós)

However, these apparent laryngeal-free reflexes can be explained by various secondary processes.

Alternative reconstructions

• *kʷel-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷelh₁- (14 c, 0 e)

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷel-

• *kʷélh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Albanian: *tšela
    • Albanian: sjell
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélō
    • Ancient Greek: πέλω (pélō)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čálHati (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷelō
    • Latin: colō (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ kʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *kʷalnati (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷél(h₁)-ye-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷéľľō
    • Ancient Greek: τέλλω (téllō)
• *kʷelh₁-es-ye-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷeléyyō
    • Ancient Greek: τελέω (teléō)
• *kʷl̥h₁-ét ~ *kʷl̥h₁-ónt (thematic root aorist)
  • Proto-Albanian: *kla ~ *klend
    • Albanian: qe
• *kʷélh₁-os ~ *kʷélh₁-es-os
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélos
    • Ancient Greek: τέλος (télos) (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷélh₁-u-s
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷélus
    • Latin: colus
• *kʷelh₁-u-
  • Proto-Celtic: *kʷolu- (“wheel”)
    • Middle Irish: cul
• *kʷelh₁-éh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *-kʷelā
    • Latin: -cola
• *kʷelh₁-h₃onh₂-os
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷelōnos
    • Latin: colōnus (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷelh₁-o-m
  • Old Prussian: kelan
• *kʷólh₁-o-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷólos
    • Ancient Greek: πόλος (pólos)
      • Greek: πόλος (pólos)
      • → Latin: polus (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: kele (“navel, belly button”)
• *kʷólh₁-os ~ *kʷólh₁-es-os
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalas
    • Proto-Slavic: *kolo (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷol(h₁)-so-
  • Proto-Germanic: *halsaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷolsom
    • Latin: collum (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷé-kʷl-o-s (reduplicated noun)
• *kʷl̥h₁-í-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷalis
    • Ancient Greek: πάλιν (pálin), πᾰ́λῐ (páli)
      • Greek: πάλι (páli)
      • → Coptic: ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ (palin)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Old Armenian: եղանիմ (ełanim) (perhaps)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kela-
    • Proto-Slavic: *čeľadь (“household, servants”) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *čelověkъ (“human”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -κόλος (-kólos)
    • Ancient Greek: πάλαι (pálai)
    • Ancient Greek: -πόλος (-pólos)
    • Ancient Greek: τῆλε (têle)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: चल (cala)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *käl-
    • Tocharian A: käl-
    • Tocharian B: käl-
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: klutk-
  • →? Proto-Uralic: *kulke- (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    • Sanskrit: चर् (car), चल् (cal)