parco

See also: Parco and parcò

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpar.ko/
• Rhymes: -arko
• Hyphenation: pàr‧co

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Latin parcus.

Adjective

parco (feminine parca, masculine plural parchi, feminine plural parche)

1. frugal, moderate, temperate, sparing

   Synonyms: frugale, parsimonioso, sobrio

   Antonyms: dissoluto, sprecone

Derived terms

• parcamente
• parchezza

References

• parco¹ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Etymology 2

From Old French parc. First attested in the 14th c.

Noun

parco m (plural parchi)

1. park, garden

   Synonyms: area verde, giardino, riserva, verde pubblico

Descendants

• → Greek: πάρκο (párko)
• → Sardinian: parcu

References

• parco² in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

parco

1. first-person singular present indicative of parcare

Anagrams

• -carpo, capro, carpo, carpo-, copra, porca

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈpar.koː/, [ˈpärkoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈpar.ko/, [ˈpärko]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *pe-arkō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“off”) + *h₂erk- (“to hold, guard”) (whence arceō). See also parcus.

Others make it cognate with Ancient Greek σπαρνός (sparnós, “rare”), English spare.

Verb

parcō (present infinitive parcere, perfect active pepercī or parsī, supine parsum); third conjugation

1. (+ dative or accusative) to spare, save up, economise

   Synonym: reservo

2. (figuratively, + dative) to forgive someone, have mercy for, to be lenient to

   Synonyms: ignōscō, āmittō, remittō, dōnō, dīmittō, perdōnō, condōnō

   • c. 50 BCE, Publilius Syrus, Sententiae :

     Bonīs nocet quisquis pepercit malīs.

     He does harm to the good, whoever has been lenient to the bad

   • Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti :

     victorque omnibus veniam petentibus civibus peperci.

     ... and victorious, I spared all the citizens desiring pardon.

   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.28:

     Non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non infantibus pepercerunt

     They spared neither old men, women, or children

3. to let alone, omit

   Synonyms: praetereō, omittō, permittō, āmittō, remittō, neglegō

4. (+ dative or a/ab + ablative) to refrain, abstain, avoid

   Synonyms: ēvādō, ēlūdō, vītō, ēvītō, dētrectō, refugiō, exeō, āversor, abstineō, dēclīnō, fugiō

   Antonyms: dēstinō, intendō, tendō, petō, quaerō, affectō, studeō, spectō, circumspiciō

Conjugation

• Perfect parsī is ante-Classical or post-Classical. Perfect parcuī and future participle parcitūrus are found rarely.

Conjugation of parcō (third conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	parcō	parcis	parcit	parcimus	parcitis	parcunt
	imperfect	parcēbam	parcēbās	parcēbat	parcēbāmus	parcēbātis	parcēbant
	future	parcam	parcēs	parcet	parcēmus	parcētis	parcent
	perfect	pepercī, parsī, parcuī	pepercistī, parsistī, parcuistī	pepercit, parsit, parcuit	pepercimus, parsimus, parcuimus	pepercistis, parsistis, parcuistis	pepercērunt, pepercēre, parsērunt, parsēre, parcuērunt, parcuēre
	pluperfect	peperceram, parseram, parcueram	pepercerās, parserās, parcuerās	pepercerat, parserat, parcuerat	pepercerāmus, parserāmus, parcuerāmus	pepercerātis, parserātis, parcuerātis	pepercerant, parserant, parcuerant
	future perfect	pepercerō, parserō, parcuerō	peperceris, parseris, parcueris	pepercerit, parserit, parcuerit	pepercerimus, parserimus, parcuerimus	peperceritis, parseritis, parcueritis	pepercerint, parserint, parcuerint
	sigmatic future1	parsō	parsis	parsit	parsimus	parsitis	parsint
passive	present	parcor	parceris, parcere	parcitur	parcimur	parciminī	parcuntur
	imperfect	parcēbar	parcēbāris, parcēbāre	parcēbātur	parcēbāmur	parcēbāminī	parcēbantur
	future	parcar	parcēris, parcēre	parcētur	parcēmur	parcēminī	parcentur
	perfect	parsus or parcitus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	parsus or parcitus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	parsus or parcitus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	parcam	parcās	parcat	parcāmus	parcātis	parcant
	imperfect	parcerem	parcerēs	parceret	parcerēmus	parcerētis	parcerent
	perfect	pepercerim, parserim, parcuerim	pepercerīs, parserīs, parcuerīs	pepercerit, parserit, parcuerit	pepercerīmus, parserīmus, parcuerīmus	pepercerītis, parserītis, parcuerītis	pepercerint, parserint, parcuerint
	pluperfect	pepercissem, parsissem, parcuissem	pepercissēs, parsissēs, parcuissēs	pepercisset, parsisset, parcuisset	pepercissēmus, parsissēmus, parcuissēmus	pepercissētis, parsissētis, parcuissētis	pepercissent, parsissent, parcuissent
	sigmatic aorist1	parsim	parsīs	parsīt	parsīmus	parsītis	parsint
passive	present	parcar	parcāris, parcāre	parcātur	parcāmur	parcāminī	parcantur
	imperfect	parcerer	parcerēris, parcerēre	parcerētur	parcerēmur	parcerēminī	parcerentur
	perfect	parsus or parcitus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	parsus or parcitus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	parce	—	—	parcite	—
	future	—	parcitō	parcitō	—	parcitōte	parcuntō
passive	present	—	parcere	—	—	parciminī	—
	future	—	parcitor	parcitor	—	—	parcuntor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		parcere	pepercisse, parsisse, parcuisse	parsūrum esse, parcitūrum esse	parcī	parsum esse, parcitum esse	parsum īrī, parcitum īrī
participles		parcēns	—	parsūrus, parcitūrus	—	parsus, parcitus	parcendus, parcundus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		parcendī	parcendō	parcendum	parcendō	parsum, parcitum	parsū, parcitū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Derived terms

• comparcō, compercō
• parcimōnia, parsimōnia

Descendants

• → Basque: barkatu
• → Spanish: parcir
• Italian: parcere

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

parcō

1. dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of parcus

References

• parco in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2024), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
• “parco”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “parco”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• parco in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to spare no pains: labori, operae non parcere
    
  • to incur few expenses: sumptui parcere (Fam. 16. 4)
    

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin parcus.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈpaʁ.ku/ [ˈpah.ku]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈpaʁ.ku/ [ˈpah.ku]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾ.ku/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ˈpaʁ.ku/ [ˈpaχ.ku]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈpaɻ.ko/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾ.ku/

• Hyphenation: par‧co

Adjective

parco (feminine parca, masculine plural parcos, feminine plural parcas)

1. scarce

   Synonym: escasso

   Antonym: abundante

   • 1977, Clarice Lispector, A hora da estrela [The Hour of the Star]:

     Aliás o material de que disponho é parco e singelo demais, as informações sobre os personagens são poucas e não muito elucidativas, informações essas que penosamente me vêm de mim para mim mesmo, é trabalho de carpintaria.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. parsimonious, thrifty, economical, frugal

   Synonyms: parcimonioso, econômico

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin parcus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpaɾko/ [ˈpaɾ.ko]
• Rhymes: -aɾko
• Syllabification: par‧co

Adjective

parco (feminine parca, masculine plural parcos, feminine plural parcas)

1. frugal

   Synonym: frugal

Further reading

• “parco”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28