Teo: Malsamoj inter versioj

▲People in ancient East Asia ate tea for centuries, perhaps even [[millennia]], before ever consuming it as a beverage. They would nibble on the leaves raw, add them to [[soups]] or [[Leaf vegetable|greens]], or [[ferment]] them and chew them as [[betel]] is chewed.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tale of Tea: A Comprehensive History of Tea: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day |author=George Van Driem |year=2019 |author-link1=George van Driem |publisher=BRILL |language=en |isbn=978-9004386259}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2022}}

▲Chinese legends attribute the invention of tea to the mythical [[Shennong]] (in central and northern China) in 2737 BC, although evidence suggests that tea drinking may have been introduced from the southwest of China (Sichuan/Yunnan area).<ref name="laura2">{{Citation| last = Yee| first = L.K.| title = Tea's Wonderful History| publisher = The Chinese Historical and Cultural Project| quote=year 1996–2012| url = http://www.chcp.org/tea.html| access-date = 17 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020803115304/http://chcp.org/tea.html |archive-date=3 August 2002 }}</ref> The earliest written records of tea come from China. The word ''tú'' {{wiktzh|荼}} appears in the ''[[Classic of Poetry|Shijing]]'' and other ancient texts to signify a kind of "bitter vegetable" ({{lang|zh|苦菜}}), and it is possible that it referred to many different plants such as [[sow thistle]], [[chicory]], or [[Polygonum|smartweed]],{{sfn|Benn|2015|p=22}} as well as tea.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=264–65}} In the ''[[Chronicles of Huayang]]'', it was recorded that the [[Ba (state)|Ba]] people in Sichuan presented ''tu'' to the [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] king. The [[Qin (state)|Qin]] later conquered the state of [[Ba (state)|Ba]] and its neighbour [[Shu (state)|Shu]], and according to the 17th century scholar [[Gu Yanwu]] who wrote in ''Ri Zhi Lu'' ({{lang|zh|日知錄}}): "It was after the Qin had taken Shu that they learned how to drink tea."{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=29–30}} Another possible early reference to tea is found in a letter written by the [[Qin dynasty]] general Liu Kun who requested that some "real tea" to be sent to him.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NT8J5qDjABIC&pg=PR18 |title=All the Tea in China |author=Kit Boey Chow |author2=Ione Kramer |pages=2–3 |publisher=Sinolingua |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-8351-2194-1 |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831072957/https://books.google.com/books?id=NT8J5qDjABIC&pg=PR18&lpg=PR18 |archive-date=31 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

▲The earliest known physical evidence<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/archaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-tea-buried-with-ancient-chinese-emperor-a6805171.html|title=Archaeologists discover world's oldest tea buried with ancient Chinese emperor|work=[[The Independent]]|publisher=Independent Print Limited|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008011801/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/archaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-tea-buried-with-ancient-chinese-emperor-a6805171.html|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> of tea was discovered in 2016 in the mausoleum of [[Emperor Jing of Han]] in [[Xi'an]], indicating that tea from the genus ''Camellia'' was drunk by [[Han dynasty]] emperors as early as the second century BC.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Earliest tea as evidence for one branch of the Silk Road across the Tibetan Plateau|volume=6|pages=18955|author=Houyuan Lu|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/srep18955|pmid=26738699|pmc=4704058| date=7 January 2016|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2016NatSR...618955L}}</ref> The Han dynasty work, "The Contract for a Youth", written by [[Wang Bao]] in 59 BC,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2016-01-world-oldest-tea-chinese-emperor.html|title=World's oldest tea found in Chinese emperor's tomb|publisher=[[Phys.org]]|date=28 January 2016|quote=The oldest written reference to tea is from the year 59 BC.|access-date=22 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917190549/http://phys.org/news/2016-01-world-oldest-tea-chinese-emperor.html|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> contains the first known reference to boiling tea. Among the tasks listed to be undertaken by the youth, the contract states that "he shall boil tea and fill the utensils" and "he shall buy tea at Wuyang".{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=29–30}} The first record of tea cultivation is also dated to this period, during which tea was cultivated on Meng Mountain ({{lang|zh|蒙山}}) near [[Chengdu]].{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|pp=30–31}} Another early credible record of tea drinking dates to the 3rd century AD, in a medical text by Hua Tuo, who stated, "to drink bitter t'u constantly makes one think better."<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |author=Bennett Alan Weinberg, Bonnie K. Bealer |page=28 |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-92722-2 |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513051901/https://books.google.com/books?id=AGaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28 |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, before the [[Tang dynasty]], tea-drinking was primarily a southern Chinese ([[Northern and Southern dynasties|Southern dynasties]]) practice centered in [[Jiankang]].{{sfn|Benn|2015|p=42}} Tea was disdained by the [[Northern and Southern dynasties|Northern dynasties]] aristocrats, who describe it as inferior to yogurt.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qmwywEACAAJ&q=slaves'%20drink&pg=PA76 |title=The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History |author=Andrew Chittick |pages=75–76 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780190937546}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PASE4LVLzQ0C&q=yogurt&pg=PA22 |title=Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200–600 |editor1=Scott Pearce |editor2=Audrey G. Spiro |editor3=Patricia Buckley Ebrey |page=22 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2001 |isbn=0-674-00523-6}}</ref> It became widely popular during the Tang dynasty, when it was spread to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. ''[[The Classic of Tea]]'', a treatise on tea and its preparations, was written by the 8th century Chinese writer, [[Lu Yu]]. He was known to have influenced tea drinking on a large part in China.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Miranda Brown |date=2 March 2022 |title=The Medieval Influencer Who Convinced the World to Drink Tea—Not Eat It |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/eating-tea? |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2023}}

▲[[File:Tea with ingredients.jpg|thumb|right|Tea with ingredients, China]]

▲[[File:Gorskii 03992u.jpg|thumb|left|Tea-weighing station north of [[Batumi]], [[Russian Empire]], before 1915]]

▲Tea was first introduced to Western priests and merchants in China during the 16th century, at which time it was termed ''chá''.<ref name="caff">{{cite book |author1=Bennett Alan Weinberg |author2=Bonnie K. Bealer |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpL2YCGLVYC&pg=PA63 |year=2001 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-92722-2 |page=63 |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427034134/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpL2YCGLVYC&pg=PA63 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The earliest European reference to tea, written as ''chiai'', came from ''Delle navigationi e viaggi'' written by Venetian [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio|Giambattista Ramusio]] in 1545.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=165}} The first recorded shipment of tea by a European nation was in 1607 when the Dutch East India Company moved a cargo of tea from [[Macau|Macao]] to Java, then two years later, the Dutch bought the first assignment of tea which was from [[Hirado, Nagasaki|Hirado]] in Japan to be shipped to Europe.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=106}} Tea became a fashionable drink in [[The Hague]] in the Netherlands, and the Dutch introduced the drink to Germany, France, and across the Atlantic to [[New Amsterdam]] (New York).{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=169}}

▲In 1567, Russian people came in contact with tea when the [[Cossacks|Cossack]] [[Ataman]]s Petrov and Yalyshev visited China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apollotea.com/tea-articles/tea-history/15-russian-tea-history |title=Russian Tea History |website=www.apollotea.com |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> The Mongolian Khan donated to [[Tsar]] [[Michael of Russia|Michael I]] four [[pood]]s (65–70&nbsp;kg) of tea in 1638.<ref name="T">{{cite book |title=[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Советская энциклопедия |year=1978 |pages=vol. 29, p. 11 }}</ref> According to [[Jeremiah Curtin]],<ref>Jeremiah Curtin, ''A Journey to Southern Siberia'', 1909, chapter one</ref> it was possibly in 1636<ref>Basil Dymytryshyn, ''Russia's Conquest of Siberia: A Documentary Record'', 1985, volume one, document 48 (he was an envoy that year, but the tea may have been given on a later visit to the Khan)</ref> that Vassili Starkov was sent as envoy to the [[Altan Khan of the Khalkha|Altyn Khan]]. He was given 250 pounds of tea as a gift to the tsar. Starkov at first refused, seeing no use for a load of dead leaves, but the Khan insisted. Thus was tea introduced to Russia. In 1679, Russia concluded a treaty on regular tea supplies from China via [[camel train|camel caravan]] in exchange for furs. It is today considered the ''de facto'' national beverage.

▲[[File:This print of the Raymond Hugh Mckay Commander. The first vessel direct from China to Hull is published commemorative of her arrival on the 14th October 1843 RMG PW7733.jpg|thumb|The ''Raymond'', Hugh Mckay Commander. The first vessel direct from China to [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] on her arrival on 14 October 1843 with a cargo of tea.]]

▲Chinese small-leaf-type tea was introduced into India in 1836 by the British in an attempt to break the Chinese monopoly on tea.<ref name="Sen" /> In 1841, [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]] brought seeds of Chinese tea from the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaun]] region and experimented with planting tea in [[Darjeeling]]. The Alubari tea garden was opened in 1856, and [[Darjeeling tea]] began to be produced.{{sfn|Mair|Hoh|2009|p=214}} In 1848, [[Robert Fortune]] was sent by the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]] on a mission to China to bring the tea plant back to Great Britain. He began his journey in high secrecy as his mission occurred in the lull between the [[First Opium War]] and the [[Second Opium War]].<ref name="Rose">{{cite book |author=Sarah Rose |title=For All the Tea in China |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=1–5, 89, 122, 197 |year=2010 |author-link=Sarah Rose}}</ref> The Chinese tea plants he brought back were introduced to the [[Himalayas]], though most did not survive. The British had discovered that a different variety of tea was endemic to [[Assam]] and the northeast region of India, which was then hybridized with Chinese small-leaf-type tea. Using Chinese planting and cultivation techniques, the British colonial government established a tea industry by offering land in Assam to any European who agreed to cultivate it for export.<ref name="Sen" /> Tea was originally consumed only by [[Anglo-Indians]]; however, it became widely popular in India in the 1950s because of a successful advertising campaign by the India Tea Board.<ref name="Sen">{{cite book |author=Colleen Taylor Sen|title=Food Culture in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&pg=PA26 |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32487-1 |page=26 |quote=Ironically, it was the British who introduced tea drinking to India, initially to anglicized Indians. Tea did not become a mass drink there until the 1950s when the India Tea Board, faced with a surplus of low-grade tea, launched an advertising campaign to popularize it in the north, where the drink of choice was milk. |access-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424065113/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIyV_5wrplMC&pg=PA26 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The British introduced tea industry to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in 1867.<ref name="taylor-AU">{{cite web|url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/ceylon-tea.htm|title=TED Case Studies – Ceylon Tea|publisher=American University, Washington, DC|access-date=27 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223084443/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ceylon-tea.htm|archive-date=23 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

▲== Kultivado ==

▲== Referencoj ==

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