Peteiro dos cefalópodos
O peteiro ou rostro (rostrum) que teñen todos os cefalópodos existentes é unha estrutura dividida en dúas partes, situada na masa bucal e rodeado dos apéndices cefálicos (brazos) musculares. As dúas pezas que forman o peteiro, moitas veces denominadas mandíbulas,[1] son a mandíbula dorsal e a inferior, que encaixan funcionando a modo de tesoira.[2][3] Está composto principalmente de quitina e proteínas con enlaces cruzados,[4][5][6][7] polo que os peteiros son case indixeribles e a miúdo son os únicos restos identificables dos cefalópodos que se encontran nos estómagos de especies predadoras coma os cachalotes.[8] Poden utilizarse para estimar a lonxitude do manto e o peso total do corpo do animal orixinal así como a biomasa inxerida total da especie.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Os peteiros dos cefalópodos fanse gradualmente menos ríxidos a medida que nos movemos desde o extremo á base, un gradiente que resulta da composición química diferente das distintas zonas. Nos peteiros hidratados das luras de Humboldt (Dosidicus gigas) este gradiente de rixidez abrangue dúas ordes de magnitude.[16]
Coñécense restos fosilizados dos peteiros de varios grupos de cefalópodos, tanto extintos coma aínda existentes, incluíndo luras, polbos, belemnitas, e vampiromorfos.[1][17][18][19][20][21][22] Os ápticos, estruturas en forma de placas que se encontran nos ammonites, poderían tamén ser elementos das mandíbulas.[23][24][25][26]
Nas ilustracións móstranse os termos utilizados para referirse ás distintas partes do peteiro dos cefalópodos.
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Vista lateral do peteiro inferior do Chiroteuthis picteti (3,6 mm LRL, 160 mm ML (lonxitude do manto, estimado)).[2] Para vela correctamente hai que utilizar lentes de 3D vermellas-ciano
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Vista lateral do peteiro superior do mesmo espécime (2,7 mm URL)[2]
Medidas
editarEn teutoloxía utilízanse comunmente como medidas do peteiro a lonxitude rostral inferior (lower rostral length, LRL) e a lonxitude rostral superior (upper rostral length, URL), respectivamente. Estas son as medidas estándar da medida do peteiro nos Decapodiformes, mentres que a lonxitude da cuberta (hood length) é a preferida para os Octopodiformes.[8]
Notas
editar- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Tanabe, K., Y. Hikida & Y. Iba (2006). Two coleoid jaws from the Upper Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Paleontology 80(1): 138–145. doi [0138:TCJFTU2.0.CO;2 10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0138:TCJFTU]2.0.CO;2]
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (1999). Cephalopoda Glossary Arquivado 06 de xullo de 2018 en Wayback Machine.. Tree of Life Web Project.
- ↑ Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (2000). Cephalopod Beak Terminology Arquivado 09 de decembro de 2018 en Wayback Machine.. Tree of Life Web Project.
- ↑ Saunders, W.B., C. Spinosa, C. Teichert & R.C. Banks (1978). The jaw apparatus of Recent Nautilus and its palaeontological implications. Arquivado 24 de xaneiro de 2013 en Wayback Machine. Palaeontology 21(1): 129–141.
- ↑ Hunt, S. & M. Nixon (1981). A comparative study of protein composition in the chitin-protein complexes of the beak, pen, sucker disc, radula and oesophageal cuticle of cephalopods. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 68(4): 535–546. doi 10.1016/0305-0491(81)90071-7
- ↑ Miserez, A., Y. Li, J.H. Waite & F. Zok (2007). Jumbo squid beaks: Inspiration for design of robust organic composites. Arquivado 05 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine. Acta Biomaterialia 3(1): 139–149. doi 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.09.004
- ↑ Organic composite is exceptionally robust: jumbo squid Arquivado 06 de xaneiro de 2012 en Wayback Machine.. Ask Nature.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Clarke, M.R. (1986). A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- ↑ Clarke, M.R. (1962). The identification of cephalopod "beaks" and the relationship between beak size and total body weight. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 8(10): 419–480.
- ↑ Wolff, G.A. (1981). A beak key for eight eastern tropical Pacific cephalopod species with relationships between their beak dimensions and size. Fishery Bulletin 80(2): 357–370.
- ↑ Wolff, G.A. (1984). Identification and estimation of size from the beaks of 18 species of cephalopods from the Pacific Ocean. Arquivado 04 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 17, NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service.
- ↑ Jackson, G.D. (1995). The use of beaks as tools for biomass estimation in the deepwater squid Moroteuthis ingens (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) in New Zealand waters. Polar Biology 15(1): 9–14. doi 10.1007/BF00236118
- ↑ Jackson, G.D. & J.F. McKinnon (1996). Beak length analysis of arrow squid Nototodarus sloanii (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) in southern New Zealand waters. Polar Biology 16(3): 227–230. doi 10.1007/BF02329211
- ↑ Jackson, G.D., N.G. Buxton & M.J.A. George (1997). Beak length analysis of Moroteuthis ingens (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) from the Falkland Islands region of the Patagonian Shelf. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77(4): 1235–1238. doi 10.1017/S0025315400038765
- ↑ Gröger, J., U. Piatkowski & H. Heinemann (2000). Beak length analysis of the Southern Ocean squid Psychroteuthis glacialis (Cephalopoda: Psychroteuthidae) and its use for size and biomass estimation. Polar Biology 23(1): 70–74. doi 10.1007/s003000050009
- ↑ Miserez, A., T. Schneberk, C. Sun, F.W. Zok & J.H. Waite (2008). The transition from stiff to compliant materials in squid beaks. Science 319(5871): 1816–1819. doi 10.1126/science.1154117
- ↑ Zakharov, Y.D. & T.A. Lominadze (1983). New data on the jaw apparatus of fossil cephalopods. Lethaia 16(1): 67–78. doi 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1983.tb02000.x
- ↑ Kanie, Y. (1998). New vampyromorph (Coleoidea: Cephalopoda) jaw apparatuses from the Late Cretaceous of Japan. Bulletin of Gumma Museum of Natural History 2: 23–34.
- ↑ Tanabe, K. & N.H. Landman (2002). Morphological diversity of the jaws of Cretaceous Ammonoidea. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt, Wien 57: 157–165.
- ↑ Tanabe, K., P. Trask, R. Ross & Y. Hikida (2008). Late Cretaceous octobrachiate coleoid lower jaws from the north Pacific regions. Journal of Paleontology 82(2): 398–408. doi 10.1666/07-029.1
- ↑ Klug, C., G. Schweigert, D. Fuchs & G. Dietl (2010). First record of a belemnite preserved with beaks, arms and ink sac from the Nusplingen Lithographic Limestone (Kimmeridgian, SW Germany). Lethaia 43(4): 445–456. doi 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00203.x
- ↑ Tanabe, K. (2012). Comparative morphology of modern and fossil coleoid jaw apparatuses. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen 266(1): 9–18. doi 10.1127/0077-7749/2012/0243
- ↑ Morton, N. (1981). Aptychi: the myth of the ammonite operculum. Lethaia 14(1): 57–61. doi 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1981.tb01074.x
- ↑ Morton, N. & M. Nixon (1987). Size and function of ammonite aptychi in comparison with buccal masses of modem cephalopods. Lethaia 20(3): 231–238. doi 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1987.tb02043.x
- ↑ Lehmann, U. & C. Kulicki (1990). Double function of aptychi (Ammonoidea) as jaw elements and opercula. Lethaia 23: 325–331. doi 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1990.tb01365.x
- ↑ Seilacher, A. (1993). Ammonite aptychi; how to transform a jaw into an operculum? American Journal of Science 293: 20–32. doi 10.2475/ajs.293.A.20
Véxase tamén
editarBibliografía
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